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Rotating square tessellations enabled stretchable and adaptive curved display 旋转方格网实现了可拉伸和自适应曲面显示器
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00291-y
Yang Deng, Kuaile Xu, Rui Jiao, Weixuan Liu, Yik Kin Cheung, Yongkai Li, Xiaoyi Wang, Yue Hou, Wei Hong, Hongyu Yu
Curved displays can adjust their shape to accommodate different objects and are used in electronics and decorative lighting. Due to the immutable pixel spacing, existing commercial curved displays are flexible but not compatible with undevelopable surfaces. Inspired by kirigami and auxetic structures, we propose an approach that combines luminescent elements and rotating square tessellations to create a stretchable, arbitrary curve adaptive display. We connect square islands by vertical interconnects to relieve the stress concentration and provide extra deformation patterns. The vertical interconnects are patterned on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) using laser cutting and folded up via specially designed molds. Further, the freed-up space by folded interconnects allows the structure to be compressed. A prototype stretchable display is demonstrated that it can maintain electrical performance under biaxial strain and adapt to different Gaussian curvature surfaces, including cylindrical, spherical, saddle and arbitrary surfaces. Theoretical models and finite element calculations are established to describe the tensile behavior of the structures under different boundary conditions and agree with the experimental results. This proposed technology paves a feasible solution of mass production of adaptive curved displays and sets the trend for the next-generation display.
曲面显示器可以调整形状以适应不同的物体,并被用于电子产品和装饰照明。由于像素间距不可改变,现有的商用曲面显示器虽然灵活,但与不可开发的表面不兼容。受叽里格米和辅助结构的启发,我们提出了一种将发光元件和旋转方形棋盘格结合起来的方法,以创建一种可拉伸的任意曲线自适应显示器。我们通过垂直互连将方形岛屿连接起来,以缓解应力集中并提供额外的变形模式。通过激光切割在柔性印刷电路板(FPCB)上绘制垂直互连图案,然后通过专门设计的模具折叠起来。此外,通过折叠互连器件释放出的空间可以对结构进行压缩。实验证明,拉伸显示器原型能在双轴应变下保持电气性能,并能适应不同的高斯曲率表面,包括圆柱形、球形、马鞍形和任意表面。建立的理论模型和有限元计算描述了结构在不同边界条件下的拉伸行为,并与实验结果一致。这项技术为自适应曲面显示器的批量生产提供了可行的解决方案,为下一代显示器的发展指明了方向。
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引用次数: 0
A skin-conformal and breathable humidity sensor for emotional mode recognition and non-contact human-machine interface 用于情绪模式识别和非接触式人机界面的皮肤适形透气湿度传感器
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00290-z
Tongkuai Li, Tingting Zhao, Hao Zhang, Li Yuan, Congcong Cheng, Junshuai Dai, Longwei Xue, Jixing Zhou, Hai Liu, Luqiao Yin, Jianhua Zhang
Noncontact humidity sensor overcomes the limitations of its contact sensing counterparts, including mechanical wear and cross infection, which becomes a promising candidate in healthcare and human-machine interface application. However, current humidity sensors still suffer the ubiquitous issue of uncomfortable wear and skin irritation hindering the long-term use. In this study, we report a skin-conformal and breathable humidity sensor assembled by anchoring MXenes-based composite into electrospun elastomer nanofibers coated with a patterned electrode. This composite is highly sensitive to the water molecules due to its large specific surface area and abundant water-absorbing hydroxyl groups, while the elastomeric nanofibers provide an ultrathin, highly flexible, and permeable substrate to support the functional materials and electrodes. This sensor presents not only excellent air permeability (0.078 g cm−2 d−1), high sensitivity (S = 704), and fast response/recovery (0.9 s/0.9 s), but also high skin conformability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, this humidity sensor is confirmed to realize the recognition of motional states and emotional modes, which provides a way for the advanced noncontact human-machine interface.
非接触式湿度传感器克服了接触式传感器的机械磨损和交叉感染等局限性,在医疗保健和人机界面应用中大有可为。然而,目前的湿度传感器仍然普遍存在佩戴不舒适和刺激皮肤的问题,妨碍了长期使用。在这项研究中,我们报告了一种皮肤适形透气湿度传感器,它是通过将基于 MXenes 的复合材料锚定到涂有图案电极的电纺弹性体纳米纤维中组装而成的。这种复合材料因其较大的比表面积和丰富的吸水羟基而对水分子高度敏感,而弹性纳米纤维则为支撑功能材料和电极提供了超薄、高柔性和高渗透性的基底。这种传感器不仅具有出色的透气性(0.078 g cm-2 d-1)、高灵敏度(S = 704)和快速响应/恢复(0.9 秒/0.9 秒),还具有很高的皮肤适配性和生物相容性。此外,这种湿度传感器还能实现运动状态和情绪模式的识别,为先进的非接触式人机界面提供了一条途径。
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引用次数: 0
A soft magnetoelectric finger for robots’ multidirectional tactile perception in non-visual recognition environments 用于机器人在非视觉识别环境中进行多向触觉感知的软磁电手指
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00289-6
Yizhuo Xu, Shanfei Zhang, Shuya Li, Zhenhua Wu, Yike Li, Zhuofan Li, Xiaojun Chen, Congcan Shi, Peng Chen, Pengyu Zhang, Michael D. Dickey, Bin Su
Robotic fingers with multidirectional tactile perception are of great importance for the robotic exploration of complex unknown space, especially in environments in which visualization is not possible. Unfortunately, most existing tactile sensors for robotic fingers cannot detect multidirectional forces, which greatly limits their potential for further development in navigating complex environments. Here, we demonstrate a soft magnetoelectric finger (SMF) that can achieve self-generated-signal and multidirectional tactile sensing. The SMF is composed of two parts: a ‘finger’ covered with a skin-like flexible sheath containing five liquid metal (LM) coils and a ‘phalangeal bone’ containing a magnet. Due to the changes in magnetic flux through the LM coils caused by external forces, diverse induced voltages are generated and collected in real-time, which can be explained by Maxwell’s numerical simulation. By the analysis of the signals generated by the five LM coils, the SMF can detect forces in varied directions and distinguish 6 different common objects with varied Young’s moduli with an accuracy of 97.46%. These capabilities make the SMF suitable for complex unknown space exploration tasks, as proved by the black box exploration. The SMF can enable the development of self-generated-signal and multidirectional tactile perception for future robots.
具有多向触觉感知能力的机器人手指对于机器人探索复杂的未知空间具有重要意义,尤其是在无法实现可视化的环境中。遗憾的是,大多数现有的机器人手指触觉传感器无法检测多向力,这极大地限制了它们在复杂环境导航方面的进一步发展潜力。在这里,我们展示了一种软磁电手指(SMF),它可以实现自发信号和多向触觉传感。软磁电手指由两部分组成:一个 "手指",外面包有类似皮肤的柔性鞘,内含五个液态金属(LM)线圈;一个 "趾骨",内含一块磁铁。由于外力导致通过 LM 线圈的磁通量发生变化,因此会产生并实时收集各种感应电压,这可以用麦克斯韦数值模拟来解释。通过分析五个 LM 线圈产生的信号,SMF 可以检测到不同方向的力,并以 97.46% 的准确率区分出 6 种不同杨氏模量的常见物体。这些功能使 SMF 适用于复杂的未知空间探索任务,黑盒探索证明了这一点。SMF可以为未来机器人开发自发信号和多方向触觉感知技术。
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引用次数: 0
Intrinsically stretchable light-emitting drawing displays 本质上可拉伸的发光绘图显示器
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00287-8
Jiaxue Zhang, Qianying Lu, Ming Wu, Yuping Sun, Shaolei Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, Ming-Hui Lu, Desheng Kong
Stretchable displays that combine light-emitting capabilities with mechanical compliance are essential building blocks of next-generation wearable electronics. However, their widespread applications are currently limited by complex device architecture, limited pixel density, and immature fabrication processes. In this study, we present the device design and material developments of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting drawing displays that can show arbitrary hand-drawing features. The alternating-current electroluminescent display uses a simplified architecture comprising coplanar interdigitated liquid metal electrodes, an electroluminescent layer, and a dielectric encapsulation layer. Ink patterns on the device are coupled with the interdigitated electrodes under alternating voltage stimulations, generating localized electric fields for bright emissions. Various inks are prepared for painting, stamping, and stencil printing. Arbitrary luminous features on the devices can be either long-lasting or transient in characteristics. These skin-like devices are made entirely of compliant materials that can withstand bending, twisting, and stretching manipulations. Due to the excellent mechanical deformability, the drawing displays can be conformally laminated on the skin as body-integrated optoelectronic communication devices for graphic information.
结合了发光功能和机械顺应性的可伸缩显示器是下一代可穿戴电子设备的重要组成部分。然而,目前复杂的设备结构、有限的像素密度和不成熟的制造工艺限制了它们的广泛应用。在本研究中,我们介绍了可显示任意手绘特征的本征可拉伸发光绘图显示器的器件设计和材料开发。交变电流电致发光显示器采用简化的结构,包括共面交错液态金属电极、电致发光层和介质封装层。在交变电压刺激下,装置上的墨水图案与交错电极耦合,产生局部电场,从而发出亮光。各种油墨可用于绘画、冲压和模板印刷。设备上的任意发光特征可以是持久的,也可以是瞬时的。这些类似皮肤的装置完全由顺应性材料制成,可以承受弯曲、扭曲和拉伸操作。由于具有出色的机械变形能力,绘图显示屏可作为人体一体化光电通信设备,以图形信息的形式贴合在皮肤上。
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引用次数: 0
Large-scale fully printed “Lego Bricks” type wearable sweat sensor for physical activity monitoring 大规模全打印 "乐高积木 "式可穿戴汗液传感器,用于体力活动监测
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00285-w
Wenhui Ji, Huanzhuan Liu, Yadong Liu, Wei Zhang, Tong Zhou, Xinxin Liu, Chao Tao, Jiangxuan Dai, Baoli Zha, Ruijie Xie, Jiansheng Wu, Qiong Wu, Weina Zhang, Lin Li, Fengwei Huo
Wearable sweat sensors are becoming increasingly popular for their robust capabilities in non-invasive, dynamic, and continuous real-time monitoring of biological information. Real-time monitoring of large-scale samples is crucial for realizing intelligent health. A major bottleneck for enabling large-scale sweat elucidation is the fabrication of wearable sensors equipped with microfluidic devices and flexible electrodes in a cost-effective, homogeneous performance and rapid large-scale way. Herein, a “Screen+Wax”-printing technique was introduced to prepare these components and construct “Lego Bricks” type wearable sweat sensor sensor to monitor sweat Na+ and K+. Flexible electrode arrays and paper-based microfluidic layers (they act as building blocks) were fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate and paper surfaces, respectively, using screen printing and wax printing. Gold nanoparticles and Na+/K+ ion-selective membranes were modified on the electrode surfaces by electrodeposition and drop coating, respectively. In this work, we highlight the excellent performance of the “Lego Bricks” type wearable sweat sensor in testing the Na+ and K+ imbalance of sweat from different body regions during exercise and, more significantly, to track the physical activity during prolonged exercise under different interventions. Furthermore, the prepared “Lego Bricks” wearable sweat ion electrochemical sensor is demonstrated to be capable of large-scale samples elucidation with outstanding performance and cost-effectiveness, which is expected to deeply integrate sweat monitoring into physical activity, providing an important tool for intelligent health.
可穿戴汗液传感器因其在无创、动态和连续实时监测生物信息方面的强大功能而越来越受欢迎。对大规模样本进行实时监测对于实现智能健康至关重要。实现大规模汗液阐释的一个主要瓶颈是如何以低成本、均质性能和快速大规模的方式制造配备微流控器件和柔性电极的可穿戴传感器。本文介绍了一种 "丝网+蜡 "印刷技术来制备这些元件,并构建 "乐高积木 "式可穿戴汗液传感器来监测汗液中的Na+和K+。利用丝网印刷和蜡印刷技术,分别在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和纸张表面制备了柔性电极阵列和纸基微流控层(它们充当积木)。金纳米粒子和 Na+/K+ 离子选择膜分别通过电沉积和滴涂的方法修饰在电极表面。在这项工作中,我们强调了 "乐高砖块 "式可穿戴汗液传感器在测试运动过程中不同身体区域汗液的 Na+ 和 K+ 失衡方面的优异性能,更重要的是,它还能在不同干预措施下跟踪长时间运动过程中的体力活动。此外,制备的 "乐高砖块 "式可穿戴汗液离子电化学传感器性能卓越、成本低廉,能够进行大规模样品阐释,有望将汗液监测深度融入体育锻炼,为智能健康提供重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
Wearable, epidermal devices for assessment of swallowing function 用于评估吞咽功能的可穿戴表皮设备
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00286-9
Tarek Rafeedi, Abdulhameed Abdal, Beril Polat, Katherine A. Hutcheson, Eileen H. Shinn, Darren J. Lipomi
Swallowing is an ensemble of voluntary and autonomic processes key to maintaining our body’s homeostatic balance. Abnormal swallowing (dysphagia) can cause dehydration, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, weight loss, anxiety, or even mortality—especially in older adults—by airway obstruction. To prevent or mitigate these outcomes, it is imperative to regularly assess swallowing ability in those who are at risk of developing dysphagia and those already diagnosed with it. However, current diagnostic tools such as endoscopy, manometry, and videofluoroscopy require access to clinical experts to interpret the results. These results are often sampled from a limited examination timeframe of swallowing activity in a controlled environment. Additionally, there is some risk of periprocedural complications associated with these methods. In contrast, the field of epidermal sensors is finding non-invasive and minimally obtrusive ways to examine swallowing function and dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current state of wearable devices that are aimed at monitoring swallowing function and detecting its abnormalities. We pay particular attention to the materials and design parameters that enable their operation. We examine a compilation of both proof-of-concept studies (which focus mainly on the engineering of the device) and studies whose aims are biomedical (which may involve larger cohorts of subjects, including patients). Furthermore, we briefly discuss the methods of signal acquisition and device assessment in relevant wearable sensors. Finally, we examine the need to increase adherence and engagement of patients with such devices and discuss enhancements to the design of such epidermal sensors that may encourage greater enthusiasm for at-home and long-term monitoring.
吞咽是一系列自主和自律过程的组合,是维持人体平衡的关键。吞咽异常(吞咽困难)可导致脱水、营养不良、吸入性肺炎、体重减轻、焦虑,甚至因气道阻塞而导致死亡(尤其是老年人)。为了预防或减轻这些后果,必须定期评估吞咽困难高危人群和已确诊患者的吞咽能力。然而,目前的诊断工具,如内窥镜、测压计和视频荧光镜等,都需要临床专家来解读结果。这些结果通常是从受控环境下有限的吞咽活动检查时间段中抽取的。此外,这些方法还存在一定的围手术期并发症风险。相比之下,表皮传感器领域正在寻找非侵入性和微创的方法来检查吞咽功能和功能障碍。在这篇综述中,我们总结了旨在监测吞咽功能和检测其异常的可穿戴设备的现状。我们特别关注使其能够运行的材料和设计参数。我们对概念验证研究(主要侧重于设备的工程设计)和以生物医学为目的的研究(可能涉及更大的受试者群体,包括患者)进行了汇编。此外,我们还简要讨论了相关可穿戴传感器的信号采集和设备评估方法。最后,我们探讨了提高患者对此类设备的依从性和参与度的必要性,并讨论了此类表皮传感器设计的改进措施,这些措施可能会提高患者对居家和长期监测的热情。
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引用次数: 0
Bringing sensation to prosthetic hands—chronic assessment of implanted thin-film electrodes in humans 给假肢手带来感觉——人体植入薄膜电极的慢性评估
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00284-x
Paul Čvančara, Giacomo Valle, Matthias Müller, Inga Bartels, Thomas Guiho, Arthur Hiairrassary, Francesco Petrini, Stanisa Raspopovic, Ivo Strauss, Giuseppe Granata, Eduardo Fernandez, Paolo M. Rossini, Massimo Barbaro, Ken Yoshida, Winnie Jensen, Jean-Louis Divoux, David Guiraud, Silvestro Micera, Thomas Stieglitz
Direct stimulation of peripheral nerves with implantable electrodes successfully provided sensory feedback to amputees while using hand prostheses. Longevity of the electrodes is key to success, which we have improved for the polyimide-based transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME). The TIMEs were implanted in the median and ulnar nerves of three trans-radial amputees for up to six months. We present a comprehensive assessment of the electrical properties of the thin-film metallization as well as material status post explantationem. The TIMEs stayed within the electrochemical safe limits while enabling consistent and precise amplitude modulation. This lead to a reliable performance in terms of eliciting sensation. No signs of corrosion or morphological change to the thin-film metallization of the probes was observed by means of electrochemical and optical analysis. The presented longevity demonstrates that thin-film electrodes are applicable in permanent implant systems.
植入式电极直接刺激周围神经,成功地为假肢截肢者提供了感觉反馈。电极的寿命是成功的关键,我们改进了基于聚酰亚胺的横向束内多通道电极(TIME)。TIMEs植入三名经桡骨截肢者的正中神经和尺神经长达六个月。我们提出了薄膜金属化的电学性能的综合评估以及材料状态后解释。TIMEs保持在电化学安全范围内,同时实现一致和精确的振幅调制。这导致了在激发感觉方面的可靠表现。电化学和光学分析结果表明,探针的金属化薄膜未发生腐蚀和形态变化。所提出的寿命证明薄膜电极是适用于永久植入系统。
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引用次数: 0
The stronger venue for flexible electronics 柔性电子产品的更大舞台
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00283-y
Ravinder Dahiya
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引用次数: 0
Imperceptive and reusable dermal surface EMG for lower extremity neuro-prosthetic control and clinical assessment 不敏感和可重复使用的真皮表面肌电图用于下肢神经假体控制和临床评估
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00282-z
Jaeu Park, Jinwoong Jeong, Minseok Kang, Nagwade Pritish, Youngjun Cho, Jeongdae Ha, Junwoo Yea, Kyung-In Jang, Hyojin Kim, Jumin Hwang, Byungchae Kim, Sungjoon Min, Hoijun Kim, Soonchul Kwon, ChangSik John Pak, HyunSuk Peter Suh, Joon Pio Hong, Sanghoon Lee
Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors play a critical role in diagnosing muscle conditions and enabling prosthetic device control, especially for lower extremity robotic legs. However, challenges arise when utilizing such sensors on residual limbs within a silicon liner worn by amputees, where dynamic pressure, narrow space, and perspiration can negatively affect sensor performance. Existing commercial sEMG sensors and newly developed sensors are unsuitable due to size and thickness, or susceptible to damage in this environment. In this paper, our sEMG sensors are tailored for amputees wearing sockets, prioritizing breathability, durability, and reliable recording performance. By employing porous PDMS and Silbione substrates, our design achieves exceptional permeability and adhesive properties. The serpentine electrode pattern and design are optimized to improve stretchability, durability, and effective contact area, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than conventional electrodes. Notably, our proposed sensors wirelessly enable to control of a robotic leg for amputees, demonstrating its practical feasibility and expecting to drive forward neuro-prosthetic control in the clinical research field near future.
表面肌电(sEMG)传感器在诊断肌肉状况和实现假肢设备控制方面发挥着关键作用,尤其是在下肢机器人腿方面。然而,当在截肢者佩戴的硅内衬内的残余肢体上使用这种传感器时,会出现挑战,其中动态压力、狭窄空间和汗液会对传感器性能产生负面影响。现有的商用sEMG传感器和新开发的传感器由于尺寸和厚度而不合适,或者在这种环境中容易损坏。在本文中,我们的sEMG传感器是为佩戴插座的截肢者量身定制的,优先考虑透气性、耐用性和可靠的记录性能。通过使用多孔PDMS和Silbione基底,我们的设计实现了卓越的渗透性和粘合性能。对蛇形电极图案和设计进行了优化,以提高拉伸性、耐用性和有效接触面积,从而获得比传统电极更高的信噪比(SNR)。值得注意的是,我们提出的传感器能够无线控制截肢者的机器人腿,证明了其实际可行性,并有望在不久的将来推动临床研究领域的神经假体控制。
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引用次数: 0
Self-healable stretchable printed electronic cryogels for in-vivo plant monitoring 用于体内植物监测的可自愈拉伸印刷电子冷冻凝胶
IF 14.6 1区 材料科学 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00280-1
Eloïse Bihar, Elliot J. Strand, Catherine A. Crichton, Megan N. Renny, Ignacy Bonter, Tai Tran, Madhur Atreya, Adrian Gestos, Jim Haseloff, Robert R. McLeod, Gregory L. Whiting
A key challenge in bioelectronics is to establish and improve the interface between electronic devices and living tissues, enabling a direct assessment of biological systems. Sensors integrated with plant tissue can provide valuable information about the plant itself as well as the surrounding environment, including air and soil quality. An obstacle in developing interfaces to plant tissue is mitigating the formation of fibrotic tissues, which can hinder continuous and accurate sensor operation over extended timeframes. Electronic systems that utilize suitable biocompatible materials alongside appropriate fabrication techniques to establish plant-electronic interfaces could provide for enhanced environmental understanding and ecosystem management capabilities. To meet these demands, this study introduces an approach for integrating printed electronic materials with biocompatible cryogels, resulting in stable implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronic devices capable of long-term operation within plant tissue. These inkjet-printed cryogels can be customized to provide various electronic functionalities, including electrodes and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), that exhibit high electrical conductivity for embedded conducting polymer traces (up to 350 S/cm), transconductance for OECTs in the mS range, a capacitance of up to 4.2 mF g−1 in suitable structures, high stretchability (up to 330% strain), and self-healing properties. The biocompatible functionalized cryogel-based electrodes and transistors were successfully implanted in plant tissue, and ionic activity in tomato plant stems was collected for over two months with minimal scar tissue formation, making these cryogel-based printed electronic devices excellent candidates for continuous, in-situ monitoring of plant and environmental status and health.
生物电子学的一个关键挑战是建立和改进电子设备与活体组织之间的接口,从而能够直接评估生物系统。与植物组织集成的传感器可以提供有关植物本身以及周围环境的宝贵信息,包括空气和土壤质量。开发与植物组织的界面的一个障碍是减缓纤维化组织的形成,这可能会阻碍传感器在较长时间内连续准确地工作。利用适当的生物相容性材料和适当的制造技术来建立植物电子接口的电子系统可以提供增强的环境理解和生态系统管理能力。为了满足这些需求,本研究介绍了一种将印刷电子材料与生物相容性冷冻凝胶集成的方法,从而产生能够在植物组织内长期运行的稳定的基于水凝胶的生物电子设备。这些喷墨打印的冷冻凝胶可以定制,以提供各种电子功能,包括电极和有机电化学晶体管(OECT),它们对嵌入的导电聚合物迹线表现出高电导率(高达350 S/cm),OECT的跨导在mS范围内,电容高达4.2 mF g−1,具有合适的结构、高拉伸性(高达330%应变)和自修复性能。基于生物相容性功能化冷冻凝胶的电极和晶体管被成功植入植物组织,番茄茎中的离子活性被收集了两个多月,疤痕组织形成最小,这使得这些基于冷冻凝胶的印刷电子设备成为连续、原位监测植物和环境状况及健康的绝佳候选者。
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引用次数: 0
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npj Flexible Electronics
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