Sustainable Cities and Society最新文献_第4页

A tri-level hybrid stochastic-IGDT dynamic planning model for resilience enhancement of community-integrated energy systems 用于增强社区一体化能源系统复原力的三层随机-IGDT 混合动态规划模型

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105948

Ehsan Alizad, Fardin Hasanzad, Hasan Rastegar

In this paper, a resilience-oriented dynamic planning framework is developed for optimal sizing of the community-integrated energy system components, including photovoltaic system, wind turbine, boiler, power to gas technology, combined heat and power, and storage devices. The proposed framework is formulated as a tri-level linear programming that performs Community-Integrated Energy Systems design under normal conditions at the first level while evaluating system operation during disastrous conditions at the second level. In the third level, re-planning is done based on information-gap decision theory to enhance community-integrated energy systems’ resilience against various natural disasters. Stochastic programming is also employed at all levels to address the uncertainty of electricity market price, energy demand, solar radiation, and wind speed. A detailed P2G system including, a methanation device, electrolysis, and hydrogen storage is designed to improve the resilience of the system. In addition, the power to gas proposed in this model is coupled with a carbon capture unit to mitigate carbon emission by reusing emitted carbon from the flue gas of the boiler and combined heat and power. Various economic metrics and technical constraints are also considered to achieve a realistic design. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the positive interplay of renewable energy resources and energy storage technologies, specifically P2G, assisted the CIES in maintaining a stable and uninterrupted energy supply during extreme events. The results exhibit that increasing only 10 % of the resilience budget can decrease >93 % of unserved demand and helps reduction of >37 % of carbon emissions.

本文开发了一个以复原力为导向的动态规划框架，用于优化社区综合能源系统组件的大小，包括光伏系统、风力涡轮机、锅炉、煤改电技术、热电联产和存储设备。所提出的框架是一个三级线性编程，在第一级执行正常条件下的社区综合能源系统设计，在第二级评估灾难性条件下的系统运行。在第三层，根据信息差距决策理论进行重新规划，以增强社区综合能源系统抵御各种自然灾害的能力。此外，还在各个层面采用随机程序设计，以应对电力市场价格、能源需求、太阳辐射和风速的不确定性。设计了一个详细的 P2G 系统，包括甲烷化装置、电解和氢存储，以提高系统的复原力。此外，该模型中提出的电能转化为燃气与碳捕集装置相结合，通过重新利用锅炉和热电联产烟气中排放的碳，减少碳排放。此外，还考虑了各种经济指标和技术限制，以实现切合实际的设计。数值模拟结果表明，可再生能源和储能技术（特别是 P2G）的积极相互作用有助于 CIES 在极端事件期间保持稳定和不间断的能源供应。结果表明，只需增加 10% 的弹性预算，就能减少 93% 的未服务需求，并有助于减少 37% 的碳排放。

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引用次数: 0

Combining geographic information and climate data to develop urban building energy prediction models in Taichung, Taiwan 结合地理信息和气候数据开发台湾台中市城市建筑能源预测模型

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105949

Cing Chang, Chieh-Yu Chen, Tzu-Ping Lin

Climate change in Taiwan has extended and intensified the summer season, leading to a notable surge in energy demand for cooling systems, especially in densely populated regions. Building energy usage is directly correlated with cooling degree hours (CDHs), representing the hourly temperature differential between indoors and outdoors. This study employed high-resolution Taiwan ReAnalysis Downscaling (TReAD) data to develop an urban energy prediction model focusing on localized cooling demand in central Taiwan's urban areas. Validated against actual electricity consumption data, the model achieved an R² value of 0.76. The study reveals that urban areas exhibit a high cooling demand during the hot season, exceeding 25,000 °C-h and with an annual energy consumption of 44–64 kWh/m². Conversely, rural areas have a lower cooling demand – that is, below 8,000 °C-h, with an annual energy consumption of <10 kWh/m².

Considering the IPCC's RCP8.5 warming scenario, October shows a 20–40 % increase in cooling demand compared to July and May. This underscores the need to address rising energy consumption especially during the early and late stages of the hot season in response to climate change.

台湾的气候变化延长并加剧了夏季，导致制冷系统的能源需求显著增加，尤其是在人口稠密地区。建筑能耗与制冷度小时（CDHs）直接相关，CDHs 代表室内外每小时的温差。本研究利用高分辨率的台湾再分析降尺度（TReAD）数据开发了一个城市能源预测模型，重点关注台湾中部城市地区的局部制冷需求。根据实际耗电量数据进行验证，模型的 R2 值达到 0.76。研究结果表明，城市地区在炎热季节的制冷需求较高，超过 25,000 ℃-h，年耗电量为 44-64 kWh/m2。相反，农村地区的降温需求较低，即低于 8000 ℃-h，年能耗为 10 kWh/m2。考虑到 IPCC 的 RCP8.5 升温情景，10 月份的降温需求比 7 月和 5 月增加了 20-40%。这突出表明，有必要解决能源消耗增加的问题，尤其是在炎热季节的前期和后期，以应对气候变化。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced modeling of vehicle-induced turbulence and pollutant dispersion in urban street canyon: Large-eddy simulation via dynamic overset mesh approach 城市街道峡谷中车辆引起的湍流和污染物扩散的强化建模：通过动态超集网格方法进行大涡流模拟

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105939

Bingchao Zhang , Lin Wen , Xuelin Zhang , Yunfei Fu , Tim K.T. Tse , Cheuk Ming Mak

This study presented a novel application of large-eddy simulation (LES) with a dynamic overset mesh approach to simulate vehicle-induced turbulence in a two-dimensional street canyon. The simulation incorporated moving vehicle entities to emulate two-way traffic, with each vehicle equipped with a pollutant source to simulate pollutant dispersion. Comprehensive long-term statistical analyses were conducted to compare the simulated turbulence with those produced by the conventional approach (where vehicle-induced momentum was not considered) and the quasi-steady method (where vehicle motion was simplified as momentum sources). The results revealed that the presence of moving vehicle entities significantly distorted the primary circulation within the canyon, altering the transport pathways of both lateral momentum and air pollutants. The motion of vehicle entities also induced a substantial amount of turbulence, resulting in different pollutant removal mechanisms at the top of the canyon. The ensemble-average analysis revealed a downwash followed by an upwash within a cycle of vehicle movement, which largely contributed to momentum and pollutant transport. These findings underscored the need for considering the moving entities in LES approaches to enhance vehicle-induced turbulence modeling. Other factors influencing the simulation were discussed, aiming to guide more accurate and reliable turbulence modeling in urban environments.

本研究提出了一种新颖的大涡度模拟（LES）应用，采用动态超集网格方法来模拟二维街道峡谷中由车辆引起的湍流。模拟结合了移动的车辆实体来模拟双向交通，每辆车都配备了一个污染源来模拟污染物的扩散。进行了全面的长期统计分析，将模拟湍流与传统方法（不考虑车辆引起的动量）和准稳定方法（将车辆运动简化为动量源）产生的湍流进行了比较。结果表明，移动车辆的存在极大地扭曲了峡谷内的主要环流，改变了横向动量和空气污染物的传输路径。车辆实体的运动还引发了大量湍流，导致峡谷顶部污染物清除机制的不同。集合平均分析显示，在车辆运动的一个周期内，先是下冲，然后是上冲，这在很大程度上促进了动量和污染物的传输。这些发现强调了在 LES 方法中考虑运动实体的必要性，以加强车辆引起的湍流建模。此外，还讨论了影响模拟的其他因素，旨在指导在城市环境中建立更准确、更可靠的湍流模型。

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引用次数: 0

Non-locality and spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery: Insights from high-resolution flood claim and mobility data 住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的非地域性和溢出效应：从高分辨率洪水索赔和流动性数据中获得的启示

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105947

Junwei Ma , Russell Blessing , Samuel Brody , Ali Mostafavi

Examining the relationship between vulnerability of the built environment and community recovery is crucial for understanding disaster resilience. Yet, this relationship is rather neglected in the existing literature due to limitations in the availability of empirical datasets needed for such analysis. In this study, we combined fine-resolution flood damage claim data (composed of both insured and uninsured losses) and human mobility data (composed of millions of movement trajectories) during the 2017 Hurricane Harvey in Harris County, Texas, to specify the extent to which vulnerability of the built environment (i.e., residential flood damage) affects community recovery (based on the speed of human mobility recovery) locally and regionally. We examined such relationship using spatial lag, spatial reach, and spatial decay models to measure the extent of spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery. The results indicate that: first, the severity of residential flood damage significantly affects the speed of community recovery. A greater extent of residential flood damage suppresses community recovery not only locally but also in the surrounding areas; second, the spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery decay with distance from the highly damaged areas with a spatial reach of up to 31.2 miles (49.92 Km); third, areas display heterogeneous spatial decay coefficients, which are associated with urban form and structure features such as the density of facilities and roads. These findings provide a novel data-driven characterization of the spatial spillover effects of residential flood damage on community recovery and move us closer to a better understanding of complex spatial diffusion processes that shape community resilience to hazards. This study also provides valuable insights for emergency managers and public officials seeking to mitigate the non-local effects of flood damage.

研究建筑环境的脆弱性与社区恢复之间的关系对于了解抗灾能力至关重要。然而，由于分析所需的经验数据集的可用性有限，这种关系在现有文献中被忽视。在本研究中，我们结合了德克萨斯州哈里斯县在 2017 年飓风哈维期间的精细分辨率洪灾损失索赔数据（包括投保和未投保损失）和人员流动数据（包括数百万人的流动轨迹），以明确建筑环境（即住宅洪灾损失）的脆弱性在多大程度上影响了当地和区域的社区恢复（基于人员流动的恢复速度）。我们使用空间滞后模型、空间到达模型和空间衰减模型对这种关系进行了研究，以衡量住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的溢出效应程度。结果表明：首先，居民点洪灾损失的严重程度会显著影响社区恢复的速度。居民点洪灾受损程度越严重，不仅会抑制当地的社区恢复，还会抑制周边地区的社区恢复；其次，居民点洪灾受损对社区恢复的溢出效应会随着距离受损严重地区的距离而衰减，空间范围可达 31.2 英里（49.92 千米）；第三，各地区显示出不同的空间衰减系数，这与设施和道路密度等城市形态和结构特征有关。这些发现为住宅洪水损害对社区恢复的空间溢出效应提供了新颖的数据驱动特征，使我们更接近于更好地理解形成社区抗灾能力的复杂空间扩散过程。这项研究还为寻求减轻洪水灾害非本地影响的应急管理人员和政府官员提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

A review of reflected sunlight from buildings: problems and challenges 建筑物反射阳光回顾：问题与挑战

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105943

Juan Yi , Zhen Tian , Daniel Rüdisser , David Geisler-Moroder , Yongqing Zhao , Martin Hauer , Tobias Weiss , Tao Luo , Bin Zhang

With the rapid development of urbanization and building technologies, reflective materials such as glass curtain walls and cool walls have been increasingly utilized, significantly impacting both indoor and outdoor lighting and thermal environments. This paper reviews studies related to the reflected sunlight from buildings on thermal performance and visual comfort, covering research methodologies and evaluation approaches. It compares the application of cool materials on roofs and façades; design strategies are proposed for urban planning and building design. The review reveals that numerical simulations have been widely employed in studies concerning outdoor reflected sunlight. However, there remains a lack of standardized evaluation criteria for outdoor lighting and thermal environments. The general conclusions regarding the impact of cool walls on building thermal loads and outdoor temperatures are still ambiguous, and systematic research on mitigating outdoor reflective radiation in urban planning and management is limited. Based on the review of existing studies, this paper proposes the challenges posed by reflected sunlight and provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for building design and urban planning. This review paper is expected to contribute considerable significance for improving urban lighting environment and thermal comfort.

随着城市化和建筑技术的快速发展，玻璃幕墙和冷墙等反光材料的应用越来越广泛，对室内外照明和热环境都产生了重大影响。本文回顾了有关建筑物反射阳光对热性能和视觉舒适度影响的研究，涵盖了研究方法和评估方法。论文比较了凉爽材料在屋顶和外墙的应用，并为城市规划和建筑设计提出了设计策略。综述显示，在有关室外反射阳光的研究中，数值模拟已被广泛采用。然而，在室外照明和热环境方面仍然缺乏标准化的评估标准。关于冷墙对建筑热负荷和室外温度影响的一般结论仍不明确，在城市规划和管理中减少室外反射辐射的系统研究也很有限。本文在回顾现有研究的基础上，提出了反射阳光带来的挑战，为建筑设计和城市规划提供了理论基础和实践指导。这篇综述论文有望为改善城市照明环境和热舒适度做出重要贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of Urban Heat Island with a network-based approach 用基于网络的方法探索城市热岛的时空演变模式

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105926

Kang Zou , Xinyu Yu , Man Sing Wong , Kai Qin , Rui Zhu , Songyang Li

Exploring the development patterns of surface urban heat island (SUHI) has become crucial for formulating corresponding excess heat mitigation measures. However, there is currently a lack of analysis on the importance and interactions of different SUHI patches. This paper proposes a simple and effective method for measuring SUHI patterns, revealing the development patterns and growth trends of SUHI through spatial integration and interaction network construction. The results show that the values of nodes and edges in the SUHI network have continuously increased from 2005 to 2020, with an increase of the average importance index of nodes and the average interaction intensity of edges in the three regions by 40.2% and 23.6%, respectively. Moreover, the development pattern of SUHI exhibits a distinct unimodal characteristic. When the merging speed of SUHI patches exceeds the speed of new patch emergence, the total number of patches will decrease. The method proposed in this study demonstrates strong applicability across the three urban agglomerations and can be extended to other regions. The SUHI network enables the practical and efficient excess heat mitigation of heat island effects through the management (disruption) of key nodes. The corresponding heat island development hypothesis also enriches the theoretical understanding of heat island development.

探索城市地表热岛（SUHI）的发展模式对于制定相应的过热缓解措施至关重要。然而，目前缺乏对不同 SUHI 斑块的重要性和相互作用的分析。本文提出了一种简单有效的测量 SUHI 模式的方法，通过空间整合和交互网络构建揭示 SUHI 的发展模式和增长趋势。结果表明，2005 年至 2020 年，SUHI 网络中的节点和边缘值持续增加，三个区域的节点平均重要度指数和边缘平均交互强度分别增加了 40.2%和 23.6%。此外，SUHI 的发展模式呈现出明显的单峰特征。当 SUHI 补丁的合并速度超过新补丁出现的速度时，补丁总数就会减少。本研究提出的方法在三个城市群中具有很强的适用性，并可推广到其他地区。SUHI 网络通过对关键节点的管理（破坏），切实有效地缓解了热岛效应的过量热量。相应的热岛发展假设也丰富了对热岛发展的理论认识。

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引用次数: 0

Projected risk and vulnerability to heat waves for Montreal, Quebec, using Gaussian processes 利用高斯过程预测魁北克省蒙特利尔市的热浪风险和脆弱性

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105907

Jean-Nicolas Côté , Elisabeth Levac , Mickaël Germain , Eric Lavigne

Urban areas face increasing climate risks and are at the forefront of adaptation challenges. Despite the growing number of cities that are developing adaptation plans, they often fail to implement, monitor, and evaluate them. This article addresses this issue by modelling a comprehensive risk assessment that includes vulnerability using Gaussian processes. Mortality during heat waves for the City of Montreal, Quebec, is used as a case study. The vulnerability model includes sensitivity components (age and socioeconomic variables) and an adaptive capacity component (a suitable level of vegetation to decrease the urban heat island effect). Various aging and climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) are used for projections up to year 2100. SHAP values are used to show features contributions to the model. As the climate warms, Montreal will face increasing summer mortality. The city should therefore increase its vegetation cover in vulnerable neighbourhoods. Despite inherent limitations to the complexity of risk modelling, this approach facilitates the implementation of adaptation solutions and their monitoring. Greater effort should be made in the future to improve comprehensive risk modelling and more research is required to validate which framework is best in closing the gap between science and political decisions.

城市地区面临着越来越大的气候风险，并处于适应挑战的最前沿。尽管越来越多的城市正在制定适应计划，但它们往往无法实施、监测和评估这些计划。本文针对这一问题，利用高斯过程建立了一个包括脆弱性在内的综合风险评估模型。本文以魁北克省蒙特利尔市热浪期间的死亡率为案例进行研究。脆弱性模型包括敏感性部分（年龄和社会经济变量）和适应能力部分（降低城市热岛效应的适当植被水平）。各种老化和气候情景（SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5 和 SSP5-8.5）用于预测 2100 年之前的情况。SHAP 值用于显示对模型的贡献特征。随着气候变暖，蒙特利尔的夏季死亡率将越来越高。因此，该市应增加脆弱街区的植被覆盖率。尽管风险建模的复杂性有其固有的局限性，但这种方法有助于适应解决方案的实施及其监测。今后应加大力度改进综合风险建模，并需要开展更多研究，以验证哪种框架最能缩小科学与政治决策之间的差距。

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引用次数: 0

Scale effect on the relationship between urban landscape patterns and land surface temperature 城市景观模式与地表温度之间关系的规模效应

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105942

Anqi Zhang , Chang Xia

Great efforts have been made to examine the linkages between land surface temperature (LST) and urban landscape patterns (ULPs), which, however, focus on a single spatial scale and linear relationships. This study aims to examine the influence range of four key ULP indicators on LST, namely the sky view factor (SVF) and three indices of built-up area, greens, and blue spaces. The analyses are conducted at the street block level in 38 big cities in China and leverage a multiscalar approach to investigate change patterns of indicators within multiple buffer zones and identify the buffer distance that yields the greatest influence. Results reveal that (1) the greatest local impacts are produced within 0 − 150 m buffer zones in most cities for all key ULP metrics; (2) the maximum impacts of most indicators in summer are greater than in other seasons; and (3) the influence magnitude of key ULP indicators increases after considering the scale effect, and the influence of SVF varies significantly across cities. Results suggest that the consideration of maximum influence ranges of ULP indicators can better explain LST spatial variations. Our findings offer evidence on the local impact of ULPs on LST and contribute to urban design in urban heat mitigation.

人们在研究地表温度（LST）与城市景观格局（ULPs）之间的联系方面做了大量工作，但这些工作主要集中在单一的空间尺度和线性关系上。本研究旨在考察四个主要城市景观格局指标对地表温度的影响范围，即天空视线系数（SVF）以及建筑面积、绿地和蓝地三个指数。研究在中国38个大城市的街区层面进行分析，采用多尺度方法研究多个缓冲区内指标的变化规律，并确定影响最大的缓冲距离。结果表明：（1）在大多数城市中，所有关键ULP指标在0-150米缓冲区内产生的局部影响最大；（2）大多数指标在夏季的最大影响大于其他季节；（3）考虑尺度效应后，关键ULP指标的影响幅度增大，SVF的影响在不同城市之间存在显著差异。结果表明，考虑ULP指标的最大影响范围可以更好地解释LST的空间变化。我们的研究结果为ULP对LST的局部影响提供了证据，有助于城市热量减缓的城市设计。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic integrated simulation of carbon emission reduction potential in China's building sector 中国建筑行业碳减排潜力的动态综合模拟

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105944

Qiang Du , Zilang Wan , Mengqi Yang , Xiaoyan Wang , Libiao Bai

The building sector has received increasing attention due to its significant contribution to carbon emissions and great reduction potential. With continuous technology implementation, it is critical to identify the trajectories of emissions and potential reduction for China's building sector to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. This study develops an integrated model by combining the system dynamics (SD) model and the long-range energy alternatives planning (LEAP) model to estimate energy consumption and carbon emissions of different types of buildings. The LEAP model is constructed based on the predictions from the SD model, which identifies the critical activity level parameters including number of households and building stocks by type. Coupled with scenario analysis, the model is applied to simulate the building emissions reduction potential and the contribution of five mitigation technologies across four scenarios. The results indicate that carbon emissions will peak at 2.80 Billion tons (Bt) in 2032 under the business as usual scenario (BAS). By 2060, reductions of 28.55 %, 59.03 %, and 76.53 % will be achieved under the advanced technology scenario (ATS), intersectoral synergistic scenario (ISS), and continuous improvement scenario (CIS), respectively. Among the five technologies, electrification and efficient end-use device technologies contribute the greatest reductions of 0.16 Bt and 0.23 Bt, respectively. Under the CIS, carbon emissions will advance toward 2024 with a peak of 2.47 Bt. This study not only provides a theoretical tool for energy and emissions analysis but also formulates targeted technology roadmaps for building sector emission mitigation.

建筑行业因其对碳排放的重要贡献和巨大的减排潜力而受到越来越多的关注。随着技术的不断实施，确定中国建筑行业的排放轨迹和减排潜力对于实现碳峰值和碳中和目标至关重要。本研究结合系统动力学（SD）模型和远期能源替代规划（LEAP）模型，建立了一个综合模型，用于估算不同类型建筑的能耗和碳排放。LEAP 模型是根据 SD 模型的预测建立的，该模型确定了关键的活动水平参数，包括家庭数量和不同类型的建筑存量。结合情景分析，该模型用于模拟四种情景下的建筑减排潜力和五种减排技术的贡献。结果表明，在 "一切照旧 "情景（BAS）下，碳排放量将在 2032 年达到峰值 28.0 亿吨（Bt）。到 2060 年，在先进技术情景（ATS）、部门间协同情景（ISS）和持续改进情景（CIS）下，将分别实现 28.55%、59.03% 和 76.53% 的减排。在这五种技术中，电气化和高效终端设备技术的减排量最大，分别为 0.16 Bt 和 0.23 Bt。在 CIS 条件下，碳排放量将在 2024 年达到峰值 24.7 Bt。这项研究不仅为能源和排放分析提供了理论工具，还为建筑行业减排制定了有针对性的技术路线图。

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引用次数: 0

Large language model as parking planning agent in the context of mixed period of autonomous vehicles and Human-Driven vehicles 在自动驾驶车辆和人工驾驶车辆混合使用的情况下，作为停车规划代理的大型语言模型

IF 10.5 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable Cities and Society

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2024.105940

Yuping Jin , Jun Ma

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are anticipated to revolutionize future transportation, necessitating updates to traffic infrastructure, particularly parking facilities, due to the unique characteristics of AVs compared to Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs). During the transition period in which AVs and HDVs coexist, adaptable infrastructure is essential to accommodate both vehicle types. Traditional research, typically reliant on complex mathematical models and simulations, faces challenges in adapting to diverse urban settings, requiring substantial time and resources. To address these challenges, a government-level framework was developed, enabling urban planners to quickly and accurately evaluate and optimize existing parking facilities for future AV and HDV coexistence scenarios. The framework integrates a Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance flexibility and efficiency in parking planning throughout the transitional period. Structured guidance is incorporated to enhance decision-making precision and reduce LLM hallucination risks. The flexibility, robustness, and accuracy of the framework were validated through step-by-step and end-to-end testing using real-world datasets. Specifically, the framework achieved 91.1 % comprehensiveness and 70.2 % consistency in Indicator Selection Module testing, a 68.9 % success rate in the Single Indicator Calculation Module, and a 66.7 % success rate in end-to-end testing, demonstrating its practical value in supporting cities during AV integration. Finally, the success rates of different LLM agent modules were further explored, along with a comparison of multiple LLMs and an analysis of key issues related to LLM trustworthiness in urban planning applications. The research highlights the potential of LLMs in advancing urban planning processes and optimizing existing infrastructure, contributing to smarter and more adaptable urban environments.

由于自动驾驶汽车（AV）与人类驾驶汽车（HDV）相比具有独特的特点，预计自动驾驶汽车（AV）将彻底改变未来的交通状况，因此有必要更新交通基础设施，特别是停车设施。在自动驾驶汽车与普通汽车共存的过渡时期，适应性强的基础设施对于同时容纳两种类型的车辆至关重要。传统的研究通常依赖于复杂的数学模型和模拟，在适应多样化的城市环境方面面临挑战，需要大量的时间和资源。为了应对这些挑战，我们开发了一个政府层面的框架，使城市规划者能够快速、准确地评估和优化现有停车设施，以适应未来 AV 和 HDV 共存的场景。该框架整合了大型语言模型（LLM），以提高整个过渡时期停车规划的灵活性和效率。结构化指导被纳入其中，以提高决策的准确性并降低 LLM 出现幻觉的风险。该框架的灵活性、稳健性和准确性通过使用真实世界数据集进行的逐步和端到端测试得到了验证。具体而言，该框架在指标选择模块测试中实现了 91.1% 的全面性和 70.2% 的一致性，在单一指标计算模块中实现了 68.9% 的成功率，在端到端测试中实现了 66.7% 的成功率，证明了其在支持城市进行视听集成方面的实用价值。最后，研究人员进一步探讨了不同 LLM 代理模块的成功率，并对多个 LLM 进行了比较，还分析了与 LLM 在城市规划应用中的可信度有关的关键问题。这项研究强调了 LLM 在推进城市规划进程和优化现有基础设施方面的潜力，有助于创造更智能、适应性更强的城市环境。

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引用次数: 0