In this work, an equiatomic Ti-V-Al-Nb-Hf high-entropy alloy (HEA) was designed by thermodynamic simulation and prepared experimentally via a powder metallurgy approach. A nanoindentation and nano scratch technique was used to study the mechanical and friction behavior of the HEA. The results revealed that a nano hardness of 7.39 ± 0.4 GPa and an elastic modulus of 140.75 ± 6.3 GPa was achieved. The coefficient of friction (COF) and creep behavior of the alloy were studied by scratch tests in ramping mode under constant-loading conditions. The COF quickly increased as the normal load increased at the beginning stage of creep performance. Additionally, three-dimensional modeling was performed to obtain a graphical representation, which can be used to explore the morphology and geometry of the scratched track. From the experimental findings, the creep behavior of the alloy is classified into two separate regimes: transient and steady-state regions. The present study demonstrates the scratch and creep behavior of the HEA in the context of the scratch mechanisms.
在这项工作中，通过热力学模拟设计了等原子 Ti-V-Al-Nb-Hf 高熵合金 (HEA)，并通过粉末冶金方法进行了实验制备。采用纳米压痕和纳米划痕技术研究了 HEA 的机械和摩擦行为。结果显示，纳米硬度为 7.39 ± 0.4 GPa，弹性模量为 140.75 ± 6.3 GPa。在恒定加载条件下，通过斜坡模式划痕试验研究了合金的摩擦系数（COF）和蠕变行为。在蠕变性能的初始阶段，随着法向载荷的增加，摩擦系数迅速增大。此外，还进行了三维建模，以获得图形表示，用于探索划痕轨迹的形态和几何形状。从实验结果来看，合金的蠕变行为分为两种不同的状态：瞬态区和稳态区。本研究从划痕机理的角度展示了 HEA 的划痕和蠕变行为。
{"title":"Microstructure and nanoscratch behavior of spark-plasma-sintered Ti-V-Al-Nb-Hf high-entropy alloy","authors":"Sheetal Kumar Dewangan, Nagarjuna Cheenepalli, Hansung Lee, Byungmin Ahn","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.081","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, an equiatomic Ti-V-Al-Nb-Hf high-entropy alloy (HEA) was designed by thermodynamic simulation and prepared experimentally via a powder metallurgy approach. A nanoindentation and nano scratch technique was used to study the mechanical and friction behavior of the HEA. The results revealed that a nano hardness of 7.39 ± 0.4 GPa and an elastic modulus of 140.75 ± 6.3 GPa was achieved. The coefficient of friction (COF) and creep behavior of the alloy were studied by scratch tests in ramping mode under constant-loading conditions. The COF quickly increased as the normal load increased at the beginning stage of creep performance. Additionally, three-dimensional modeling was performed to obtain a graphical representation, which can be used to explore the morphology and geometry of the scratched track. From the experimental findings, the creep behavior of the alloy is classified into two separate regimes: transient and steady-state regions. The present study demonstrates the scratch and creep behavior of the HEA in the context of the scratch mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.148
Xiaoqiang Wang, Yakun Tao, Yan Zhou, Shifeng Wen, Yusheng Shi
A comprehensive understanding of cracking mechanisms and the prevention of interfacial microcrack formation are imperative for additive manufacturing of high-performance multi-material heterostructures. This study systematically investigated 316L/CuSn10 heterostructures and identified solidification cracking and solid-state cracking as the predominant mechanisms. Solidification cracking is closely linked to the copper content within the mixing zone, particularly evident at 10% copper content, which heightens sensitivity to solidification cracking due to the widening of intergranular spacing and the elongation of the liquid film channel. Solid-state cracks tend to initiate from pre-existing solidification cracks, propagate along high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), particularly within a specific misorientation angle range of 20°-50°, terminating eventually at low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). This is mainly controlled by the distribution of dislocations at crack tips, which are dispersed within the grains at LAGBs, and the resulting back stress contributes to crack termination. These findings contribute valuable insights into the cracking mechanisms in heterostructures and offer guidance for the fabrication of crack-free steel-copper components.
{"title":"Unraveling the dual cracking mechanism of 316L/CuSn10 heterostructures fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Xiaoqiang Wang, Yakun Tao, Yan Zhou, Shifeng Wen, Yusheng Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.148","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive understanding of cracking mechanisms and the prevention of interfacial microcrack formation are imperative for additive manufacturing of high-performance multi-material heterostructures. This study systematically investigated 316L/CuSn10 heterostructures and identified solidification cracking and solid-state cracking as the predominant mechanisms. Solidification cracking is closely linked to the copper content within the mixing zone, particularly evident at 10% copper content, which heightens sensitivity to solidification cracking due to the widening of intergranular spacing and the elongation of the liquid film channel. Solid-state cracks tend to initiate from pre-existing solidification cracks, propagate along high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), particularly within a specific misorientation angle range of 20°-50°, terminating eventually at low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). This is mainly controlled by the distribution of dislocations at crack tips, which are dispersed within the grains at LAGBs, and the resulting back stress contributes to crack termination. These findings contribute valuable insights into the cracking mechanisms in heterostructures and offer guidance for the fabrication of crack-free steel-copper components.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.147
Dengke Liu, Xuewen Zong, Pengsheng Xue, Yan Zhang, Hongzhi Zhou, Zhongtang Gao, Rui Wang, Bingheng Lu
In order to explore the forming mechanism of direct energy deposition of magnesium-lithium alloy wire with high lithium content, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing Cold Metal Transfer Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (CMT-WAAM) to successfully fabricate thin-walled structures of LA103Z Mg-Li alloy. A comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of different regions on CMT-WAAM samples, in addition to cast and rolled samples. The microstructure of CMT-WAAM samples is mainly composed of β-Li phase and fine needle shaped α-Mg phase, exhibiting a notable divergence from the microstructure observed in cast and rolled samples. It is noteworthy that the mechanical properties along the deposition direction exhibited significant variability in CMT-WAAM samples, but no significant anisotropy is discerned in the mechanical properties along the deposition and scanning directions. The discrepancies in mechanical properties across different regions are predominantly attributed to variations in grain size, and the size and proportion of the α-Mg phase and secondary phases, which are related to the low heat input and high cooling rate of the CMT-WAAM process. The mean tensile strength of CMT-WAAM samples is 159.5 MPa, marking a respective increase of 30.7% and 13.9% compared to cast and rolled samples. These findings underscore the outstanding strength of CMT-WAAM samples compared to conventionally formed samples. This study provides novel insights into additive manufacturing of dual-phase Mg-Li alloys for large-scale complex structures.
{"title":"Comprehensive study on the differences in microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Li alloy fabricated by additive manufacturing, casting, and rolling","authors":"Dengke Liu, Xuewen Zong, Pengsheng Xue, Yan Zhang, Hongzhi Zhou, Zhongtang Gao, Rui Wang, Bingheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.147","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explore the forming mechanism of direct energy deposition of magnesium-lithium alloy wire with high lithium content, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing Cold Metal Transfer Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (CMT-WAAM) to successfully fabricate thin-walled structures of LA103Z Mg-Li alloy. A comprehensive comparison was conducted to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of different regions on CMT-WAAM samples, in addition to cast and rolled samples. The microstructure of CMT-WAAM samples is mainly composed of β-Li phase and fine needle shaped α-Mg phase, exhibiting a notable divergence from the microstructure observed in cast and rolled samples. It is noteworthy that the mechanical properties along the deposition direction exhibited significant variability in CMT-WAAM samples, but no significant anisotropy is discerned in the mechanical properties along the deposition and scanning directions. The discrepancies in mechanical properties across different regions are predominantly attributed to variations in grain size, and the size and proportion of the α-Mg phase and secondary phases, which are related to the low heat input and high cooling rate of the CMT-WAAM process. The mean tensile strength of CMT-WAAM samples is 159.5 MPa, marking a respective increase of 30.7% and 13.9% compared to cast and rolled samples. These findings underscore the outstanding strength of CMT-WAAM samples compared to conventionally formed samples. This study provides novel insights into additive manufacturing of dual-phase Mg-Li alloys for large-scale complex structures.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.102
Chenchong Du, Feng Jiang, Bicheng Guo, Yong Zhang
Austenitic Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel is widely used in aviation, chemistry, energy, due to its excellent properties of high-temperature performance. In this study, the splitting Hopkinson pressure bar with high-temperature system was employed to evaluate the dynamic mechanical properties of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel. The true stress-strain curves were obtained under varying conditions, including variable strains, strain rates and temperatures. The true stress increases and levels off as the true strain increases, while increases as the strain rate increases, but decreases sharply as the deformation temperature rises. The deformation temperature is consist of healing temperature and adiabatic temperature. The adiabatic temperature rise related to the specific heat capacity was calculated. The actual deformation temperatures were calculated under different strains by combining the true stress-strain curves. The true stress-strain curve under variable temperature was corrected to the stress-strain curve under isothermal state by using the thermal softening rate, which decoupled the strain and temperature. The Power-Law and Johnson-Cook constitutive models were fitted based on the real stress-strain isothermal curve. The fitting accuracy of Power-Law model was 1.61% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 3.51% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures. While the fitting accuracy of Johnson-Cook model was 2.94% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 6.18% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures.
{"title":"Dynamic constitutive model of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel based on isothermal true stress-strain curves","authors":"Chenchong Du, Feng Jiang, Bicheng Guo, Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.102","url":null,"abstract":"Austenitic Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel is widely used in aviation, chemistry, energy, due to its excellent properties of high-temperature performance. In this study, the splitting Hopkinson pressure bar with high-temperature system was employed to evaluate the dynamic mechanical properties of Fe–Cr–Ni stainless steel. The true stress-strain curves were obtained under varying conditions, including variable strains, strain rates and temperatures. The true stress increases and levels off as the true strain increases, while increases as the strain rate increases, but decreases sharply as the deformation temperature rises. The deformation temperature is consist of healing temperature and adiabatic temperature. The adiabatic temperature rise related to the specific heat capacity was calculated. The actual deformation temperatures were calculated under different strains by combining the true stress-strain curves. The true stress-strain curve under variable temperature was corrected to the stress-strain curve under isothermal state by using the thermal softening rate, which decoupled the strain and temperature. The Power-Law and Johnson-Cook constitutive models were fitted based on the real stress-strain isothermal curve. The fitting accuracy of Power-Law model was 1.61% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 3.51% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures. While the fitting accuracy of Johnson-Cook model was 2.94% for different strain rates at room temperature in average, 6.18% for fixed strain rate at different temperatures.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110
Baozhen Yang, En Zhu, Wei Zhang, Zhendong Zhong, Xiang Xiong, Rutie Liu
In this study, a set of CrFeNi -based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with varying carbon contents were prepared by spark plasm sintering (SPS) using atomized alloy powders as raw material. The microstructures of powders and as-sintered alloys were characterized using ECCI and EBSD. The mechanical properties of as-sintered alloys were tested and the strengthening mechanical were discussed. The results showed that the microstructures of the CrFeNi gas atomized powder and sintered alloy were both single FCC phase in an equiaxed state. However, the matrix grains of powder with carbon addition were mostly dendritic, and few eutectic carbides could be observed between matrix grains. Compared with the CrFeNi MEA, the addition of 8 at. % C led to an increase in the yield strength and tensile strength from 395 MPa to 630 MPa–590 MPa and 990 MPa, respectively. Orowan strengthening and grain refinement resulting micro/nano carbides are responsible for the improvement in mechanical properties.
{"title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of dispersed carbide-strengthened CrFeNi-based medium entropy alloys prepared via powder metallurgy","authors":"Baozhen Yang, En Zhu, Wei Zhang, Zhendong Zhong, Xiang Xiong, Rutie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.110","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a set of CrFeNi -based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with varying carbon contents were prepared by spark plasm sintering (SPS) using atomized alloy powders as raw material. The microstructures of powders and as-sintered alloys were characterized using ECCI and EBSD. The mechanical properties of as-sintered alloys were tested and the strengthening mechanical were discussed. The results showed that the microstructures of the CrFeNi gas atomized powder and sintered alloy were both single FCC phase in an equiaxed state. However, the matrix grains of powder with carbon addition were mostly dendritic, and few eutectic carbides could be observed between matrix grains. Compared with the CrFeNi MEA, the addition of 8 at. % C led to an increase in the yield strength and tensile strength from 395 MPa to 630 MPa–590 MPa and 990 MPa, respectively. Orowan strengthening and grain refinement resulting micro/nano carbides are responsible for the improvement in mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120
Dae Cheol Yang, Ki Jeong Kim, Gunjick Lee, Sang Yoon Song, Ju-Hyun Baek, Jin-Yoo Suh, Seong-Moon Seo, Young Kyun Kim, Young Sang Na, Seok Su Sohn
In this study, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline CrCoNi alloys are utilized as model systems to analyze the distinct roles of each GB and interstitial lattice sites. To effectively reveal hydrogen behavior, both electrochemical and gaseous hydrogen pre-charging methods are applied. Hydrogen content, diffusivity, and trap behaviors are quantified using thermal desorption analysis and hydrogen permeation tests, which determines (1) changes in hydrogen behavior depending on the presence of GB and (2) alterations in hydrogen behavior depending on lattice crystallographic orientation. The results indicate that GB and interstitial lattice sites exhibit comparable binding energies for hydrogen trapping. However, the introduction of GB alters the primary trapping sites from interstitial lattice sites to GB. In this case, the hydrogen content in the poly-crystalline alloy is determined by the trap site density of the primary trapping site. On the other hand, in the single-crystalline alloy, where only interstitial lattice sites exist, the crystallographic orientation of the hydrogen-charged plane is an important variable that determines hydrogen content and hydrogen diffusivity. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrogen behavior within a more intricate microstructure, suggesting the alloy design approach to enhance resistance to HE.
{"title":"Roles of lattice and grain boundary on hydrogen diffusion and trap behaviors in single-and poly-crystalline CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy","authors":"Dae Cheol Yang, Ki Jeong Kim, Gunjick Lee, Sang Yoon Song, Ju-Hyun Baek, Jin-Yoo Suh, Seong-Moon Seo, Young Kyun Kim, Young Sang Na, Seok Su Sohn","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.120","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, single-crystalline and poly-crystalline CrCoNi alloys are utilized as model systems to analyze the distinct roles of each GB and interstitial lattice sites. To effectively reveal hydrogen behavior, both electrochemical and gaseous hydrogen pre-charging methods are applied. Hydrogen content, diffusivity, and trap behaviors are quantified using thermal desorption analysis and hydrogen permeation tests, which determines (1) changes in hydrogen behavior depending on the presence of GB and (2) alterations in hydrogen behavior depending on lattice crystallographic orientation. The results indicate that GB and interstitial lattice sites exhibit comparable binding energies for hydrogen trapping. However, the introduction of GB alters the primary trapping sites from interstitial lattice sites to GB. In this case, the hydrogen content in the poly-crystalline alloy is determined by the trap site density of the primary trapping site. On the other hand, in the single-crystalline alloy, where only interstitial lattice sites exist, the crystallographic orientation of the hydrogen-charged plane is an important variable that determines hydrogen content and hydrogen diffusivity. Such insights contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrogen behavior within a more intricate microstructure, suggesting the alloy design approach to enhance resistance to HE.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100
Y. Najafi, Y. Mazaheri, Z. Delbari Ragheb, H. Daiy
Regardless of the abundant studies that have been published on various characteristics of dual-phase (DP) steels, a comprehensive review paper on the strain-hardening behavior of such materials is still lacking. Therefore, the present study endeavors to summarize the existing results and findings regarding the strain-hardening phenomena during deformation in DP steels. The focus of this review article is on common methods used to investigate the strain-hardening characteristics of DP steels. Moreover, it encompasses a discussion on the microstructural characteristics and their correlation with strain-hardening behavior within these materials. Furthermore, this review aims to elucidate the limitations, bottlenecks, and scientific challenges to guide researchers to gain a deeper knowledge of the strain-hardening behavior of DP steels.
{"title":"Multi-stage strain-hardening behavior of dual-phase steels: A review","authors":"Y. Najafi, Y. Mazaheri, Z. Delbari Ragheb, H. Daiy","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.100","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of the abundant studies that have been published on various characteristics of dual-phase (DP) steels, a comprehensive review paper on the strain-hardening behavior of such materials is still lacking. Therefore, the present study endeavors to summarize the existing results and findings regarding the strain-hardening phenomena during deformation in DP steels. The focus of this review article is on common methods used to investigate the strain-hardening characteristics of DP steels. Moreover, it encompasses a discussion on the microstructural characteristics and their correlation with strain-hardening behavior within these materials. Furthermore, this review aims to elucidate the limitations, bottlenecks, and scientific challenges to guide researchers to gain a deeper knowledge of the strain-hardening behavior of DP steels.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122
Shuo Zhao, Liang Wang
2205 duplex stainless steel (2205DSS) was nitrided at 420 °C by plasma nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere under anodic potential. The nitrided layer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of the nitrided layer on the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS was evaluated through electrochemical polarization tests and pin-on-disc wear experiments. The results revealed that nitrogen-expanded austenite was formed on the substrate, and the nitrided layer developed on the samples nitrided for 4 and 10 h enhanced both the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS.
2205 双相不锈钢（2205DSS）在阳极电位下于 420 °C 的氨气环境中进行等离子氮化。采用 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对氮化层进行了表征。通过电化学极化测试和针盘磨损实验评估了氮化层对 2205DSS 的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性的影响。结果表明，基体上形成了氮膨胀奥氏体，氮化 4 小时和 10 小时的样品上形成的氮化层增强了 2205DSS 的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。
{"title":"Formation and properties of nitrided layer on 2205 duplex stainless steel by anodic plasma-nitriding assisted with hollow cathode discharge","authors":"Shuo Zhao, Liang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.122","url":null,"abstract":"2205 duplex stainless steel (2205DSS) was nitrided at 420 °C by plasma nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere under anodic potential. The nitrided layer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impact of the nitrided layer on the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS was evaluated through electrochemical polarization tests and pin-on-disc wear experiments. The results revealed that nitrogen-expanded austenite was formed on the substrate, and the nitrided layer developed on the samples nitrided for 4 and 10 h enhanced both the corrosion and wear resistance of 2205DSS.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121
Liu Shu, Chongyang Li, Yunwen Wu, Tao Hang, Lei Liu, Ming Li
In the semiconductor industry, where miniaturization is a key driver, mechanical properties of ultra-thin dies are increasingly important research topics. Sub-surface damage (SSD) is a common issue in wafer thinning processes, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between SSD microstructure and ultra-thin die strength. In this study, the influence of SSD microstructure on flexural strength was investigated through three-point bending tests of ultra-thin dies prepared by distinct wafer-thinning methods, coupled with SSD microstructure characterization. Flexural strength was highest for dies dry polished with N pad, intermediate for dies dry polished with M pad, and lowest for dies with fine grinding. We researched SSD microstructure by high-resolution transmitted electron microscope (HRTEM), revealing that it comprises amorphous regions, micro-cracks, and high-density distortion areas. The SSD of the fine grinding samples was thick and intermittent, with observable micro-cracks. Comparatively, the SSD structure from M pad polishing was uniform but thicker, whereas SSD from N pad polishing was thinner but exhibited greater variability. SSD thickness not only influences the average value but also dictates the distribution of flexural strength. This research enhances the understanding of SSD microstructure's impact on ultra-thin die flexural strength, providing valuable insights for optimizing wafer thinning processes to enhance die reliability.
在以微型化为主要驱动力的半导体行业，超薄芯片的机械性能日益成为重要的研究课题。表面下损伤（SSD）是晶圆减薄过程中的常见问题，但目前还缺乏关于 SSD 微观结构与超薄模具强度之间关系的研究。在本研究中，通过对采用不同晶片减薄方法制备的超薄模具进行三点弯曲测试，并结合 SSD 微观结构表征，研究了 SSD 微观结构对抗弯强度的影响。使用 N 垫干磨的模具抗弯强度最高，使用 M 垫干磨的模具抗弯强度居中，而使用精磨的模具抗弯强度最低。我们用高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）研究了 SSD 的微观结构，发现它包括非晶区、微裂纹和高密度变形区。精磨样品的 SSD 较厚且断断续续，可观察到微裂纹。相比之下，M 研磨垫抛光的 SSD 结构均匀但较厚，而 N 研磨垫抛光的 SSD 较薄但变化较大。SSD 厚度不仅影响平均值，还决定了抗弯强度的分布。这项研究加深了人们对固态硬碟微观结构对超薄芯片抗弯强度影响的理解，为优化晶片减薄工艺以提高芯片可靠性提供了宝贵的见解。
{"title":"The influence of sub-surface damage microstructure on ultra-thin die flexural strength","authors":"Liu Shu, Chongyang Li, Yunwen Wu, Tao Hang, Lei Liu, Ming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.121","url":null,"abstract":"In the semiconductor industry, where miniaturization is a key driver, mechanical properties of ultra-thin dies are increasingly important research topics. Sub-surface damage (SSD) is a common issue in wafer thinning processes, but there is a lack of research on the relationship between SSD microstructure and ultra-thin die strength. In this study, the influence of SSD microstructure on flexural strength was investigated through three-point bending tests of ultra-thin dies prepared by distinct wafer-thinning methods, coupled with SSD microstructure characterization. Flexural strength was highest for dies dry polished with N pad, intermediate for dies dry polished with M pad, and lowest for dies with fine grinding. We researched SSD microstructure by high-resolution transmitted electron microscope (HRTEM), revealing that it comprises amorphous regions, micro-cracks, and high-density distortion areas. The SSD of the fine grinding samples was thick and intermittent, with observable micro-cracks. Comparatively, the SSD structure from M pad polishing was uniform but thicker, whereas SSD from N pad polishing was thinner but exhibited greater variability. SSD thickness not only influences the average value but also dictates the distribution of flexural strength. This research enhances the understanding of SSD microstructure's impact on ultra-thin die flexural strength, providing valuable insights for optimizing wafer thinning processes to enhance die reliability.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091
Lijie Zou, Jun-Chao Shao, Hai-Jun Jin
We report that the morphology of ligaments also governs the mechanical properties of dealloyed porous materials, in addition to the topology- and size-effects that have been extensively studied previously. Porous Fe–Cr with similar relative density but different Cr content were prepared by liquid metal dealloying. The mechanical efficiency of this material, which is quantified by relative elastic modulus, decreases dramatically with increasing Cr content, although the relative density and network connectivity do not vary significantly. This is linked to the more severe spheroidization of Fe–Cr ligaments at higher Cr, driven by the large excess energy of solid-liquid interfaces and interface energy anisotropy of Fe–Cr under dealloying environment. A shape parameter is introduced to quantitatively account for this ligament-morphology effect. Current study suggests that tailoring interfacial energy, which was largely overlooked in previous studies, is essential to improving the mechanical efficiency of porous or nanoporous materials self-organized in dealloying.
{"title":"Ligament morphology and elastic modulus of porous structure formed by liquid metal dealloying","authors":"Lijie Zou, Jun-Chao Shao, Hai-Jun Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.091","url":null,"abstract":"We report that the morphology of ligaments also governs the mechanical properties of dealloyed porous materials, in addition to the topology- and size-effects that have been extensively studied previously. Porous Fe–Cr with similar relative density but different Cr content were prepared by liquid metal dealloying. The mechanical efficiency of this material, which is quantified by relative elastic modulus, decreases dramatically with increasing Cr content, although the relative density and network connectivity do not vary significantly. This is linked to the more severe spheroidization of Fe–Cr ligaments at higher Cr, driven by the large excess energy of solid-liquid interfaces and interface energy anisotropy of Fe–Cr under dealloying environment. A shape parameter is introduced to quantitatively account for this ligament-morphology effect. Current study suggests that tailoring interfacial energy, which was largely overlooked in previous studies, is essential to improving the mechanical efficiency of porous or nanoporous materials self-organized in dealloying.","PeriodicalId":501120,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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