Coastal Engineering最新文献_第4页

Autonomous classification of wave breaker type in a large wave flume 大波浪水槽破波器类型的自主分类

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104902

Ian Robertson , Alejandro Alvaro , Siddhartha Verma , Benjamin Jones , Joshua Levy , Mert Gokdepe , Zhenhua Huang , Consortium R3D

Understanding the breaking characteristics of waves is important in several nearshore applications such as assessing impacts of submerged engineered structures on wave breaking or computing surf zone energy budgets. Past studies have used images collected by remote sensing to estimate characteristics such as breaking wave height, depth, position, and type (e.g., plunging, spilling, non-breaking). Due to the dynamic nature of breaking waves, breaker classification from a single image may have large uncertainty. For this reason, an approach involving multiple frames is explored. Here, we develop a you only look once – random forest (YOLO-RF) machine learning (ML) model to predict breaker type (plunging or spilling) from GoPro video data shot cross-shore at oncoming waves (face-on). A YOLO model which classifies five wave features (i.e., prebreaking, curling, splashing, whitewash, crumbling) in a set of video frames is coupled to an RF model which takes normalized feature counts over multiple frames as inputs, and outputs a wave-breaking type for each detected wave. The YOLO model detects wave features as separate objects allowing for individual classification of waves in the same frame. The model, trained and validated with data from a large-scale wave-flume experiment, identifies breaker type with 94 % accuracy proving useful for consistent laboratory data. Only a small subset of cases needs to be labeled by hand for training, while the remainder can be labeled by the YOLO-RF model. This open-source approach could be adapted for field settings to aid in understanding, predicting, and modeling wave breaking dynamics in the nearshore environment.

了解波浪的破碎特性在一些近岸应用中非常重要，例如评估水下工程结构对波浪破碎的影响或计算冲浪带能量收支。过去的研究使用遥感收集的图像来估计破碎波的高度、深度、位置和类型（例如，俯冲、溢出、不破碎）等特征。由于破碎波的动态特性，从单个图像中进行破碎分类可能存在很大的不确定性。出于这个原因，我们探索了一种涉及多个框架的方法。在这里，我们开发了一个你只看一次的随机森林（YOLO-RF）机器学习（ML）模型，从GoPro在对岸迎面而来的海浪（正面）拍摄的视频数据中预测破浪类型（下潜或溢出）。YOLO模型在一组视频帧中对五种波特征（即预破波、卷曲波、飞溅波、刷白波、破碎波）进行分类，该模型与RF模型相耦合，RF模型将多帧的归一化特征计数作为输入，并为每个检测到的波输出破波类型。YOLO模型将波浪特征检测为单独的对象，允许在同一帧中对波浪进行单独分类。该模型经过大规模波浪水槽实验数据的训练和验证，识别破碎机类型的准确率为94%，证明对一致的实验室数据有用。只有一小部分案例需要手工标记用于训练，而其余的案例可以通过YOLO-RF模型进行标记。这种开源方法可以适用于现场环境，以帮助理解、预测和模拟近岸环境中的波浪破碎动力学。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing nearshore wave energy Farms: A multi-objective genetic algorithm framework for power capture and coastal protection 优化近岸波浪能农场：电力捕获和海岸保护的多目标遗传算法框架

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104907

Felipe Teixeira-Duarte , Paulo Rosa-Santos , Francisco Taveira-Pinto

This study presents a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) framework for optimizing nearshore wave energy converter (WEC) farm layouts, balancing renewable energy production and coastal protection. Applied to the Ofir–Cávado River mouth in Esposende, Portugal, the framework integrates the SNL-SWAN spectral wave model to simulate wave propagation and energy extraction. Representative sea states are derived through k-means clustering of historical wave data, reducing computational costs while preserving key metocean variability. The GA simultaneously optimizes two metrics: the q-factor (power capture efficiency) and the HRA (reduction in significant wave height in the protected area), combined into a Wave Energy Park Layout Assessment index. Two optimization scenarios are tested: prioritizing coastal protection (maximizing HRA) and minimizing environmental impact (minimizing HRA). The coastal protection layout achieved a 26 % increase in q-factor and a 40 % improvement in HRA compared to a fixed benchmark, while the minimal-impact layout had a 24 % q-factor gain with a 7 % HRA reduction. Results confirm GA's effectiveness in designing WEC farms that enhance energy capture and shoreline resilience. The adaptable framework supports sustainable coastal energy planning and can integrate future wave modeling tools.

本研究提出了一个多目标遗传算法（GA）框架，用于优化近岸波浪能转换器（WEC）农场布局，平衡可再生能源生产和海岸保护。该框架应用于葡萄牙Esposende的Ofir-Cávado河口，集成了SNL-SWAN频谱波模型，模拟波浪传播和能量提取。代表性海况是通过历史波浪数据的k均值聚类得出的，减少了计算成本，同时保留了关键的海洋变率。GA同时优化了两个指标：q因子（电力捕获效率）和HRA（保护区内显著波高的减少），并将其组合成波浪能公园布局评估指标。测试了两种优化方案：优先考虑海岸保护（最大化HRA）和最小化环境影响（最小化HRA）。与固定基准相比，海岸防护布局的q系数提高了26%，HRA提高了40%，而最小影响布局的q系数提高了24%，HRA降低了7%。结果证实了遗传算法在设计增强能量捕获和海岸线恢复力的WEC农场方面的有效性。适应性框架支持可持续的沿海能源规划，并可以整合未来的波浪建模工具。

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引用次数: 0

Vegetation effects on dune erosion under wave collision: Influence of planting density, biomass distribution and arrangement in scaled experiments 波浪碰撞下植被对沙丘侵蚀的影响：尺度试验中植被密度、生物量分布和排列的影响

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104899

Viktoria Kosmalla , Oliver Lojek , Lukas Ahrenbeck , Björn Mehrtens , Constantin Schweiger , David Schürenkamp , Nils Goseberg

Coastal dunes serve as vital natural defenses against storms, with vegetation playing a key role in sediment stabilization and erosion mitigation. This study examines the effects of planting density, planting strategy, and biomass distribution on dune erosion resistance, using Ammophila arenaria in 1:7 scale flume experiments exposed to wave collision regimes. Tests with whole plants (uncut) and belowground-only biomass (cut) at varying planting densities resulted in erosion volume reductions of up to 31.2 % compared to bare dunes. Intermediate densities with well-developed root systems and buried shoots showed the most consistent reductions, while variability indicated the importance of root development and plant health. Belowground biomass alone provided nearly equivalent resistance compared to whole plants. Vegetation also influenced failure mechanisms, promoting notching and slumping with block detachment and deposition at the dune toe. Time-resolved 3D surface data from laser scanning revealed dynamic erosion patterns, while Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry supported detailed end-state analyses.

沿海沙丘是抵御风暴的重要天然屏障，植被在稳定沉积物和减缓侵蚀方面发挥着关键作用。本研究以沙土Ammophila arenaria为研究对象，在1:7比例的水槽试验中研究了种植密度、种植策略和生物量分布对沙丘抗侵蚀能力的影响。在不同的种植密度下，对整株植物（未切割）和地下生物量（切割）进行的试验表明，与光秃秃的沙丘相比，侵蚀量减少了31.2%。根系发育良好的中等密度和埋枝密度的减少最为一致，而变异表明根系发育和植物健康的重要性。与整个植物相比，单独的地下生物量提供了几乎相同的抗性。植被也影响了沙丘的破坏机制，促进了沙丘脚趾的缺口和滑坡，并伴有块体剥离和沉积。激光扫描的时间分辨三维表面数据揭示了动态侵蚀模式，而运动结构摄影测量支持详细的最终状态分析。

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引用次数: 0

Physics-based unified formulation for predicting clear-water equilibrium scour depth and scour threshold velocity around piles 基于物理的清水平衡冲刷深度和桩周冲刷阈值速度预测统一公式

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104906

Wen-Gang Qi , Biao Li , Shun-Yi Wang , Yong Wan , Pei-Qing Zhao , Fu-Ping Gao

Existing prediction formulas for equilibrium local scour depth around pile foundations remain largely phenomenological, predominantly derived through dimensional analysis supplemented by empirically calibrated coefficients. Such approaches often inadequately represent the underlying scour physics, potentially leading to significant prediction inaccuracies. To address this fundamental limitation, this study develops and validates a novel physics-explicit formulation grounded in turbulence phenomenology. By systematically integrating two key physical mechanisms—(1) a scaling expression for the local bed shear stress acting on sediment particles within the scour hole, derived from Kolmogorov's turbulence theory and energetic principles, and (2) a geometric scaling framework for the initial primary horseshoe vortex dimensions—a universal expression for clear-water equilibrium scour depth around cylindrical piles is derived. Critically, this formulation inherently encapsulates the threshold flow velocity required for scour initiation around the pile, a pivotal physical constraint often overlooked in prior models. Validation against a comprehensive dataset comprising 501 experimental cases demonstrates the superior predictive performance of the proposed formula over conventional empirical approaches and recent turbulence-based models. Further derivation yields a scour threshold velocity for local scour initiation around piles. This parameter shows consistent agreement with experimental data across varying conditions, consistently falling within the established range of 0.3–0.6.

现有的桩基周围平衡局部冲刷深度预测公式在很大程度上仍然是现象学的，主要是通过量纲分析和经验校准系数来推导的。这种方法往往不能充分代表潜在的冲刷物理，可能导致严重的预测不准确。为了解决这一基本限制，本研究开发并验证了一种基于湍流现象学的新型物理显式公式。通过系统地整合两个关键的物理机制——(1)由Kolmogorov湍流理论和能量原理推导出的作用于冲刷孔内沉积物颗粒的局部河床剪应力的标度表达式，以及(2)初始初级马蹄涡尺寸的几何标度框架——推导出圆柱桩周围清水平衡冲刷深度的通用表达式。至关重要的是，该公式固有地封装了桩周围冲刷起始所需的阈值流速，这是先前模型中经常忽略的关键物理约束。对包含501个实验案例的综合数据集的验证表明，所提出的公式比传统的经验方法和最近基于湍流的模型具有更好的预测性能。进一步推导出桩周局部冲刷起始的冲刷阈值速度。该参数在不同条件下与实验数据一致，始终落在0.3-0.6的既定范围内。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of slamming loads induced by breaking waves on vertical cylinders using fully nonlinear wave kinematics and semi-analytical load model 用全非线性波浪运动学和半解析载荷模型分析破碎波对垂直圆柱体的冲击载荷

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104898

Paul Renaud , Florian Hulin , Alan Tassin , Jean-François Filipot , Nicolas Jacques

Most offshore structures are made of vertical cylinders and may be exposed to breaking waves, which are known to generate impulsive forces that are challenging to estimate. In particular, engineering formulas are often based on an oversimplified representation of the breaking wave, leading to a poor estimate of the load time history. In this study, the wave shape and the fluid kinematics are obtained from a fully nonlinear potential flow solver to reduce the uncertainty on the wave characterisation. The slamming force is then estimated using a semi-analytical water impact model based on Wagner theory and the data from the fully nonlinear simulations. The modelled forces are compared with experimental data on a segmented cylinder impacted by breaking waves of various strengths. The influence of the distance between the cylinder and the breaking point is studied. The model is shown to reproduce accurately the force measurements on the two upper sections impacted by strong plunging breaking waves. The model is compared to other formulations and is shown to improve the estimation of the load time history. For waves of low and mid-breaking strength, the model highly overestimates the force acting on the upper section impacted by the wave crest. The presence of the cylinder in the wave field leads to run-up and diffraction effects that disturb the wave profile. Therefore, accounting for the unperturbed wave kinematics is a conservative approach to evaluate the force acting on the upper section, whereas the evolution of load in time on the lower section is accurately reproduced for all waves.

大多数海上结构都是由垂直圆柱体构成的，可能会受到破碎波浪的影响，这些波浪会产生冲力，很难估计。特别是，工程公式通常基于对破碎波的过度简化的表示，导致对荷载时间历史的估计很差。在本研究中，波浪的形状和流体的运动学是由一个全非线性的势流求解器，以减少波浪特征的不确定性。然后使用基于Wagner理论的半解析水冲击模型和来自全非线性模拟的数据来估计撞击力。在不同强度的破碎波作用下，将模型力与实验数据进行了比较。研究了筒体与断裂点之间距离的影响。结果表明，该模型能够准确地再现在强烈的俯冲破碎波作用下的两个上部截面上的力测量值。将该模型与其他公式进行了比较，结果表明该模型可以改善对负荷时程的估计。对于低和中等破断强度的波浪，该模型高度高估了受波峰影响的上部所受的力。柱体在波场中的存在导致了上升和衍射效应，从而扰乱了波的轮廓。因此，考虑无扰动波的运动学是一种保守的方法来评估作用在上截面上的力，而在下截面上的载荷随时间的演变可以准确地再现所有波浪。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of sediment bypassing pathways in the mixed sand-gravel inlets 泥沙绕过混合沙砾入口通道的机制

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104901

Jie Gong, Helene Burningham

Inlet systems play a vital role in protecting coastal regions from wave action, where their ebb-tidal deltas reduce wave energy but also facilitate alongshore sediment transport through bypassing processes. Most studies on sediment bypassing have focused on sandy inlet systems, but the more complex sedimentary and hydrodynamic factors controlling the morphodynamics of mixed sand-gravel inlets has not been widely addressed. This study investigates wave- and current-driven gravelly sediment bypassing pathways in the mixed sand-gravel Deben Inlet, southeast UK by integrating sediment grain-size analysis, surface sedimentary environment mapping, wave modelling, tidal current speed estimation, and empirical hydrodynamic relationships. The inlet is dominated by medium gravel and coarse sand, with over 98% of samples containing gravel components and dominant grain sizes range between 1 mm and 16 mm. Wave simulations demonstrate that NE and E storm waves drive both alongshore and cross-shore transport across the shoals and ebb jets, while S waves tend to induce northward alongshore transport. Increased wave energy enhances the competency to mobilize coarser sediments, with E waves being more effective than S and NE waves under the same conditions. A simplified model estimating tidal current speed suggests that both ebb and flood flows during spring tides are capable of transporting gravel; neap tidal currents are limited to sand. Sediment transported alongshore is stored in a small updrift gravelly spit, before being released by ebb currents into the ebb-delta system and reworked by waves via cross-shore and alongshore transport. NE and E waves drive the formation of swash bars that encourage swatchway deepening, while S waves tend to flatten shoals and encourage swatchway closure, together promoting the morphological complexity of the mixed sand-gravel ebb-tidal delta.

入口系统在保护沿海地区免受波浪作用方面发挥着至关重要的作用，在那里，它们的退潮三角洲减少了波浪能量，但也通过绕过过程促进了沿岸沉积物的运输。大多数关于泥沙绕过的研究都集中在砂质入口系统上，但控制混合砂砾质入口形态动力学的更复杂的沉积和水动力因素尚未得到广泛研究。本研究通过综合沉积物粒度分析、地表沉积环境测绘、波浪建模、潮流速度估计和经验水动力关系，研究了英国东南部混合沙砾德本湾波浪和水流驱动的砾石沉积物绕过路径。入口以中砾石和粗砂为主，超过98%的样品含有砾石成分，主要粒度在1 ~ 16 mm之间。波浪模拟结果表明，东北向和东向风暴波驱动浅滩和退潮射流的沿岸和跨海岸运输，而南向风暴波则倾向于诱导向北的沿岸运输。波浪能的增加增强了对较粗沉积物的动员能力，在相同条件下，E波比S波和NE波更有效。一个简化的潮流速度估计模型表明，大潮期间的退潮和涨潮都能够输送砾石；小潮潮流仅限于沙子。沿着海岸移动的沉积物储存在一个小的向上漂流的砾石吐槽中，然后被退潮流释放到退潮三角洲系统中，并通过跨海岸和沿海岸的移动被海浪重新加工。NE波和E波驱动冲积坝的形成，促使河道加深，而S波则使浅滩变平，促使河道关闭，共同促进了混合沙砾潮滩三角洲形态的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

Transformation of Hm0 and Tm−1,0 over a model salt marsh 模型盐沼上Hm0和Tm−1,0的变换

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104900

Dimitrios Dermentzoglou , Marion Tissier , Jos R.M. Muller , Bas Hofland , Stijn Lakerveld , Bas W. Borsje , Alessandro Antonini

This research investigates how salt marshes contribute to both wave energy dissipation and spectral period transformation, advancing their role as a nature-based solution for coastal protection. Using laboratory simulations with a scaled barren foreshore, salt marsh and dike model, we examine the interactions between vegetation, water depth, and wave properties under varied conditions, including storm scenarios with irregular waves. Results indicate a case specific threshold at which the salt marsh model attenuates energy optimally, as for very shallow water depths wave energy is predominantly dissipated by the barren foreshore. The spectral wave period

T_{m - 1, 0}

increases when waves propagate from deep to shallow water depths, as a result of wave breaking and generation of infragravity waves. The presence of salt marsh vegetation further enhances this effect by preferentially damping high frequency components. This highlights that an increase in

T_{m - 1, 0}

in vegetated environments may not always correspond to an increased hydrodynamic load on the dike.

本研究探讨了盐沼如何促进波浪能量耗散和频谱周期转换，从而推进了盐沼作为基于自然的海岸保护解决方案的作用。通过实验室模拟，我们研究了不同条件下植被、水深和波浪特性之间的相互作用，包括不规则波浪的风暴情景。结果表明，在一个特定的阈值处，盐沼模型对能量的衰减效果最佳，而在极浅的水深处，波浪能量主要被贫瘠的前滩耗散。当波浪从深水传播到浅水深度时，由于波浪破碎和次重力波的产生，频谱波周期Tm−1,0增加。盐沼植被的存在通过优先抑制高频成分进一步增强了这种效果。这突出表明，在植被环境中，Tm−1,0的增加可能并不总是对应于堤防上水动力载荷的增加。

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引用次数: 0

Nonlinearity-corrected kinematic depth inversion from UAV imagery in irregular tidal flats: Application to Byeonsan Beach, South Korea 基于无人机图像的不规则潮滩非线性校正运动学深度反演：在韩国边山海滩的应用

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104904

Byunguk Kim , Yong Sung Park , Hyoseob Noh , Seungjun Baek

This study presents an improvement of an advanced video-based depth inversion method by introducing a nonlinearity correction to mitigate errors arising from wave shoaling in shallow water. Conventional kinematic depth inversion methods relying on the linear dispersion relation systematically overestimate depth where wave nonlinearity becomes significant. To resolve this, we incorporate a correction factor

ε

accounting for wave shoaling and refraction, gradually activated based on incident wave properties and local depths, ensuring adjustments only where nonlinearity significantly affects wave dispersion. Depth estimates are iteratively refined by updating the correction factor using the Newton-Raphson method. The resulting water depth map was validated against photogrammetric bathymetry data with decimeter-level resolution obtained from a field experiment at Byeonsan Beach, South Korea. The results demonstrated that the proposed correction reduced the overall average error by 18.6 %, with a 39.3 % improvement in shallower regions. This marked enhancement confirms that wave nonlinearity, often neglected in previous depth inversion applications, is a critical source of bias in shallow water.

本研究提出了一种先进的基于视频的深度反演方法的改进，通过引入非线性校正来减轻浅水波浪浅滩引起的误差。传统的基于线性频散关系的运动学深度反演方法系统地高估了波浪非线性变得明显的深度。为了解决这个问题，我们结合了一个校正因子ε，考虑了波的浅滩和折射，根据入射波的性质和局部深度逐渐激活，确保仅在非线性显著影响波色散的情况下进行调整。深度估计是通过使用牛顿-拉夫森方法更新校正因子来迭代改进的。所得到的水深图与从韩国边山海滩的野外实验中获得的分米级分辨率的摄影测量测深数据进行了验证。结果表明，所提出的校正将总体平均误差降低了18.6%，在较浅区域提高了39.3%。这种显著的增强证实了波浪非线性，在以前的深度反演应用中经常被忽视，是浅水中偏差的关键来源。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating portable reef for mangrove sapling protection: An experimental study using live mangroves 评估红树林树苗保护的便携式珊瑚礁：以活红树林为研究对象的实验研究

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104903

Sindhu Sreeranga, Jiarui Lei

Mangrove restoration in high-energy coastal zones is often hindered by hydrodynamic forces that uproot saplings, compromising their establishment. This study evaluates a portable reef designed to reduce wave induced oscillation forces on Rhizophora mangle saplings, tested under regular waves in a wave basin. Saplings were grown for eight months and exposed to wave periods of 0.8–1.4sec and heights of 4–10 cm. When tested in emerged and submerged configurations, the portable reef reduced sapling oscillations by 63 % and 33 %, respectively, compared to saplings without reef protection. The reef lowered displacement amplification ratios (D_amp) by 72 % and 55 %, demonstrating a stabilizing effect against wave-induced forces. Wave transmission coefficients (K_T) ranged from 0.53 to 1, highlighting the reef's ability to attenuate wave energy. Root uprooting strength in protected saplings from reef (8.49N) remained comparable to control specimens (8.92N) not exposed to waves. However, unprotected saplings exhibited reduced root strength (3.71N), emphasizing the higher mechanical stress acting on plants. The reef exhibited structural stability throughout testing, with no displacement of individual stones. The portable reef can be removed and reused after sapling establishment. However, the timing is site and species-dependent and should be guided by field monitoring. Findings show it effectively reduces wave stress, stabilizes saplings, and supports mangrove restoration in dynamic coasts.

在高能量的沿海地区，红树林的恢复常常受到水动力的阻碍，这些水动力会将树苗连根拔起，从而影响它们的生长。本研究评估了一种便携式暗礁，该暗礁设计用于减少波浪诱导的振荡力，并在波浪盆地的规则波浪下进行了测试。树苗生长8个月，暴露在0.8 - 1.4秒的波浪周期和4-10厘米的高度。当在水面和水下配置中进行测试时，与没有礁石保护的树苗相比，便携式礁石分别减少了63%和33%的树苗振荡。礁体将位移放大比（阻尼）降低了72%和55%，显示出对波浪诱导力的稳定作用。波浪透射系数（KT）从0.53到1不等，突出了珊瑚礁衰减波浪能量的能力。受保护的珊瑚礁树苗（8.49N）的根系拔根强度与未暴露于波浪的对照标本（8.92N）相当。然而，未受保护的树苗根系强度降低（3.71N），表明施加在植株上的机械应力较高。在整个测试过程中，珊瑚礁表现出结构稳定性，没有单个石头的位移。树苗建立后，可移走可重复使用的便携式暗礁。然而，时间取决于地点和物种，应以现场监测为指导。研究结果表明，它可以有效地减少波浪应力，稳定树苗，并支持动态海岸红树林的恢复。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of design parameters and sea level rise on lifecycle performance of rubble-mound breakwaters: A computational-statistical framework 设计参数和海平面上升对碎石丘防波堤生命周期性能的影响：一个计算统计框架

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104897

Mahdieh Givehki , Jeffrey Melby , Fabian Garcia Moreno , Kevin Hodgens , Ali Farhadzadeh

This study presents a simulation-based framework to evaluate the long-term performance of rubble-mound breakwaters under hydrodynamic forcing and sea level rise (

S L R

). The framework integrates synthetic storm generation (StormSim), process-based damage modeling (CSHORE), and suite of statistical methods, including Cox hazard models, Principal Component Analysis (

P C A

), and machine learning classification, to identify performance-critical parameters and assess structural resilience under non-stationary forcing conditions.

The methodology is demonstrated through application to 32 breakwater configurations at a site within the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study region, with 1000 synthetic lifecycles spanning 50 years. Key findings for the tested wave climate include: steeper slopes exhibited 20-fold higher initial failure risk than milder slopes, though this differential decreased over time; armor stone size and porosity strongly influenced time-to-repair; spectral wave height and water level dominated damage prediction (odds ratios,

O R =

15.6 and 4.6); and

S L R

incorporation accelerated damage progression, particularly after Year 30.

The framework successfully quantified time-dependent reliability, extracted spatial damage patterns via PCA, and ranked forcing parameters by importance. While quantitative results are specific to North Atlantic conditions and selected breakwater configurations, the methodology is transferable given appropriate storm climatology,

S L R

projections, and structural parameters. The results demonstrate the importance of integrating sea level rise into performance-based coastal infrastructure design through physics-based modeling coupled with comprehensive statistical assessment.

本研究提出了一个基于模拟的框架来评估碎石丘防波堤在水动力强迫和海平面上升（SLR）作用下的长期性能。该框架集成了合成风暴生成（StormSim）、基于过程的损伤建模（CSHORE）和一套统计方法，包括Cox风险模型、主成分分析（PCA）和机器学习分类，以识别性能关键参数并评估非平稳强迫条件下的结构弹性。该方法通过应用于北大西洋海岸综合研究区域内的一个地点的32个防波堤配置来证明，1000个合成生命周期跨越50年。测试波浪气候的主要发现包括：陡坡的初始破坏风险是缓坡的20倍，尽管这种差异随着时间的推移而降低；护甲石的大小和孔隙度对修复时间有很大影响；波谱波高和水位在灾害预测中占主导地位（比值比，OR= 15.6和4.6）；单反掺入加速了损伤的进展，特别是在30年后。该框架成功地量化了时间依赖的可靠性，通过主成分分析提取了空间损伤模式，并根据重要程度对强迫参数进行了排序。虽然定量结果特定于北大西洋条件和选定的防波堤配置，但在适当的风暴气候学，SLR预测和结构参数的情况下，该方法是可转移的。结果表明，通过基于物理的建模和综合统计评估，将海平面上升纳入基于性能的沿海基础设施设计的重要性。

{"title":"Effects of design parameters and sea level rise on lifecycle performance of rubble-mound breakwaters: A computational-statistical framework","authors":"Mahdieh Givehki , Jeffrey Melby , Fabian Garcia Moreno , Kevin Hodgens , Ali Farhadzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a simulation-based framework to evaluate the long-term performance of rubble-mound breakwaters under hydrodynamic forcing and sea level rise (<span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span>). The framework integrates synthetic storm generation (StormSim), process-based damage modeling (CSHORE), and suite of statistical methods, including Cox hazard models, Principal Component Analysis (<span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span>), and machine learning classification, to identify performance-critical parameters and assess structural resilience under non-stationary forcing conditions.</div><div>The methodology is demonstrated through application to 32 breakwater configurations at a site within the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study region, with 1000 synthetic lifecycles spanning 50 years. Key findings for the tested wave climate include: steeper slopes exhibited 20-fold higher initial failure risk than milder slopes, though this differential decreased over time; armor stone size and porosity strongly influenced time-to-repair; spectral wave height and water level dominated damage prediction (odds ratios, <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 15.6 and 4.6); and <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> incorporation accelerated damage progression, particularly after Year 30.</div><div>The framework successfully quantified time-dependent reliability, extracted spatial damage patterns via <em>PCA</em>, and ranked forcing parameters by importance. While quantitative results are specific to North Atlantic conditions and selected breakwater configurations, the methodology is transferable given appropriate storm climatology, <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> projections, and structural parameters. The results demonstrate the importance of integrating sea level rise into performance-based coastal infrastructure design through physics-based modeling coupled with comprehensive statistical assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 104897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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