Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.12
Halina Karaś
THE ROLE OF DICTIONARIES DEVELOPED BY AUTOCHTHONOUS AUTHORS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE DIALECTAL LEXIS The documentation of dialectal vocabulary is an urgent task in view of the rapid disappearance of dialects or their evolution. That is why it is so important to develop dictionaries of dialects that have not been described lexicographically so far. Regional and local dialectal dictionaries, apart from documentation and scientific purposes, also play an important role in the region, in cultural activities undertaken and in maintaining the awareness of regional distinctiveness. They are an important determinant of this regional and local awareness, a sign of emotional ties connecting the inhabitants of a region or one town.A special role in the Polish dialect lexicography is played by autochthonous authors, both linguists, dialectologists and amateurs. It is them, knowing the native dialect and its users well, who can obtain valuable and rare lexical material for scientific research. The article, based on selected examples, discusses the role of dictionaries developed by indigenous peoples, it also indicates the reasons why these dictionaries are so valuable for dialectology.
{"title":"Rola słowników opracowanych przez autochtonów w dokumentacji leksyki gwarowej","authors":"Halina Karaś","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.12","url":null,"abstract":"THE ROLE OF DICTIONARIES DEVELOPED BY AUTOCHTHONOUS AUTHORS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE DIALECTAL LEXIS The documentation of dialectal vocabulary is an urgent task in view of the rapid disappearance of dialects or their evolution. That is why it is so important to develop dictionaries of dialects that have not been described lexicographically so far. Regional and local dialectal dictionaries, apart from documentation and scientific purposes, also play an important role in the region, in cultural activities undertaken and in maintaining the awareness of regional distinctiveness. They are an important determinant of this regional and local awareness, a sign of emotional ties connecting the inhabitants of a region or one town.A special role in the Polish dialect lexicography is played by autochthonous authors, both linguists, dialectologists and amateurs. It is them, knowing the native dialect and its users well, who can obtain valuable and rare lexical material for scientific research. The article, based on selected examples, discusses the role of dictionaries developed by indigenous peoples, it also indicates the reasons why these dictionaries are so valuable for dialectology.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"7 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.09
Wojciech Stelmach, Magdalena Wismont, Kinga Zalejarz, Ewa Nowak-Pasterska, Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska
OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: TENSE AND MOOD CATEGORIES This article is dedicated to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The problem with the annotation of tense and mood in medieval texts has been discussed. It results from the absence of the verb as a grammatical class, the varied ways of constructing the forms of tense and mood, and the mobility of the elements of these forms. Due to the difficulties related to the material studied, as well as technical issues, it was necessary to implement an additional level of annotation. The article discusses the rules of the second annotation, and identifies forms and constructions that are problematic to interpret in grammatical and syntactical basis. Differences in the way of understanding of agglutination category have been shown (in relation to other corpora of historical and contemporary texts). The work on the preparation of the “Tense and Mood” search engine has demonstrated that Old Polish apocryphal texts document the development of Polish verbal inflection.
{"title":"Specyfika staropolszczyzny a anotacja gramatyczna","authors":"Wojciech Stelmach, Magdalena Wismont, Kinga Zalejarz, Ewa Nowak-Pasterska, Dorota Rojszczak-Robińska","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.09","url":null,"abstract":"OLD POLISH LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY AND GRAMMATICAL ANNOTATION: TENSE AND MOOD CATEGORIES This article is dedicated to the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The problem with the annotation of tense and mood in medieval texts has been discussed. It results from the absence of the verb as a grammatical class, the varied ways of constructing the forms of tense and mood, and the mobility of the elements of these forms. Due to the difficulties related to the material studied, as well as technical issues, it was necessary to implement an additional level of annotation. The article discusses the rules of the second annotation, and identifies forms and constructions that are problematic to interpret in grammatical and syntactical basis. Differences in the way of understanding of agglutination category have been shown (in relation to other corpora of historical and contemporary texts). The work on the preparation of the “Tense and Mood” search engine has demonstrated that Old Polish apocryphal texts document the development of Polish verbal inflection.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"9 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.06
Iwona Kosek
FROM A PROPER NOUN OR FROM A COMMON NOUN? ON SOME PROBLEMS IN THE MOTIVATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH PROPER NAMES The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. ‘Wojtek in circles’; w koło macieju, lit.‘Maciej in circles’, both these idioms meaning ‘to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time’; bosy antek, lit. ‘barefoot Antek’, referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. ‘thin Bolek’ meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such unitsas Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns.
是专有名词还是普通名词?关于专有名词短语单元理据的若干问题本文讨论了一些包含专有名词同义成分的短语的理据问题(如dookoła wojtek, lit. ' wojtek IN circles ';koło macieju，字面意思是“Maciej in circles”，这两个习语的意思都是“一直在说或做同样的事情”;bosy antek，直译为“赤脚的antek”，指来自波兰中部的人，历史上曾被俄罗斯占领;cienki bolek, lit. ' thin bolek '意为软弱无能的人)。这项研究的目的是指出在分析这些单位的起源时遇到的一些困难，这说明了在描述其动机时遇到的更普遍的问题。在讨论的表达中，它们的名义成分的原始来源仍然不清楚，这将它们与阿喀琉斯之踵、涅索斯的衬衫等单位区分开来。分析中发现的问题与专有名词的称呼化现象有关，这是短语学与专有名词之间关系这一更广泛问题的一部分。
{"title":"Odproprialny czy odapelatywny? – problemy opisu motywacji związków frazeologicznych z nazwą własną","authors":"Iwona Kosek","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.06","url":null,"abstract":"FROM A PROPER NOUN OR FROM A COMMON NOUN? ON SOME PROBLEMS IN THE MOTIVATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH PROPER NAMES The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. ‘Wojtek in circles’; w koło macieju, lit.‘Maciej in circles’, both these idioms meaning ‘to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time’; bosy antek, lit. ‘barefoot Antek’, referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. ‘thin Bolek’ meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such unitsas Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"9 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.16
Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska
KALINOWYM MOSTEM CHODZIŁAM, KALINOWE SERCE ZGUBIŁAM: CONTINUATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF FOLK MOTIFS IN LITERARY TEXTS The author analyzes the relationship between the folk images of viburnum, viburnum bridge and viburnum grove, as they all are reconstructed in the Lublin ethnolinguistic dictionary, and viburnum motifs identified in five selected literary texts: Teofil Lenartowicz’ Kalina ‘Viburnum’ (1845), Wincenty Korotyński’s Two Loves (1857), Krystyna Krahelska’s Kalinowym mostem chodziłam ‘I Used to Walk over the Viburnum Bridge’ (1941), Andrzej Trzebiński’s Wymarsz Uderzenia (1943) and Tadeusz Urgacz’ Kalinowe serce ‘Viburnum Heart’ (1961). As a result, both continuation and transformation of folk motifs can be detected. What connects the “Viburnum” motifs and the images created from them in the literary works representing different eras, times and styles is the world of values communicated by means of a symbol. The recurring value, as projected here in/by the central symbol of the viburnum, appears to be love.
{"title":"Kalinowym mostem chodziłam, kalinowe serce zgubiłam. Kontynuacje i transformacje motywów ludowych w tekstach literackich","authors":"Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.16","url":null,"abstract":"KALINOWYM MOSTEM CHODZIŁAM, KALINOWE SERCE ZGUBIŁAM: CONTINUATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF FOLK MOTIFS IN LITERARY TEXTS The author analyzes the relationship between the folk images of viburnum, viburnum bridge and viburnum grove, as they all are reconstructed in the Lublin ethnolinguistic dictionary, and viburnum motifs identified in five selected literary texts: Teofil Lenartowicz’ Kalina ‘Viburnum’ (1845), Wincenty Korotyński’s Two Loves (1857), Krystyna Krahelska’s Kalinowym mostem chodziłam ‘I Used to Walk over the Viburnum Bridge’ (1941), Andrzej Trzebiński’s Wymarsz Uderzenia (1943) and Tadeusz Urgacz’ Kalinowe serce ‘Viburnum Heart’ (1961). As a result, both continuation and transformation of folk motifs can be detected. What connects the “Viburnum” motifs and the images created from them in the literary works representing different eras, times and styles is the world of values communicated by means of a symbol. The recurring value, as projected here in/by the central symbol of the viburnum, appears to be love.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"9 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.03
Joanna Wołoszyn, Witold Kieraś, Marcin Woliński
DERIVATIONAL NETWORK ON THE BASIS OF SŁOWNIK GRAMATYCZNY JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO: SUGGESTION FOR CLASSIFICATION The article presents a suggestion of adding a derivational network to the Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego (SGJP, Grammatical Dictionary of Polish). To date, SGJP regularly noted selected wordbuilding relations (e.g., names of features created by adding the ending -ość to adjectives), several (such as diminutives) were marked inconsistently and many were not introduced there at all. To fill this gap, the authors adjusted the classification of derivatives developed by Renata Grzegorczykowa to the needs of SGJP (with slight modifications discussed in the first part of the text). Next, an experiment was conducted where lexemes from a list of 2500 most common SGJP words were connected with their derivatives and the latter were then classified according to the assumed rules.
基于SŁOWNIK GRAMATYCZNY JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO的衍生网络:分类建议本文提出了在Słownik GRAMATYCZNY języka POLSKIEGO (SGJP，波兰语语法词典)中增加衍生网络的建议。到目前为止，SGJP定期注意选定的造词关系(例如，通过向形容词添加结尾-ość创建的特性的名称)，有几个(如小词)标记不一致，许多根本没有在那里引入。为了填补这一空白，作者根据SGJP的需要调整了Renata Grzegorczykowa开发的衍生物的分类(在文本的第一部分中讨论了轻微的修改)。接下来，进行了一个实验，将2500个最常见的SGJP单词列表中的词汇与其衍生词联系起来，然后根据假设的规则对衍生词进行分类。
{"title":"Sieć powiązań derywacyjnych na materiale Słownika gramatycznego języka polskiego","authors":"Joanna Wołoszyn, Witold Kieraś, Marcin Woliński","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.03","url":null,"abstract":"DERIVATIONAL NETWORK ON THE BASIS OF SŁOWNIK GRAMATYCZNY JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO: SUGGESTION FOR CLASSIFICATION The article presents a suggestion of adding a derivational network to the Słownik gramatyczny języka polskiego (SGJP, Grammatical Dictionary of Polish). To date, SGJP regularly noted selected wordbuilding relations (e.g., names of features created by adding the ending -ość to adjectives), several (such as diminutives) were marked inconsistently and many were not introduced there at all. To fill this gap, the authors adjusted the classification of derivatives developed by Renata Grzegorczykowa to the needs of SGJP (with slight modifications discussed in the first part of the text). Next, an experiment was conducted where lexemes from a list of 2500 most common SGJP words were connected with their derivatives and the latter were then classified according to the assumed rules.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.21
Aleksandra Ryś
How do Phraseologisms Function in Different Variants and Contexts? The Functional Analysis of Historica-Linguistic Material Based on the Unit: jak Boga kocham The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the ‘from sender to the receiver’s perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda’s phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones.
短语在不同的变体和语境中如何发挥作用?基于jak Boga kocham单位的历史语言学材料的功能分析本文以词汇化单位jak Boga kocham及其选择的变体形式为基础，对前波兰语口语中的短语学进行了功能分析。作者运用社会语用学方法的要素(假设在社会学和语用学层面对材料进行平行分析)来研究这些词汇化结构的使用。材料的基础是从Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych(1772-1939)构建的对话。在分析过程中，我们观察到词组单位在不同的变体和语境中是如何实现自身的。此外，我们还关注了“从发送者到接收者”的视角，将沃伊切赫·克里布达的短语概念的假设应用到历史语言学中。这种方法提供了一个机会，观察在哪些变体和社会语用语境中，习语最常被两性代表引用。所获得的结果是根据选定的非语言因素，主要是历史和文化因素来解释的。
{"title":"Jak frazeologizmy funkcjonują w różnych wariantach i kontekstach? Funkcjonalna analiza materiału historycznojęzykowego na podstawie jednostki jak Boga kocham","authors":"Aleksandra Ryś","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.21","url":null,"abstract":"How do Phraseologisms Function in Different Variants and Contexts? The Functional Analysis of Historica-Linguistic Material Based on the Unit: jak Boga kocham The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the ‘from sender to the receiver’s perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda’s phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"10 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.07
Jolanta Ignatowicz-Skowrońska
POLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS DERIVED FROM THE BIBLICAL PHRASE ‘ŁATWIEJ WIELBŁĄDOWI PRZEJŚĆ PRZEZ UCHO IGIELNE NIŻ BOGACZOWI WEJŚĆ DO KRÓLESTWA NIEBIESKIEGO’ The subject of the article are Polish phraseological units which derive from the biblical quotation Łatwiej wielbłądowi przejść przez ucho igielne niż bogaczowi wejść do królestwa niebieskiego (‘It iseasier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God’). The IT assisted research which is based on citations found in 4464 contextual records from 1693–2022 showed that the above quotation first appeared in the Polish language in the middle of the 16th century, and that by the end of the 17th century it was used in non-Biblical texts either as a quotation or a free paraphrase. Phraseological units which derive from it can be found in various texts as late as in the middle of the 19th century. The earliest are the comparative structures in the form of syntactically dependent expressions, or phrases which connote a sentence or a clause such as: (jest, było) łatwiej (łacniej) wielbłądowi (słoniowi) przejść (przeleźć, przekraść się, przecisnąć się, przedostać się) przez ucho igielne (igielne ucho) niż (aniżeli) [do something for someone, achieve something, accomplish something]; Łatwiej (prędzej) wielbłąd (słoń) przejdzie (przedostanie się, przeciśnie się, prześlizgnie się) przez ucho igielne niż (aniżeli) [someone does something, someone achieves something]. Later, the expression kto, co przejdzie – przechodzi, przecisnął się, przecisnęło się – przeciska się, etc., przez ucho igielne (igielne ucho) (+what) has got stabilized. First it meant that ‘someone or something fulfilled severe conditions, met demanding requirements, endured a rigorous test’. In the course of time a new meaning was added: ‘someone or something overcame obstacles or difficulties’; today the phrase isused in various texts as a polysemantic unit. The expression ucho igielne (+what) was the last one to beisolated – nowadays, its usage has two meanings: 1. ‘a tiny place, narrow passage, tight gate, pass’ and 2. ‘careful selection, checkpoint, requirements or conditions imposed upon someone or something’.
源自圣经短语' ŁATWIEJ WIELBŁĄDOWI PRZEJŚĆ PRZEZ UCHO IGIELNE NIŻ BOGACZOWI WEJŚĆ DO KRÓLESTWA NIEBIESKIEGO '这篇文章的主题是源自圣经引文Łatwiej wielbłądowi przejść PRZEZ UCHO IGIELNE nije BOGACZOWI wejść DO królestwa NIEBIESKIEGO(骆驼穿过针眼比富人进入上帝的王国更容易)的波兰语短语。IT辅助研究基于从1693年到2022年的4464个上下文记录中发现的引文，表明上述引语首次出现在16世纪中叶的波兰语中，到17世纪末，它被用于非圣经文本中，要么作为引语，要么作为自由释义。直到19世纪中期，从它衍生出来的词汇单位还可以在各种文本中找到。最早的形式是比较结构语法相关的表达式,或短语意味着一个句子或一个条款,如:(开玩笑,ło)łatwiej(łacniej) wielbłądowi (słoniowi) przejść(przeleźć,przekraśćsię,przecisnąćsię,przedostaćsię)przez ucho igielne (igielne ucho)倪ż(aniżeli)[为某人做某事,有所成就,有所成就);Łatwiej (prędzej) wielbłąd (słoń) przejdzie (przedostanie siobe, przeciśnie siobe, prześlizgnie siobe) przez ucho igielne niobe (aniżeli)[某人做某事，某人取得某事]。后来，表达式kto, co przejdzie - przechodzi, przecisnął sio0, przecisnęło sio0 - przeciska sio0等，przezucho igielne (igielne ucho) (+what)趋于稳定。首先，它的意思是“某人或某物满足了苛刻的条件，满足了苛刻的要求，经受了严格的测试”。随着时间的推移，它又增加了一个新的含义:“某人或某物克服了障碍或困难”;今天，这个短语作为一个多义单位在各种文本中使用。ucho igielne (+what)是最后一个被孤立的表达——现在，它的用法有两个意思:1。一个狭小的地方，狭窄的通道，狭窄的大门，通道。“仔细的选择，检查点，强加于某人或某事的要求或条件”。
{"title":"Polskie frazeologizmy pochodne od biblijnej frazy Łatwiej wielbłądowi przejść przez ucho igielne niż bogaczowi wejść do królestwa niebieskiego","authors":"Jolanta Ignatowicz-Skowrońska","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.36.07","url":null,"abstract":"POLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS DERIVED FROM THE BIBLICAL PHRASE ‘ŁATWIEJ WIELBŁĄDOWI PRZEJŚĆ PRZEZ UCHO IGIELNE NIŻ BOGACZOWI WEJŚĆ DO KRÓLESTWA NIEBIESKIEGO’ The subject of the article are Polish phraseological units which derive from the biblical quotation Łatwiej wielbłądowi przejść przez ucho igielne niż bogaczowi wejść do królestwa niebieskiego (‘It iseasier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God’). The IT assisted research which is based on citations found in 4464 contextual records from 1693–2022 showed that the above quotation first appeared in the Polish language in the middle of the 16th century, and that by the end of the 17th century it was used in non-Biblical texts either as a quotation or a free paraphrase. Phraseological units which derive from it can be found in various texts as late as in the middle of the 19th century. The earliest are the comparative structures in the form of syntactically dependent expressions, or phrases which connote a sentence or a clause such as: (jest, było) łatwiej (łacniej) wielbłądowi (słoniowi) przejść (przeleźć, przekraść się, przecisnąć się, przedostać się) przez ucho igielne (igielne ucho) niż (aniżeli) [do something for someone, achieve something, accomplish something]; Łatwiej (prędzej) wielbłąd (słoń) przejdzie (przedostanie się, przeciśnie się, prześlizgnie się) przez ucho igielne niż (aniżeli) [someone does something, someone achieves something]. Later, the expression kto, co przejdzie – przechodzi, przecisnął się, przecisnęło się – przeciska się, etc., przez ucho igielne (igielne ucho) (+what) has got stabilized. First it meant that ‘someone or something fulfilled severe conditions, met demanding requirements, endured a rigorous test’. In the course of time a new meaning was added: ‘someone or something overcame obstacles or difficulties’; today the phrase isused in various texts as a polysemantic unit. The expression ucho igielne (+what) was the last one to beisolated – nowadays, its usage has two meanings: 1. ‘a tiny place, narrow passage, tight gate, pass’ and 2. ‘careful selection, checkpoint, requirements or conditions imposed upon someone or something’.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":"9 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.08
D. Adamiec, Włodzimierz Gruszczyński, Magdalena Majdak, Mateusz Żółtak
BAROQUE POLISH IN THE INTERNET OR THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF POLISH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as “an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools”. The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary.
{"title":"Barokowa polszczyzna w internecie, czyli Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku","authors":"D. Adamiec, Włodzimierz Gruszczyński, Magdalena Majdak, Mateusz Żółtak","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.08","url":null,"abstract":"BAROQUE POLISH IN THE INTERNET OR THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF POLISH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES\u0000In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as “an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools”. The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45899310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.04
A. Fałowski
HOW MANY WORDS OF UKRAINIAN ORIGIN ARE THERE IN MODERN GENERAL POLISH? The answer the question posed in the title is by no means simple. So far, no analytical-synthetic work has appeared which would constitute a summary of detailed studies within the aforementioned area. In the article, the author cites and confronts quantitative data taken from the most important studies devoted to the issue of lexical influences of the Ukrainian language on contemporary general Polish, and the latest lexicographical sources. For the time being, we must be satisfied with the statement that the list of Ukrainianisms (rutenisms) in contemporary Polish general language includes between 106 and 366 words. This state of affairs certainly does not bring pride to Polish linguistics.
{"title":"Ile jest słów pochodzenia ukraińskiego we współczesnej polszczyźnie ogólnej?","authors":"A. Fałowski","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.04","url":null,"abstract":"HOW MANY WORDS OF UKRAINIAN ORIGIN ARE THERE IN MODERN GENERAL POLISH?\u0000The answer the question posed in the title is by no means simple. So far, no analytical-synthetic work has appeared which would constitute a summary of detailed studies within the aforementioned area. In the article, the author cites and confronts quantitative data taken from the most important studies devoted to the issue of lexical influences of the Ukrainian language on contemporary general Polish, and the latest lexicographical sources. For the time being, we must be satisfied with the statement that the list of Ukrainianisms (rutenisms) in contemporary Polish general language includes between 106 and 366 words. This state of affairs certainly does not bring pride to Polish linguistics.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46328691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.10
Barbara Batko-Tokarz
ABOUT GOOD TASTE (POLISH: GUST) AND DELICIOUS TASTE (POLISH: SMAK): IN OTHER WORDS: WHY THE POLISH WORD GUST LOST ITS ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING The word gust was borrowed from Western European Languages in 17th century in a few meanings, including perception of taste and flavour of food and appetite. The author of this article discusses the very etymological meaning of the word gust and also words derived from it: the adjective gustowny and adverb gustownie. The author presents the reasons why this etymological meaning disappeared from Polish language, which is compared in the context of the synonymic Polish word smak and other borrowings with the core of word (-gust-). The article discusses the etymology and history of the Polish word gust along with the examples of its exact meaning found in texts from 17th and 18th centuries, especially in cookbooks. The article also explains the semantic evolution of gust. In order to achieve her objective, the author used historical dictionaries, descriptions of cultural changes associated with the French idea of bon goût, and also linguistic descriptions concerning semantic changes of the lexis of taste evolving into their metaphorical meanings. This article underlines the evolution of the meaning of the Polish words gust and smak during the past centuries.
{"title":"O guście ze smakiem – czyli kiedy i dlaczego wyraz gust utracił w polszczyźnie znaczenie zmysłowe","authors":"Barbara Batko-Tokarz","doi":"10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/lv.18.2023.35.10","url":null,"abstract":"ABOUT GOOD TASTE (POLISH: GUST) AND DELICIOUS TASTE (POLISH: SMAK): IN OTHER WORDS: WHY THE POLISH WORD GUST LOST ITS ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING\u0000The word gust was borrowed from Western European Languages in 17th century in a few meanings, including perception of taste and flavour of food and appetite. The author of this article discusses the very etymological meaning of the word gust and also words derived from it: the adjective gustowny and adverb gustownie. The author presents the reasons why this etymological meaning disappeared from Polish language, which is compared in the context of the synonymic Polish word smak and other borrowings with the core of word (-gust-). The article discusses the etymology and history of the Polish word gust along with the examples of its exact meaning found in texts from 17th and 18th centuries, especially in cookbooks. The article also explains the semantic evolution of gust. In order to achieve her objective, the author used historical dictionaries, descriptions of cultural changes associated with the French idea of bon goût, and also linguistic descriptions concerning semantic changes of the lexis of taste evolving into their metaphorical meanings. This article underlines the evolution of the meaning of the Polish words gust and smak during the past centuries.","PeriodicalId":52400,"journal":{"name":"LingVaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45343496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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