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An analysis of dimethyl ether synthesis from syngas 合成气合成二甲醚的分析
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.4
G. Bozga, Gh. Ivanus, I. Banu
The dimethyl ether (DME) is an environmentally friendly fuel, that can replace succesfully the petroleum Diesel in engines, or the LPG fuel. In the last period, the world production of DME was steadily rising, with annual rates of 5-8%. The actual commercial technologies producing DME are based on the methanol etherification (the two-step process). An important research effort was expensed in last decennia, in the development of technologies transforming directly the synthesis gas into DME, without separation of the intermediary methanol (the direct or one-step process). This work presents data related to the direct DME synthesis technologies from synthesis gas, thermodynamic particularities of the chemical process and design issues of multi-tubular fixed bed catalytic reactor for gas phase DME synthesis. It is proposed a new constructive solution of the synthesis reactor, with the reactor divided in multiple zones, having distinct catalyst compositions and cooling characteristics. The simulation calculations evidenced the important increase in DME production that can be achieved by this constructive solution, as consequence of an improved control of process evolution along the catalytic reactor.
二甲醚(DME)是一种环保燃料,可以成功地取代发动机中的石油柴油或液化石油气燃料。在上一个时期,世界二甲醚的产量稳步上升,年增长率为5-8%。生产二甲醚的实际商业技术是基于甲醇醚化(两步法)。在过去的十年中,一项重要的研究工作花费在开发直接将合成气转化为二甲醚的技术上,而不需要分离中间甲醇(直接或一步法)。本文介绍了合成气直接合成二甲醚技术的相关数据、化学过程的热力学特性以及气相二甲醚合成多管固定床催化反应器的设计问题。提出了一种新的合成反应器结构方案,该方案将反应器划分为多个区域,具有不同的催化剂组成和冷却特性。模拟计算证明了通过这种建设性的解决方案可以实现二甲醚产量的重要增加,这是催化反应器过程演变控制改进的结果。
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引用次数: 0
FEM analysis of Storz coupling Storz联轴器的有限元分析
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.3
G. Ojoc, C. Băbuţ, N. Ungureanu, L. Deleanu
This paper presents an isothermal model of Storz coupling used in fire hose coupling. The model has the actual geometry of the coupling Fire and Rescue NSW for the nominal diameter of 65 mm (NEN 3374). The simulation was done for a load interval on the coupling (from F=2 kN for an actual value of water pressure, to extreme conditions with F=3 kN and 6 kN when the coupling fails under load). The stress and strain distributions point out the stress concentrators and the maximum values of von Mises stress in order to compare them to the material limit. The coupling is made of aluminum alloy EN AW6082 (AlSi1MgMn), treatment T6 (solution heat treated, quenched and artificially aged). Bottom surface of one half-coupling is fixed and the upper surface of the other half-coupling is loaded with a tensile force, uniformly distributed on surface. The constitutive model of the material is bilinear with Young modulus of 71000 MPa, Poisson ration 0.33, yield limit of 280 MPa, ultimate tensile strength 310 MPa and plastic equivalent strain 0.14.
本文提出了一个用于消防软管联轴器的Storz联轴器的等温模型。该模型具有标称直径为65 mm(NEN 3374)的新南威尔士州消防救援联轴节的实际几何形状。对联轴器的荷载间隔进行了模拟(从实际水压值的F=2kN,到联轴器在荷载下失效时F=3kN和6kN的极端条件)。应力和应变分布指出了应力集中器和von Mises应力的最大值,以便将它们与材料极限进行比较。联轴器由铝合金EN AW6082(AlSi1MgMn)制成,处理T6(固溶热处理、淬火和人工时效)。一半联轴器的底面固定,另一半联轴器的上表面承受拉力,拉力均匀分布在表面上。材料的本构模型为双线性,杨氏模量为71000 MPa,泊松比为0.33,屈服极限为280 MPa,极限抗拉强度为310 MPa,塑性等效应变为0.14。
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引用次数: 0
A procedure for rating the dam safety improvement works 一种评定大坝安全改进工程等级的程序
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.9
D. Stematiu, R. Drobot
Among the dam portofoliu administrated by an owner some dams show behaviour anomalies, progressive adverse phenomena or deficiencies of the equipment. The owner develops studies establishing the causes of the found phenomena and designs of the rehabilitation works for deficiencies remedy. Financing of the rehabilitation projects, sometimes requiring high costs, is usually provided from the owner’s own funds. Naturally, the funds that can be allotted are limited and very often cannot cover the costs required by all the technically approved works. Under these conditions, the funds distribution strategy should select primarily the works that contribute significantly to the dam’s safety improvement while in the meantime are bringing maximum benefit to the owner. A decision making strategy is developed in the present paper. Planning the rehabilitation works required by safety improvement is based on the combination of risk reduction and the efficiency of the intervention.
在业主管理的水坝组合中,一些水坝表现出行为异常,渐进的不利现象或设备缺陷。业主进行研究,确定所发现现象的原因和修复工程的设计,以弥补缺陷。修复项目的资金有时需要很高的费用,通常由业主自己的资金提供。当然,可以分配的资金是有限的,而且往往不能支付所有技术上核准的工程所需的费用。在这种情况下,资金分配策略应优先选择对大坝安全改善有重大贡献,同时又能给业主带来最大效益的工程。本文提出了一种决策策略。在规划改善安全所需的复修工程时,必须兼顾减低风险和提高干预措施的效率。
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引用次数: 1
The PbO concentration influence on oxides films developed on Incoloy 800 in CANDU secondary circuit conditions CANDU二次回路条件下PbO浓度对Incoloy 800氧化膜形成的影响
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.6
Claudia Samarineanu, D. Lucan, Gabriela Tudorache
"The presence of lead compounds in CANDU secondary water circuit contributes to the degradation of nickel alloys involved in critical equipments manufacturing, e.g. steam generator. The pre-oxidated Incoloy 800 specimens (the steam generator tubes material) have been tested in autoclave, in secondary simulated water medium conditions: pH=9.5, at 5.1 MPa presssure and 2600C temperature, in solutions containing 100, 200 and 300 mg/L PbO, the exposure time for each concentration being 10, 20 and 30 days. The specimens evaluation after testing have been realised through ex-situ and in-situ methods: metalography, electrochemistry (potentiodynamic and impedance), gravimetry and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. It is investigated the influence of different PbO concentrations on tested specimens surface morphology (grain, layer thickness, layer composition) and on the corrosion susceptibility, resulting in increased corrosion tendency and loss of protective properties of films as the PbO concentration was higher."
“CANDU二次水回路中铅化合物的存在有助于关键设备制造(如蒸汽发生器)中镍合金的降解。预氧化的Incoloy 800试样(蒸汽发生器管材料)在高压釜中,在二级模拟水介质条件下进行了测试:pH=9.5,压力5.1MPa,温度2600C,在含有100、200和300mg/L PbO的溶液中,每个浓度的暴露时间分别为10、20和30天。测试后的试样评估通过非原位和原位方法实现:金属照相法、电化学(动电位法和阻抗法)、重量分析法和具有能量色散光谱的扫描电子显微镜。研究了不同PbO浓度对试样表面形态(晶粒、层厚度、层组成)和腐蚀敏感性的影响,结果表明,随着PbO浓度的增加,腐蚀倾向增加,薄膜的保护性能损失。“
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引用次数: 0
Stress concentration in the components of a drive coupling 驱动联轴器部件的应力集中
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.1
C. Atanasiu, Ș. Sorohan
Actuating couplings are used to transmit the torque between the ends of two shafts with or without coaxial deviations. The stress distribution and the stress concentration in a coupling loaded statically by a torque are presented in this paper. The calculation of the stress concentration coefficients in the dynamic stress regime of the machine parts is usually done with relations in whom the stress concentration coefficients in the static regime have a very important weight. For this reason, knowing the values of the stress concentration coefficients in static regime is absolutely necessary. The analysis was made using the finite element method. A calculus methodology is proposed establishing how the loads are applied and how the anti-symmetry of loading is taken into account when boundary conditions are imposed. The influence of the free space between the shaft and the sleeve on the stress field in these two parts is analysed thought the values of the stress concentration coefficient.
致动联轴器用于在有或没有同轴偏差的两轴两端之间传递扭矩。本文研究了受扭矩静载荷的联轴器的应力分布和应力集中。机械零件动应力状态下应力集中系数的计算通常采用静态状态下应力集中系数权重较大的关系式。因此,了解静力状态下应力集中系数的取值是绝对必要的。采用有限元法对其进行了分析。提出了一种计算方法,确定了如何施加载荷以及在施加边界条件时如何考虑载荷的非对称性。通过应力集中系数的取值,分析了轴与套筒之间的自由空间对这两部分应力场的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The limitations of energy accessibility, the irreversibility and two transdisciplinary principles 能源可及性的局限性、不可逆性和两个跨学科原则
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.11
V. Jinescu
The ability to produce motion based on man-made energy is essential to the civilization. Equally important is the most efficient use of energy to limit the consumption of natural resources as well as the resulting pollution. Consequently, it is necessary to know: - the factors that limit the energy accessibility; - the physical bases of irreversibility, as a premise of ensuring the maximum efficiency. The paper presents two new transdisciplinary principles: - the principle of energy accessibility, which introduces the concepts of degree of energy accessibility, degree of energy inaccessibility caused by natural conditions and degree of energy inaccessibility induced by technical conditions; - the principle of irreversibility which introduces the concept of degree of energy irreversibility in correlation with the physical bases of irreversibility.
以人造能源为基础产生运动的能力对人类文明至关重要。同样重要的是最有效地利用能源,限制自然资源的消耗以及由此产生的污染。因此,有必要了解:-限制能源可及性的因素;——不可逆性的物理基础,作为保证最大效率的前提。提出了两个新的跨学科原理:能量可及性原理,引入了能量可及度、自然条件引起的能量不可及度和技术条件引起的能量不可及度的概念;-不可逆性原理,它引入了能量不可逆性程度的概念,并与不可逆性的物理基础相关联。
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引用次数: 0
BEM simulation on the influence of dispersion currents on buried pipes 色散电流对埋地管道影响的边界元模拟
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.10
Adriana Tudor, R. Ripeanu
The aim of this paper is to provide a method for modelling the influence of stray currents on buried pipes, using as calculation the boundary element method (BEM), using the module dedicated to corrosion in COMSOL Multiphysics software, which allows investigation both macroscopically and microscopically of corrosion processes. Dispersion currents, often called stray currents, are considered currents that follow little-known trajectories in the ground, but which can affect underground gas pipelines. Their sources are external to the pipes and contribute to the lowering of the anodic potential up to values to which the accelerated anodic dissolution of the metal occurs. For the simulation, the geometric modelling of a soil cube was used, in which pipes of different sizes are inserted, protected or not by a polyethylene protection state, in different positions and different burial depths. Using a calculation algorithm that is based on the boundary element method, the dynamics of the cathodic protection for the buried gas pipes in the presence of stray currents can be modelled.
本文的目的是提供一种方法来模拟杂散电流对埋地管道的影响,使用边界元法(BEM)作为计算方法,使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件中的腐蚀专用模块,可以从宏观和微观上研究腐蚀过程。频散电流,通常被称为杂散电流,被认为是在地下遵循鲜为人知的轨迹的电流,但它会影响地下天然气管道。它们的来源在管道外部,并有助于降低阳极电位,直到加速金属阳极溶解发生的值。在模拟中,采用土壤立方体的几何模型,在不同的位置和不同的埋深插入不同尺寸的管道,并采用聚乙烯保护或不采用聚乙烯保护状态。采用基于边界元法的计算算法,可以模拟杂散电流存在时埋地输气管道阴极保护的动力学过程。
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引用次数: 0
Aspects regarding the preparation methods of anionic clays 关于阴离子粘土的制备方法的方面
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.8
Diana Paleu, I. Nistor
Anionic clays, layered double hydroxides, are natural or synthetic materials that have special properties, especially regarding their retention capacity. This quality is due to their lamellar structure, formed by parallel planes, different molecules of interest could be intercalated between them. This allows the use of anionic clays in various fields such as: chemical industry, food industry, pharmaceutical and medical industry, as well as environmental protection. The paper presents important aspects regarding their preparation possibilities.
阴离子粘土,层状双氢氧化物,是具有特殊性能的天然或合成材料,特别是在保留能力方面。这种性质是由于它们的层状结构,由平行平面形成,不同的感兴趣的分子可以在它们之间插入。这使得阴离子粘土在各种领域的使用,如:化学工业,食品工业,制药和医疗工业,以及环境保护。本文介绍了它们制备可能性的重要方面。
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引用次数: 0
Technological design elements for pulsed extraction columns with sieve trays 带筛板的脉冲萃取柱的工艺设计要点
Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.5
C. Jinescu
Solvent extraction process is frequently used to obtain chemical compounds used in the nuclear field. In order to make nuclear energy a safe, clean and cheap energy source, one has resorted to the identification of new, innovative methods in the immediate transfer of the laboratory results to an industrial scale. A method is described for the design of liquid extraction columns by scaling up from the results of small scale plant tests. Such a method was applied for scaling up a pulsed column with sieve trays using the dimensions of an experimental model column. The scale-up method is based on the assumption that the height of the column is independent of column diameter, and that increased backmixing accounts entirely for differences in performance on small and large scales. This paper uses the results obtained on an experimental model column for the purpose of designing a high capacity column. The final result consists in determining the diameter and height of a scaled up column by using like parameter the number of transfer units corresponding to a compartment, a value that will stay the same for the laboratory-scale column and for the large-scale (pilot or industrial) column.
溶剂萃取法是获得核领域常用化合物的常用方法。为了使核能成为一种安全、清洁和廉价的能源,人们在将实验室结果立即转化为工业规模的过程中,已经采取了确定新的、创新的方法。本文介绍了一种以小型工厂试验结果为基础,按比例设计液体萃取塔的方法。这种方法被应用于放大脉冲柱与筛板使用实验模型柱的尺寸。按比例放大的方法是基于这样的假设:柱的高度与柱的直径无关,并且增加的返混完全可以解释小尺度和大尺度上的性能差异。本文利用实验模型塔的计算结果,设计了一种高容量塔。最终结果包括通过使用与隔间相对应的传递单元数的类似参数来确定放大柱的直径和高度,该值对于实验室规模的柱和大型(试点或工业)柱保持相同。
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引用次数: 0
Tackling wellbore difficulties for drilling deviated andhorizontal wells 解决斜井和水平井钻井的井眼难题
Pub Date : 2021-05-17 DOI: 10.56958/jesi.2021.6.2.8
Ayham Mhanna, Mohamed Halafawi, L. Avram
Future development plans are often being continued during production. These plans includes wells repair, reservoir enhancements, or new development wells in order to increase the field production. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to tackle deviated and horizontal wellbore difficulties in GOF field. Specific drilling hole problems are addressed and reviewed. Additionally, proposed solutions are suggested to improve wellbore stability and select the appropriate hole cleaning drilling practices, based on offset data for drilling the new development wells of Gulf Offshore Field (GOF) without instability difficulties. Overview of this field is discussed including geological column, wells locations, and contour maps. Offset wells data are completely analyzed. Drilling fluids are selected with their properties that avoid wellbore obstructions. Moreover, deviated and horizontal trajectories are optimized for the new development wells. Finally, the best drilling practices are hence recommended
未来的开发计划通常在生产过程中继续进行。这些计划包括修井、加强储层或新开发井,以提高油田产量。因此,本文的主要目的是解决GOF油田的斜井和水平井困难。对具体的钻孔问题进行了处理和审查。此外,根据海湾海上油田(GOF)新开发井的钻井偏移数据,提出了提高井筒稳定性和选择适当的清孔钻井实践的解决方案,而不会出现失稳困难。讨论了该领域的概况,包括地质柱、井位置和等高线图。对偏移井数据进行了全面分析。选择的钻井液具有避免井筒堵塞的特性。此外,对新开发井的偏斜轨迹和水平轨迹进行了优化。最后,建议采用最佳钻井实践
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation
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