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El ciclo de lectura: estrategia para potenciar a niños no lectores 阅读周期:赋予非阅读儿童权力的策略
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V11I18.1226
María Soledad Villegas-Herrera
Purpose: The process of learning to read and write starts in early childhood through the use of genuine reading and writing conducts in the family context and at educational centers. The purpose of this experience was to improve the quality of reading of non-reading children in basic primary education. Topic: The program entitled “Aprendizaje Inicial de la Lectura, Escritura y Matematica” (Initial Learning of Reading, Writing and Mathematics) of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (AILEM UC) consists of a set of strategies to boost learning using a series of reading and writing strategies. It has been implemented at different schools in the country beginning in 2002. Development: A successful experience is presented that was carried out in Chile, in the city of La Serena, using the “Reading Cycle” (“Ciclo de lectura”), one of the strategies of the ailem program, with a group of first graders who were behind in learning to read. Conclusions: With the work systematically carried out over a two month period by the consultants, applying the strategy, a group of non-reading children or those who were behind in their reading skills, at the end of the year was able to read, at least syllabilcally.
目的:通过在家庭环境和教育中心使用真正的阅读和写作行为,学习阅读和写作的过程从儿童早期开始。这项经验的目的是提高基础小学教育中不阅读儿童的阅读质量。主题:智利天主教大学(AILEM UC)的“阅读、写作和数学的初步学习”(Aprendizaje Inicial de la Lectura, Escritura y matatica)项目包括一套使用一系列阅读和写作策略来促进学习的策略。从2002年开始,它已在全国不同的学校实施。发展:介绍了在智利拉塞雷纳市利用ailem项目策略之一的“阅读循环”(Ciclo de lectura)在学习阅读方面落后的一年级学生群体中开展的成功经验。结论:顾问们在两个月的时间里系统地开展了这项工作,应用了该策略,一组不阅读的孩子或阅读技能落后的孩子,在年底能够阅读,至少在音节上。
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引用次数: 0
Ni ingenuos ni malvados. Enmarcado y estrategias dominantes en la toma de decisiones en contextos de ignorancia 既不天真也不邪恶。无知情境下决策的框架和主导策略
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V11I18.1219
Juan Antonio González de Requena Farré
Introduction: Numerous psychological research studies about decision-making address both risk and ignorance under the category of decision in contexts of uncertainty. Objective: In this research work, the aim is to specifically describe the ways certain decision rules are used in a context of ignorance in the context of different consequences, affected parties and properties. In this way, it is possible to determine whether or not some of the ways of framing a decision that have been observed in contexts of risk actually occur, such as those considered by the prospective theory of Kahneman and Tversky. Methodology: A comparative study of the results was made of the results of a questionnaire with 24 gambling situations with different properties, affected parties and consequences, which was then applied to a sample of 232 people with their informed consent. Results: The results showed significant differences in the use of decision criteria in contexts of ignorance, with a clear predominance of the conservative strategy. Conclusions: It may be concluded that in contexts of decision-making in ignorance, aversion to loss becomes acute and the framing effect observed in low-risk decisions is slightly modified, because more risk is not necessarily run in a perspective of loss.
许多关于决策的心理学研究都在不确定性背景下的决策范畴下讨论风险和无知。目的:在这项研究工作中,目的是具体描述在不同后果、受影响方和属性的背景下,在无知的背景下使用某些决策规则的方式。通过这种方式,有可能确定在风险背景下观察到的一些制定决策的方法是否实际发生,例如卡纳曼和特沃斯基的前瞻性理论所考虑的那些方法。方法:对24种不同性质、受影响方和后果的赌博情况的问卷调查结果进行比较研究,然后在知情同意的情况下将其应用于232人的样本。结果:结果显示,在无知的情况下,决策标准的使用有显著差异,保守策略明显占主导地位。结论:在无知决策情境下,对损失的厌恶变得尖锐,在低风险决策中观察到的框架效应略有改变,因为在损失的视角下并不一定会承担更多的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Un acercamiento a la comprensión de la agresión y la violencia humana 一种理解侵略和人类暴力的方法
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V11I18.1227
Humberto Yañez-Canal
Proposito: reflexionar sobre algunas posibles confusiones dadas en la practica social y comunicativa de los profesionales en educacion y el tratamiento social al abordaje de la violencia escolar. Al revisar el asunto, se detecta como algunas de las confusiones basicas parecieran darse alrededor del uso de los conceptos de agresion y violencia, los cuales algunos autores tratan de manera indiferenciada como sinonimos, desconociendo los esfuerzos de las ciencias sociales por entenderlos y explicarlos. Abordar esta confusion y presentar opciones con el fin de entender las implicaciones de estos dos terminos es el proposito de este texto. Tema: el abordaje de la violencia escolar ha estado al orden del dia durante los ultimos anos. De manera recurrente, publicitan casos extremos acudiendo a expertos que dan explicaciones y soluciones, aunque parece que el asunto de las practicas violentas se mantiene y los esfuerzos fueran insuficientes. Desarrollo: se abordan las confusiones en las definiciones de los diccionarios, se examinan sus significados etimologicos y se revisa el uso y sentido de la agresion y la violencia desde la sociologia, la politica y la psicologia. Conclusiones: se propone una mirada de los dos conceptos en la que se establecen sus diferencias, pero la cual parte de un mismo fenomeno expresado en intensidades y frecuencias graduales. De igual forma, se busca reconocer que todo movimiento dado en espacios limitados es susceptible de ser percibido como agresivo por quien es sujeto de esa fuerza.
目的:探讨教育专业人员在社会和交际实践中可能出现的一些混淆,以及在处理校园暴力时的社会处理。在这篇文章中,我们分析了暴力和侵略这两个概念的使用,这两个概念被一些作者视为同义词,忽视了社会科学为理解和解释它们所做的努力。本文的目的是解决这种混淆,并提出选项,以理解这两个术语的含义。主题:近年来,处理校园暴力问题已列入议程。他们经常利用专家提供解释和解决办法来宣传极端案件,尽管暴力行为问题似乎仍然存在,而且努力还不够。发展:解决词典定义中的混淆,检查它们的词源意义,并从社会学、政治和心理学的角度审查攻击和暴力的使用和意义。结论:我们提出了两个概念,它们建立了它们的差异,但它们是从一个以强度和逐渐频率表示的相同现象开始的。同样,我们试图认识到,在有限的空间内进行的任何运动都可能被这种力量的主体视为具有攻击性。
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引用次数: 0
Diferencias en contenidos y situaciones de fantasías sexuales entre estudiantes de psicología de ambos sexos 男女心理学学生性幻想内容和情境的差异
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V11I18.1002
J. M. D. L. Rubia
Introduction: In Mexico, a Sexual Fantasies and Situations Questionnaire (CFSS) has been developed. Objectives: To describe distributions, study differences between sexes and propose cut-off points among psychology students as future professionals involved in providing sexual health attention. Methodology: A sample using non-proportional sex quotas was employed. The CFSS was applied to 400 psychology students (200 women and 200 men). Results: The distributions of the items, of the scales of contents and situations and of the two content factors showed a bias towards low frequencies. The averages in the items, in the two scales and in the two content factors, were greater among men than among women, except for sexual fantasies with people of the same sex, with older people and with concurrent couples, as well as in situations before or after going out with a couple and before or after sleeping. Conclusions: It was concluded that a classification by sex differentiated quartiles must be made. The study and use of the questionnaire is suggested in order to avoid possible biases that could affect clinical judgment among psychology students.
简介:在墨西哥,性幻想和情境调查问卷(CFSS)已经被开发出来。目的:描述性别之间的分布、研究差异,并提出心理学专业学生作为未来提供性健康关注的专业人员的分界点。方法:采用非比例性别配额抽样。对400名心理学专业学生(男女各200名)进行了问卷调查。结果:题目的分布、内容和情境的量表以及两个内容因子的分布均呈现低频偏倚。除了与同性的性幻想、与老年人的性幻想、与伴侣约会前后的性幻想、以及与伴侣约会前后的性幻想、以及与伴侣睡觉前后的性幻想之外,男性在这两个项目、两个量表和两个内容因素中的平均水平都高于女性。结论:必须按性别区分四分位数进行分类。建议研究和使用问卷,以避免可能影响心理学学生临床判断的偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Entrenamiento para olvidos cotidianos y mejora de la memoria en mayores: resultados de efectividad 训练日常遗忘和提高老年人的记忆力:有效的结果
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-12-15 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V11I18.1220
María Eugenia Domínguez-Orozco
Introduction: Subjective complaints and forgetfulness in daily life among older people can be modified through cognitive training and mnemonic strategies and techniques to improve memory. Diverse methods and specific memory training programs have been developed in Spain with successful results from their implantation. Objectives: The main purpose of this article is to show the effectiveness of the training using different strategies and techniques for improving memory performance among older people. Specifically, trials were carried out with the association technique using faces and names, visualization and categorization strategies along with the loci method, all with older participants during a memory improvement workshop. Results and conclusions: The modular multifactorial design of the training and inclusion of these mnemonic procedures facilitated memory improvement. The analysis of the results showed a significant increase by means of training using prospective and retrospective tasks, such as “actions to be carried out in the morning”, and using the loci method, improvement in information codification through categorization, visual sensorial memory optimization using visualization, and finally, improvement of associative deficits in episodic memory in recalling people’s names.
导读:老年人日常生活中的主观抱怨和健忘可以通过认知训练和助记策略和技巧来改善记忆。西班牙已经开发了多种方法和特定的记忆训练计划,并取得了成功的结果。目的:本文的主要目的是展示使用不同的策略和技术来提高老年人记忆表现的训练效果。具体来说,在记忆力改善研讨会上,对年龄较大的参与者进行了使用面孔和名字、可视化和分类策略以及位点方法的联想技术的试验。结果与结论:模块化多因素设计的训练和包含这些助记程序促进记忆的改善。结果表明,通过前瞻性和回顾性任务训练(如“早上要做的事情”)和使用位点方法,通过分类改善信息编码,使用可视化优化视觉感觉记忆,最后改善情景记忆中回忆人名的联想缺陷,显著提高了记忆能力。
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引用次数: 1
El concepto de zona de desarrollo próximo: un instrumento psicológico para mejorar su propia práctica pedagógica 下一个开发区的概念:一种改善自己教学实践的心理工具
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-02-02 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V10I17.775
Michèle Venet, Enrique Correa Molina
Competency-based training requires universities to not only look at the theories that underpin different visions of education and teaching, but also at their application in a school context. Moreover, it is hoped that during their education, students will be able to integrate theory and practice; however, this poses a problem for them. To overcome the difficulty in integrating theory and practice, some authors have proposed the use of reflective practice, and we therefore hypothesized that the concept of the zone of proximal development (zpd), created by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky, could be used as a psychological instrument to promote reflection on practice for students undertaking our Bachelor’s Degree in School and Social Adaptation at Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada. To test our hypothesis, we worked on the practice of 20 students from this course according to the concept of zpd. The results show that the concept is an effective psychological instrument for promoting the integration of theory and practice.
以能力为基础的培训要求大学不仅要关注支撑不同教育和教学愿景的理论,还要关注它们在学校环境中的应用。此外,希望在他们的教育,学生将能够理论和实践相结合;然而,这给他们带来了一个问题。为了克服理论与实践相结合的困难,一些作者提出使用反思性实践,因此,我们假设苏联心理学家列夫·维果茨基(Lev Vygotsky)创造的最近发展区(zone of proximal development, zpd)的概念可以作为一种心理工具,促进我们在加拿大舍布鲁克大学(university de Sherbrooke)学习学校和社会适应学士学位的学生对实践的反思。为了验证我们的假设,我们根据zpd的概念对这门课的20名学生进行了实践。结果表明,这一概念是促进理论与实践相结合的有效心理工具。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluación psicológica de la comunicación relacional no verbal 非语言关系交际的心理评价
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-02-02 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V10I17.782
Rozzana Sánchez-Aragón
La comunicacion relacional representa el principal mecanismo de interaccion entre los miembros de una relacion cercana, por lo que en sus dos vias (verbal y no-verbal) contribuye a desarrollar un vinculo ya sea de intimidad o de hostilidad entre sus miembros. La comunicacion no verbal, por su caracter complejo, no ha sido facil o frecuentemente operacionalizada (p. e., Burgoon y Hale, 1987; Kahn, 1970; Riggio, 2006) y aun menos en el contexto de la cultura mexicana, la cual se caracteriza por el gran peso que tienen las relaciones personales (Diaz, 1994). Por lo anterior, el proposito del presente estudio fue desarrollar y validar dos autorreportes desde la vision del participante con respecto a los mensajes recibidos a partir del comportamiento no verbal de su pareja. Para ello, se trabajo con una muestra no probabilistica de 367 adultos de la Ciudad de Mexico con pareja, quienes respondieron a la “Escala de comunicacion no verbal - percepcion” y la “Escala de comunicacion no verbal - interpretacion”. Los resultados mostraron dos medidas validas y confiables cuyos factores se apoyan fuertemente en la literatura sobre relaciones personales y comunicacion.
关系交流是亲密关系中成员之间互动的主要机制,因此在其两种途径(语言和非语言)中,它有助于在成员之间发展亲密或敌意的联系。非语言交流,由于其复杂的性质,不容易或经常操作化(例如,Burgoon和Hale, 1987;汗,1970年;在墨西哥文化的背景下,个人关系的重要性就更少了(Diaz, 1994)。因此,本研究的目的是开发和验证两种自我报告,从参与者的观点,关于从他们的伴侣的非语言行为收到的信息。本研究的目的是评估一种非语言交流量表(非语言交流-解释量表)的有效性,该量表是由来自墨西哥城的367名成年人组成的非概率样本,他们对“非语言交流-感知量表”和“非语言交流-解释量表”做出了反应。研究结果显示,两种有效且可靠的测量方法,其因素在人际关系和沟通文献中得到了强有力的支持。
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引用次数: 2
Significado psicológico de la calidad de vida para los adolescentes mexicanos 墨西哥青少年生活质量的心理意义
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-02-02 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V10I17.784
Rosalinda Guadarrama-Guadarrama, Julio César Hernández-Navor, Marcela Veytia López, Octavio Márquez Mendoza
El primer objetivo de la presente investigacion consistio en conocer el significado psicologico del concepto calidad de vida en una muestra de 300 adolescentes mexicanos de 12 a 16 anos, por medio de la tecnica de redes semanticas, ya que esta herramienta permite un acercamiento al significado colectivo de un objeto, palabra o expresiones dando un enfasis a los procesos cognitivos, con el fin de conocer su interpretacion y como esta repercute en la salud mental del sujeto. Un segundo objetivo fue conocer cuales fueron las dimensiones del concepto calidad de vida en los adolescentes mexicanos. Los resultados obtenidos, tanto de manera general como por sexo, indican que los adolescentes mexicanos interpretan el concepto calidad de vida como un estado de satisfaccion general en el que consideran algunos elementos principales como la pertenencia a una familia, el amor, la salud, entre otros, los cuales se encuentran distribuidos en cada una de las diez dimensiones obtenidas en esta investigacion. Se concluye que, en los adolescentes mexicanos, la calidad de vida se define a partir de la interaccion de multiples factores psicosociales y personales con los que el sujeto pueda desarrollar sus potencialidades para obtener su bienestar y satisfaccion en el contexto en el que se desarrolla.
本调查的首要目标consistio了解精神病的概念意义的生活质量在墨西哥300青少年样本在12 - 16年了,通过网络技能semanticas,因为这种工具能够放大物体集体含义,字或词语enfasis了认知过程,为了自己,这样也会影响心理健康的主题。本研究的目的是了解墨西哥青少年生活质量概念的维度。成果,无论是作为一个整体性别分列表明墨西哥青少年生活品质的概念诠释一种满足感,状态一般认为一些主要元素,如加入了家庭、爱情、健康等,其中分布在每一个十这个调查采集的层面。本研究的目的是评估墨西哥青少年的生活质量,以确定他们的生活质量,并确定他们的社会心理和个人因素的相互作用,以开发他们的潜力,以获得他们的幸福和满足的环境。
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引用次数: 4
Reflexiones sobre la interpretación del concepto de locus de control en investigación social 对社会研究中控制点概念解释的思考
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-02-02 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V10I17.795
P. Grande
This article proposes a revision of the locus of control concept as a useful tool within the field of research into perception of control and its effects on actions. Locus of control measures have been widely used within and outside psychology to link beliefs with individual actions, and they have proved useful in areas as diverse as education, health, labor mobility and cultural consumption. However, its success at the empirical level has led in some cases —according to its creator, Julian Rotter— to conceptual inaccuracies with respect to its definition and the interpretation of results. Is locus of control the same as a measure of self-efficacy? Should internal focus of control be seen as something positive and external locus of control as something negative? Is it possible to predict individual behavior using a generalized measure of locus of control? This paper contextualizes the locus of control measure in the theoretical space where it originated (social learning theory), and highlights some relevant interpretive points for its analysis and use.
本文提出了对控制点概念的修订,作为研究控制知觉及其对行为影响的有用工具。在心理学内外,控制点措施被广泛用于将信念与个人行为联系起来,事实证明,这些措施在教育、卫生、劳动力流动和文化消费等多种领域都很有用。然而,根据其创建者Julian Rotter的说法,它在经验层面上的成功在某些情况下导致了其定义和结果解释方面的概念不准确。控制点和自我效能的测量是一样的吗?内部控制焦点是否应该被视为积极的东西,而外部控制点是否应该被视为消极的东西?是否有可能使用控制点的广义测量来预测个体行为?本文将控制点措施置于其产生的理论空间(社会学习理论)中,并强调了其分析和使用的相关解释要点。
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引用次数: 0
Estrategias de afrontamiento y estilos parentales en madres de niños con y sin trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad 有和没有注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的母亲的应对策略和养育方式
IF 0.1 Pub Date : 2015-02-02 DOI: 10.16925/PE.V10I17.786
Rocío González, L. Bakker, Josefina Rubiales
The aim of this study was to compare coping strategies and the parenting styles of mothers of children who have and have not been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd). The sample consisted of two groups: one of mothers of a child diagnosed with adhd (n = 14) and a control group (n = 35). The methodological approach was to apply two scales that evaluate parental educational styles and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (csq), designed to evaluate seven basic coping styles. The results show differences in the perception of parenting styles of mothers of children with adhd compared to the control group, taking the form of more criticism, less expression of affection and more rigid educational behavior. While there were no significant differences between groups in terms of the coping strategies used, a tendency could be seen among mothers of children with adhd to rely more on rational and emotional coping strategies. Identifying the most effective parenting style and coping strategies has direct implications for the treatment of this disorder, as these could have an important impact on how a child’s illness develops.
本研究的目的是比较患有和未被诊断为注意力缺陷多动障碍(adhd)的孩子的母亲的应对策略和养育方式。样本由两组组成:一组是被诊断患有多动症的孩子的母亲(n = 14),另一组是对照组(n = 35)。研究方法采用父母教育方式评估量表和应对策略问卷(csq),对7种基本应对方式进行评估。结果显示,与对照组相比,患有多动症儿童的母亲对育儿方式的看法存在差异,表现为更多的批评,更少的情感表达和更严格的教育行为。虽然在使用的应对策略方面各组之间没有显著差异,但在患有多动症儿童的母亲中可以看到一种倾向,即更多地依赖理性和情感应对策略。确定最有效的养育方式和应对策略对这种疾病的治疗有直接的影响,因为这些可能对孩子的疾病发展有重要的影响。
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引用次数: 10
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Pensando Psicologia
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