Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.019
Yifan Hong, Ryo Sato, Hiraku Matsukuma, Wei Gao
A simple but effective optical design is proposed to expand the measurement range of a surface encoder in the out-of-plane Z-direction, which had been much shorter than that in the in-plane X-direction. A zeroth-order and a first-order diffraction beams generated at a transparent grating are projected onto a parallelly aligned scale grating. The reflected zeroth-order beam from the scale grating interferes with a beam from a reference plane mirror for the Z-directional measurement over an expanded range of 13 mm. A single Littrow configuration is established for the first-order diffraction beam to travel to and from the scale grating on the same path so that it can interfere with the reflected zeroth-order beam for the X-directional measurement regardless of the Z-position of the scale grating. A prototype sensor is constructed for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optical design for expansion of Z-range. Uncertainty analysis on the measurement results is also conducted.
表面编码器在平面外 Z 方向的测量范围比在平面内 X 方向的测量范围短得多，本文提出了一种简单而有效的光学设计，以扩大表面编码器在平面外 Z 方向的测量范围。在透明光栅上产生的零阶和一阶衍射光束被投射到平行排列的刻度光栅上。来自刻度光栅的零阶反射光束与来自参考平面镜的光束发生干涉，从而在 13 毫米的扩大范围内进行 Z 方向测量。一阶衍射光束在同一路径上往返于刻度光栅之间，因此无论刻度光栅的 Z 位置如何，一阶衍射光束都能与用于 X 方向测量的反射零阶光束发生干涉。我们制作了一个传感器原型，以展示拟议光学设计在扩大 Z 范围方面的有效性。此外，还对测量结果进行了不确定性分析。
{"title":"Design and testing of a two-axis surface encoder with a single Littrow configuration of a first-order diffraction beam","authors":"Yifan Hong, Ryo Sato, Hiraku Matsukuma, Wei Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simple but effective optical design is proposed to expand the measurement range of a surface encoder in the out-of-plane <em>Z</em>-direction, which had been much shorter than that in the in-plane <em>X</em>-direction. A zeroth-order and a first-order diffraction beams generated at a transparent grating are projected onto a parallelly aligned scale grating. The reflected zeroth-order beam from the scale grating interferes with a beam from a reference plane mirror for the <em>Z</em>-directional measurement over an expanded range of 13 mm. A single Littrow configuration is established for the first-order diffraction beam to travel to and from the scale grating on the same path so that it can interfere with the reflected zeroth-order beam for the <em>X</em>-directional measurement regardless of the <em>Z</em>-position of the scale grating. A prototype sensor is constructed for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed optical design for expansion of <em>Z</em>-range. Uncertainty analysis on the measurement results is also conducted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 577-586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.018
Pankaj Sharma , Vishal Singh , Manoj Kumar Sinha
The current study systematically explores the potential of nanofluids (NFs) as dielectric media in EDM to enhance the surface integrity of Inconel 825. To achieve this objective, applying nanofluids involves ensuring uniform dispersion of nanoparticles, specifically emphasising efficient heat dissipation, thereby aligning EDM processes. This investigation focuses on utilising MWCNTs NFs, graphene NFs, and hybrid NFs (maintaining a 1:1 ratio of nanoparticles) with a hydrocarbon-based EDM oil as the base fluid. This study marks a pioneering attempt to implement these NFs in the EDM process for Inconel 825. Comprehensive characterizations of NFs have been conducted before their application in the EDM process. These have included assessments of hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and breakdown voltage. A comparative analysis has been performed between the outcomes of NFs-based EDM and conventional EDM (using EDM oil). The results show that using graphene NFs, followed by MWCNTs NFs and hybrid NFs, improves thermal conductivity and stability during the EDM process. This results in an enhanced material removal rate and better surface roughness. In-depth examinations of surface irregularities, surface microcracks, recast layer thickness, and grain orientation are carried out using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Moreover, residual stress and microhardness are systematically determined to gain further insights into surface integrity. The results indicate that the comparatively higher dispersion of graphene within base dielectric fluid provided better surface integrity for ED-machined parts.
{"title":"An in-depth analysis of MWCNTs and graphene nanofluids-based EDM: Investigating surface integrity in Inconel 825 superalloy","authors":"Pankaj Sharma , Vishal Singh , Manoj Kumar Sinha","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study systematically explores the potential of nanofluids (NFs) as dielectric media in EDM to enhance the surface integrity of Inconel 825. To achieve this objective, applying nanofluids involves ensuring uniform dispersion of nanoparticles, specifically emphasising efficient heat dissipation, thereby aligning EDM processes. This investigation focuses on utilising MWCNTs NFs, graphene NFs, and hybrid NFs (maintaining a 1:1 ratio of nanoparticles) with a hydrocarbon-based EDM oil as the base fluid. This study marks a pioneering attempt to implement these NFs in the EDM process for Inconel 825. Comprehensive characterizations of NFs have been conducted before their application in the EDM process. These have included assessments of hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and breakdown voltage. A comparative analysis has been performed between the outcomes of NFs-based EDM and conventional EDM (using EDM oil). The results show that using graphene NFs, followed by MWCNTs NFs and hybrid NFs, improves thermal conductivity and stability during the EDM process. This results in an enhanced material removal rate and better surface roughness. In-depth examinations of surface irregularities, surface microcracks, recast layer thickness, and grain orientation are carried out using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Moreover, residual stress and microhardness are systematically determined to gain further insights into surface integrity. The results indicate that the comparatively higher dispersion of graphene within base dielectric fluid provided better surface integrity for ED-machined parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 546-558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.020
Kai Egashira, Hinata Okano, Atsuya Fukuyama
Decreasing cutting force is always crucial in cutting processes. One method to achieve this is by minimizing tool wear, for which rotary cutting is a highly effective technique. The use of a cylindrical tool offers the additional benefit of easy tool fabrication, which is especially advantageous for a microtool capable of machining micropins. However, there have been no reported studies on rotary cutting using a cylindrical microtool. It should be noted that if a microtool is fabricated by electrical discharge machining, it is expected to engage in cylindrical grinding as well. This suggests that both rotary cutting and cylindrical grinding can be carried out simultaneously; however, there have also been no reported studies on simultaneous cutting and grinding. Therefore, the present study investigated whether this machining method can perform micropin machining, if it actually involves both cutting and grinding actions, and whether the combination of these actions enhances material removal capability. In turning and grinding experiments, where only one of the tool and workpiece was rotated, both actions were observed. Furthermore, it was confirmed that micropin machining can be performed by rotating both the tool and workpiece, resulting in a decrease in machining force to approximately one-quarter to one-half compared to that of turning. This indicates that simultaneous cutting and grinding was carried out, and the overlap of their actions enhanced material removal capability. In addition, the relationship between the machining conditions and machining force was investigated. At a small depth of cut, a tool with smaller surface roughness exhibited lower machining force than a tool with larger roughness, and the opposite was true at a large depth of cut. Finally, an ultrasmall-diameter micropin with a diameter less than 3 μm was successfully machined using conditions capable of reducing machining force.
{"title":"Simultaneous cutting and grinding of micropins using cylindrical microtools","authors":"Kai Egashira, Hinata Okano, Atsuya Fukuyama","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decreasing cutting force is always crucial in cutting processes. One method to achieve this is by minimizing tool wear, for which rotary cutting is a highly effective technique. The use of a cylindrical tool offers the additional benefit of easy tool fabrication, which is especially advantageous for a microtool capable of machining micropins. However, there have been no reported studies on rotary cutting using a cylindrical microtool. It should be noted that if a microtool is fabricated by electrical discharge machining, it is expected to engage in cylindrical grinding as well. This suggests that both rotary cutting and cylindrical grinding can be carried out simultaneously; however, there have also been no reported studies on simultaneous cutting and grinding. Therefore, the present study investigated whether this machining method can perform micropin machining, if it actually involves both cutting and grinding actions, and whether the combination of these actions enhances material removal capability. In turning and grinding experiments, where only one of the tool and workpiece was rotated, both actions were observed. Furthermore, it was confirmed that micropin machining can be performed by rotating both the tool and workpiece, resulting in a decrease in machining force to approximately one-quarter to one-half compared to that of turning. This indicates that simultaneous cutting and grinding was carried out, and the overlap of their actions enhanced material removal capability. In addition, the relationship between the machining conditions and machining force was investigated. At a small depth of cut, a tool with smaller surface roughness exhibited lower machining force than a tool with larger roughness, and the opposite was true at a large depth of cut. Finally, an ultrasmall-diameter micropin with a diameter less than 3 μm was successfully machined using conditions capable of reducing machining force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 559-567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.014
Bingrui Lv , Bin Lin , Tianyi Sui , Jinshuo Zhang , Longfei Wang , Jingguo Zhou , Pengcheng Zhao , Jinming Li
Ductile removal is widely employed to eliminate subsurface damage in brittle materials. Achieving this requires the cutting depth to be set extremely low, presenting significant challenges for error compensation and precise feeding of the machine tool. In this paper, a novel three-degree-of-freedom spreading precision positioning stage is developed to mitigate the effects of workpiece deflection errors and feed resolution on the depth of cut during the end-face fly-cutting process. First, a bridge and half-bridge composite structure is designed to facilitate the planar spreading of the spatial motion mechanism. A mathematical model of the composite structure is developed based on elastic beam theory. Second, the effects of various structural parameters on the amplification ratio of the structure are investigated. The accuracy of the theoretical model is verified by finite element analysis. Finally, ductile fly-cutting experiments on quartz glass are conducted using a precision 5-axis machine tool.
{"title":"A 3-DOF spreading precision positional stage for ductile end-face fly-cutting of quartz glass","authors":"Bingrui Lv , Bin Lin , Tianyi Sui , Jinshuo Zhang , Longfei Wang , Jingguo Zhou , Pengcheng Zhao , Jinming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ductile removal is widely employed to eliminate subsurface damage in brittle materials. Achieving this requires the cutting depth to be set extremely low, presenting significant challenges for error compensation and precise feeding of the machine tool. In this paper, a novel three-degree-of-freedom spreading precision positioning stage is developed to mitigate the effects of workpiece deflection errors and feed resolution on the depth of cut during the end-face fly-cutting process. First, a bridge and half-bridge composite structure is designed to facilitate the planar spreading of the spatial motion mechanism. A mathematical model of the composite structure is developed based on elastic beam theory. Second, the effects of various structural parameters on the amplification ratio of the structure are investigated. The accuracy of the theoretical model is verified by finite element analysis. Finally, ductile fly-cutting experiments on quartz glass are conducted using a precision 5-axis machine tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 660-677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.017
Guobo Zhao , Yaowen Ban , Zhenghui Zhang , Xunhan Wang , Bangdao Chen , Yongshing Shi , Weitao Jiang , Hongzhong Liu
Radial error (comprising eccentricity error and runout error) and graduation error of circular scales are the primary sources of error for angle encoders. This paper presents a compensation strategy for radial error and graduation error with a high installation tolerance, achieved through the utilization of three measurement heads and one calibration head. Three reading heads, evenly distributed, are employed to compensate for radial error and non-3k order graduation error, while one reading head, positioned in a specific arrangement, serves to identify 3k order errors for compensation purposes. To mitigate the installation tolerance requirements of reading heads, this study employs two methods. Firstly, it investigates the impact of reading head position deviation on compensating radial error and proposes a method for compensating residual radial error. Secondly, it utilizes the Monte Carlo method to assess the effect of reading head position deviation on identifying graduation error when the maximum deviation is ±1°. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed method effectively compensates for radial error and the first 10-order graduation error within a position deviation range of ±1°. Based on the experimental results, this method demonstrates superior compensation accuracy, achieving an error of 0.44″, compared to evenly distributing three reading heads (0.53″) and four reading heads (0.85″). Additionally, when compared to the combination method of evenly distributing three and four reading heads (0.47″), it provides similar compensation accuracy while utilizing fewer reading heads.
{"title":"Error compensation strategy with high installation tolerance for angle encoders","authors":"Guobo Zhao , Yaowen Ban , Zhenghui Zhang , Xunhan Wang , Bangdao Chen , Yongshing Shi , Weitao Jiang , Hongzhong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radial error (comprising eccentricity error and runout error) and graduation error of circular scales are the primary sources of error for angle encoders. This paper presents a compensation strategy for radial error and graduation error with a high installation tolerance, achieved through the utilization of three measurement heads and one calibration head. Three reading heads, evenly distributed, are employed to compensate for radial error and non-3k order graduation error, while one reading head, positioned in a specific arrangement, serves to identify 3k order errors for compensation purposes. To mitigate the installation tolerance requirements of reading heads, this study employs two methods. Firstly, it investigates the impact of reading head position deviation on compensating radial error and proposes a method for compensating residual radial error. Secondly, it utilizes the Monte Carlo method to assess the effect of reading head position deviation on identifying graduation error when the maximum deviation is ±1°. The simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed method effectively compensates for radial error and the first 10-order graduation error within a position deviation range of ±1°. Based on the experimental results, this method demonstrates superior compensation accuracy, achieving an error of 0.44″, compared to evenly distributing three reading heads (0.53″) and four reading heads (0.85″). Additionally, when compared to the combination method of evenly distributing three and four reading heads (0.47″), it provides similar compensation accuracy while utilizing fewer reading heads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 568-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.016
Ahmet Balcı , Adem Çiçek , Necati Uçak , Kubilay Aslantas
In this study, micro-drilling performance of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Ti6Al4V alloy with heat treatment (HT) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post-processing conditions was investigated and compared to wrought material. The tests were performed at two spindle rotational speeds (5000 and 10,000 rev/min) and a feed per tooth (4 μm/tooth) under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using conventional drilling (CD) and peck drilling (PD) strategies. Micro-drilling performance was evaluated in terms of thrust force, surface roughness, subsurface microstructure and microhardness, burr formation, and tool wear. The test results showed that LPBF-HT and LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V alloys exhibited different micro-drilling performances than the wrought material due to their different microstructural and mechanical properties. The LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V characterized by higher strength and lamellar microstructure with higher β phase fraction (33.2 %) led to higher thrust force, lower surface quality and higher burr height. On the other hand, the wrought Ti6Al4V with higher ductility, lower hardness, and lower β phase fraction (16.3 %) showed lower thrust forces, surface roughness, and burr height. Notably, employing MQL conditions with the PD strategy provided good surface quality and reduced burr formation. A higher degree of tool wear was obtained in micro-drilling of LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V. The major wear types were adhesion, BUE, and flank wear. Besides, chippings were observed in micro-drilling of LPBF-HT and LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V.
{"title":"Investigation of the effects of heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing in micro-drilling of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Ahmet Balcı , Adem Çiçek , Necati Uçak , Kubilay Aslantas","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, micro-drilling performance of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Ti6Al4V alloy with heat treatment (HT) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post-processing conditions was investigated and compared to wrought material. The tests were performed at two spindle rotational speeds (5000 and 10,000 rev/min) and a feed per tooth (4 μm/tooth) under dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using conventional drilling (CD) and peck drilling (PD) strategies. Micro-drilling performance was evaluated in terms of thrust force, surface roughness, subsurface microstructure and microhardness, burr formation, and tool wear. The test results showed that LPBF-HT and LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V alloys exhibited different micro-drilling performances than the wrought material due to their different microstructural and mechanical properties. The LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V characterized by higher strength and lamellar microstructure with higher <em>β</em> phase fraction (33.2 %) led to higher thrust force, lower surface quality and higher burr height. On the other hand, the wrought Ti6Al4V with higher ductility, lower hardness, and lower <em>β</em> phase fraction (16.3 %) showed lower thrust forces, surface roughness, and burr height. Notably, employing MQL conditions with the PD strategy provided good surface quality and reduced burr formation. A higher degree of tool wear was obtained in micro-drilling of LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V. The major wear types were adhesion, BUE, and flank wear. Besides, chippings were observed in micro-drilling of LPBF-HT and LPBF-HIP Ti6Al4V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 617-631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.013
Xuan Li , Bingxiao Ding , Jinchao Ran , Chenglin Li , Xiaomin Dong , Shih-Chi Chen
This paper presents a compact tripod quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) device for low-frequency vibration isolation with an envelope of 240 × 240 × 130 mm3 based on a compliant constant-force mechanism (CCFM). Theoretical analyses and experiments have been performed to show that the QZS device can effectively suppress vibration above 9 Hz with a 6 kg load. Specifically, the CCFM is achieved by combining a positive-stiffness diamond-shape mechanism and a bi-stable beam of negative-stiffness characteristics. A static parametric model of the CCFM was derived based on the pseudo-rigid body method and virtual work principle to identify the optimal design parameters. We next developed the dynamic model based on Lagrange equations and the harmonic balance method. The dynamic responses with respect to excitation amplitude is investigated, and the effect of excitation amplitude and damping on displacement transmissibility is discussed with numerical simulation. Finally, static, and dynamic experiments were performed to verify the accuracy of parametric model. The compact tripod QZS isolator presents a new and effective solution for isolating low-frequency vibrations in precision apparatus.
{"title":"Design and characterization of a compact tripod quasi-zero-stiffness device for isolating low-frequency vibrations","authors":"Xuan Li , Bingxiao Ding , Jinchao Ran , Chenglin Li , Xiaomin Dong , Shih-Chi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a compact tripod quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) device for low-frequency vibration isolation with an envelope of 240 × 240 × 130 mm<sup>3</sup> based on a compliant constant-force mechanism (CCFM). Theoretical analyses and experiments have been performed to show that the QZS device can effectively suppress vibration above 9 Hz with a 6 kg load. Specifically, the CCFM is achieved by combining a positive-stiffness diamond-shape mechanism and a bi-stable beam of negative-stiffness characteristics. A static parametric model of the CCFM was derived based on the pseudo-rigid body method and virtual work principle to identify the optimal design parameters. We next developed the dynamic model based on Lagrange equations and the harmonic balance method. The dynamic responses with respect to excitation amplitude is investigated, and the effect of excitation amplitude and damping on displacement transmissibility is discussed with numerical simulation. Finally, static, and dynamic experiments were performed to verify the accuracy of parametric model. The compact tripod QZS isolator presents a new and effective solution for isolating low-frequency vibrations in precision apparatus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 632-643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.012
Naoki Hashimoto , Ryuki Sato , Aiguo Ming
As conventional measurement method in a gear production line, a gear rolling tester is used to identify defective gears. However, there is a demand to judge by tooth profile and helix measurement. The purpose of this study is to establish an inexpensive and compact gear measurement system that can be easily installed in a gear production line. Since it is necessary to develop a measuring machine with high general versatility and space saving to be introduced to a gear production line, we focused on a measurement system using a robot. In this study, first, a gear measuring machine (GMM) using a SCARA robot was made and evaluated for accuracy as a GMM. To solve the problems obtained from the evaluation, a GMM with a five-link closed-loop mechanism consisting of a Direct Drive (DD) mechanism was developed, with optimal link lengths derived by simulation to achieve high accuracy. Then, the errors due to the manufacturing accuracy of the link length and the mounting angle of the rotary encoder of the developed GMM were estimated by calibration, and the compensation was implemented based on the errors. Finally, the repeatability of measurement of the developed GMM was verified using the involute artifact.
{"title":"Development of a new gear profile measuring machine with five-link closed-loop mechanism","authors":"Naoki Hashimoto , Ryuki Sato , Aiguo Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As conventional measurement method in a gear production line, a gear rolling tester is used to identify defective gears. However, there is a demand to judge by tooth profile and helix measurement. The purpose of this study is to establish an inexpensive and compact gear measurement system that can be easily installed in a gear production line. Since it is necessary to develop a measuring machine with high general versatility and space saving to be introduced to a gear production line, we focused on a measurement system using a robot. In this study, first, a gear measuring machine (GMM) using a SCARA robot was made and evaluated for accuracy as a GMM. To solve the problems obtained from the evaluation, a GMM with a five-link closed-loop mechanism consisting of a Direct Drive (DD) mechanism was developed, with optimal link lengths derived by simulation to achieve high accuracy. Then, the errors due to the manufacturing accuracy of the link length and the mounting angle of the rotary encoder of the developed GMM were estimated by calibration, and the compensation was implemented based on the errors. Finally, the repeatability of measurement of the developed GMM was verified using the involute artifact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 739-751"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.011
Pengfei Chen , Yuewu Gao , Guoyong Zhao , Yugang Zhao , Guiguan Zhang , Yang Yang
Knee prosthesis is a common metal implant in the medical field. However, the complex curvature expression of its surface often hinders its further precision machining. Through the simulation software Ansys Maxwell, the influence of curvature on the distribution of magnetic field generator on the free surface was determined. In this work, spherical diamond magnetic abrasives were used as a grinding tool to polish the multi-curvature knee prosthesis. Different morphologies were formed on the surface of titanium alloy prosthesis after polishing. The depth of scratches under different morphologies was studied by 3D digital microscope. The results showed that the different degrees of scratches on surface of titanium alloy knee prosthesis were caused by different curvature of each position. The process parameters such as rotational speed, working gap and magnetic abrasive powders (MAP) size also affected the scratch depth. The polishing mechanism of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy knee prosthesis was studied. Based on the experimental data and simulation results, a theoretical model considering the influence of workpiece surface curvature, magnetic pole speed, machining gap and abrasive powders size on the process results of free-form surface material removal based on spherical diamond abrasives was established. Comparing the experimental data with the model results, the prediction model was consistent with the experimental data and can accurately predict the material removal rate of the MAF process. The model can deeply understand the machining mechanism of MAF process on free complex surfaces and the influence of curvature on its material removal rate.
{"title":"Modeling of material removal mechanism on free-form surface in magnetic abrasive finishing process","authors":"Pengfei Chen , Yuewu Gao , Guoyong Zhao , Yugang Zhao , Guiguan Zhang , Yang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knee prosthesis is a common metal implant in the medical field. However, the complex curvature expression of its surface often hinders its further precision machining. Through the simulation software Ansys Maxwell, the influence of curvature on the distribution of magnetic field generator on the free surface was determined. In this work, spherical diamond magnetic abrasives were used as a grinding tool to polish the multi-curvature knee prosthesis. Different morphologies were formed on the surface of titanium alloy prosthesis after polishing. The depth of scratches under different morphologies was studied by 3D digital microscope. The results showed that the different degrees of scratches on surface of titanium alloy knee prosthesis were caused by different curvature of each position. The process parameters such as rotational speed, working gap and magnetic abrasive powders (MAP) size also affected the scratch depth. The polishing mechanism of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy knee prosthesis was studied. Based on the experimental data and simulation results, a theoretical model considering the influence of workpiece surface curvature, magnetic pole speed, machining gap and abrasive powders size on the process results of free-form surface material removal based on spherical diamond abrasives was established. Comparing the experimental data with the model results, the prediction model was consistent with the experimental data and can accurately predict the material removal rate of the MAF process. The model can deeply understand the machining mechanism of MAF process on free complex surfaces and the influence of curvature on its material removal rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 507-521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.009
Marek Dobosz
This paper presents an overview of techniques based on refraction for light laser beam deflectors, including laser scanners. A new typology is proposed based on the principle of operation, and the reader is directed to the literature related to the individual subtypes and to some arbitrarily selected representative examples. This review is limited to the continuous or quasi-continuous mode of operation. Two types of basic steering deflection techniques can be distinguished, which involve a variable angle of incidence at the refractor, and a variable refractive index. Techniques with a variable angle of incidence at the refractor can be divided into the following main subgroups: rotary wedge, Risley prism, double lens adjustable optical wedge, liquid wedges, decentered refractors, and variable curvature of the refractive interface. Two main subgroups of techniques based on variable refractive index are highlighted: those in which the refractive indices of the media that create the refracting boundary are changed, and those that use a variable gradient index for a medium. The main technical parameters (such as resolution, deflection angle, speed etc.) and useable properties are specified for each technique.
{"title":"Refraction techniques for continuous laser beam deflection: An overview","authors":"Marek Dobosz","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2024.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an overview of techniques based on refraction for light laser beam deflectors, including laser scanners. A new typology is proposed based on the principle of operation, and the reader is directed to the literature related to the individual subtypes and to some arbitrarily selected representative examples. This review is limited to the continuous or quasi-continuous mode of operation. Two types of basic steering deflection techniques can be distinguished, which involve a variable angle of incidence at the refractor, and a variable refractive index. Techniques with a variable angle of incidence at the refractor can be divided into the following main subgroups: rotary wedge, Risley prism, double lens adjustable optical wedge, liquid wedges, decentered refractors, and variable curvature of the refractive interface. Two main subgroups of techniques based on variable refractive index are highlighted: those in which the refractive indices of the media that create the refracting boundary are changed, and those that use a variable gradient index for a medium. The main technical parameters (such as resolution, deflection angle, speed etc.) and useable properties are specified for each technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 522-535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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