Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.027
O. Sorgonà , L. Bruzzone , O. Giannini , M. Verotti
In this paper, the point compliance synthesis method is applied at the output port of a compliant mechanism to determine the points that satisfy the isotropy property. The kinetostatics of the compliant system is described using the ellipse of elasticity theory. According to the proposed modeling approach, based on projective geometry, the position of the isotropic points depends solely on the conic eccentricity, and their coordinates can be obtained through a simple arithmetic expression. Since any compliant system can be modeled by an ellipse of elasticity, the results obtained are of general validity. The synthesis procedure is applied to three case studies: two uniform flexures having axes with constant and variable curvature, and a closed-chain compliant mechanism. Numerical simulations and experimental testing are carried out to validate the procedure and to confirm the isotropy property.
{"title":"Isotropic point synthesis of flexures and of compliant mechanisms","authors":"O. Sorgonà , L. Bruzzone , O. Giannini , M. Verotti","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the <em>point compliance synthesis</em> method is applied at the output port of a compliant mechanism to determine the points that satisfy the isotropy property. The kinetostatics of the compliant system is described using the ellipse of elasticity theory. According to the proposed modeling approach, based on projective geometry, the position of the isotropic points depends solely on the conic eccentricity, and their coordinates can be obtained through a simple arithmetic expression. Since any compliant system can be modeled by an ellipse of elasticity, the results obtained are of general validity. The synthesis procedure is applied to three case studies: two uniform flexures having axes with constant and variable curvature, and a closed-chain compliant mechanism. Numerical simulations and experimental testing are carried out to validate the procedure and to confirm the isotropy property.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 624-631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.007
M.A. Nasiri, M. Papini
Modeling the abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) process can provide a better understanding of the physics of the process so that the machined geometry can be better controlled. Previous models have been developed to analyze the evolution of the machined geometry for surfaces that are initially flat. The surface evolution of initially convex surfaces machined using ASJM is more complex, and has never been attempted, despite possible applications for microchannels on rods in biomedical and other applications. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the evolving topography of straight, axial, micro-channels on 304 SS rods subjected to multi-pass ASJM at 3 different standoff distances (SOD) using a garnet particle aqueous slurry. It was found that the point-particle assumption of most CFD codes introduced an error in the location and impact angles of particle strikes that strongly affected the predicted topography. Correcting for this error, and calibrating the model based on the depth of the first pass profile allowed the channel profiles for up to 8 nozzle passes to be predicted to within 5.3 % of those measured at all SODs. The differences between machining rods and flat plates at various SODs were discussed and explained using the CFD analysis and particle tracking. It was shown how the initial surface curvature and the upstream particle and fluid velocity distributions at different SODs affected the resulting stagnation zones. These factors affected the locations of both the initial particle strikes, and the secondary impacts due to the secondary slurry flow within the eroded feature. The secondary strikes were sensitive to ratio of the jet footprint to the surface curvature. The low velocity particles were found to be responsible for widening the channel while those with high velocity deepen the channel. In summary, this paper shows for the first time that a numerical framework can be used to predict the surface evolution of straight channels machined using ASJM on curved surfaces. It successfully predicted the channel depth, the width, and the geometry and provided a comprehensive understanding of the flow and process mechanics.
{"title":"Modeling abrasive slurry jet machined micro-channel topography on curved surfaces","authors":"M.A. Nasiri, M. Papini","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling the abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) process can provide a better understanding of the physics of the process so that the machined geometry can be better controlled. Previous models have been developed to analyze the evolution of the machined geometry for surfaces that are initially flat. The surface evolution of initially convex surfaces machined using ASJM is more complex, and has never been attempted, despite possible applications for microchannels on rods in biomedical and other applications. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the evolving topography of straight, axial, micro-channels on 304 SS rods subjected to multi-pass ASJM at 3 different standoff distances (SOD) using a garnet particle aqueous slurry. It was found that the point-particle assumption of most CFD codes introduced an error in the location and impact angles of particle strikes that strongly affected the predicted topography. Correcting for this error, and calibrating the model based on the depth of the first pass profile allowed the channel profiles for up to 8 nozzle passes to be predicted to within 5.3 % of those measured at all SODs. The differences between machining rods and flat plates at various SODs were discussed and explained using the CFD analysis and particle tracking. It was shown how the initial surface curvature and the upstream particle and fluid velocity distributions at different SODs affected the resulting stagnation zones. These factors affected the locations of both the initial particle strikes, and the secondary impacts due to the secondary slurry flow within the eroded feature. The secondary strikes were sensitive to ratio of the jet footprint to the surface curvature. The low velocity particles were found to be responsible for widening the channel while those with high velocity deepen the channel. In summary, this paper shows for the first time that a numerical framework can be used to predict the surface evolution of straight channels machined using ASJM on curved surfaces. It successfully predicted the channel depth, the width, and the geometry and provided a comprehensive understanding of the flow and process mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 478-503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.003
Yixiao Yang , Yang Xu , Xuchen Wang , Xiaofeng Yang , Yuping Liu
Piezoelectric stepping motors (PSMs) are widely employed in ultra-precision nanopositioning applications, where highly accurate speed regulation is paramount. However, traditional Frequency-Controlled Speed Regulation (FSR) methods are constrained by their inability to compensate for frequency-related nonlinearities. Furthermore, a pronounced stair-step output emerges in the low-speed range, further degrading positioning performance. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a Dual-Strategic Adaptive Switching (DAS) method for PSM speed regulation. The DAS method is underpinned by a modified velocity formula that accounts for these nonlinearities. In the standard speed range, an Improved Frequency-Controlled Speed Regulation (IFSR) method is employed, compensating for frequency-related nonlinearities via a phenomenological model. As the target speed decreases into the low-speed range, the system seamlessly transitions to an Improved Step-Controlled Speed Regulation (ISSR) method. The ISSR method mitigates nonlinearities in the step length-Shear Stack Voltage (SSV) relationship using a polynomial model. A switching criterion ensures a smooth transition between the IFSR and ISSR methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the DAS method significantly enhances speed regulation accuracy compared to the traditional FSR method, reducing real-time positioning errors by 2.1% to 6.0%. The proposed DAS method effectively addresses the speed regulation requirements of the PSM across its entire operational speed range.
{"title":"A Dual-strategic Adaptive Switching method for high-accuracy speed regulation in piezoelectric stepping motor","authors":"Yixiao Yang , Yang Xu , Xuchen Wang , Xiaofeng Yang , Yuping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Piezoelectric stepping motors (PSMs) are widely employed in ultra-precision nanopositioning applications, where highly accurate speed regulation is paramount. However, traditional Frequency-Controlled Speed Regulation (FSR) methods are constrained by their inability to compensate for frequency-related nonlinearities. Furthermore, a pronounced stair-step output emerges in the low-speed range, further degrading positioning performance. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces a Dual-Strategic Adaptive Switching (DAS) method for PSM speed regulation. The DAS method is underpinned by a modified velocity formula that accounts for these nonlinearities. In the standard speed range, an Improved Frequency-Controlled Speed Regulation (IFSR) method is employed, compensating for frequency-related nonlinearities via a phenomenological model. As the target speed decreases into the low-speed range, the system seamlessly transitions to an Improved Step-Controlled Speed Regulation (ISSR) method. The ISSR method mitigates nonlinearities in the step length-Shear Stack Voltage (SSV) relationship using a polynomial model. A switching criterion ensures a smooth transition between the IFSR and ISSR methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the DAS method significantly enhances speed regulation accuracy compared to the traditional FSR method, reducing real-time positioning errors by 2.1% to 6.0%. The proposed DAS method effectively addresses the speed regulation requirements of the PSM across its entire operational speed range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 559-571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.005
Xingsheng Liu , Anhu Li , Jincai Wu
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has garnered broad interest and experienced rapid growth as an essential approach to three-dimensional (3D) perception for unmanned systems, which exhibit significant potential in many flourishing fields. Motivated by the emerging need for more complex and diverse applications, LiDAR has been increasingly developed with enhanced functionalities. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the advances in 3D imaging LiDAR and its performance enhancement methods. The basic LiDAR architecture is demonstrated with fundamental principles in distance measurement and beam scanning. The research directions and progress in enhancing the 3D imaging performance of LiDAR are further discussed in terms of detection range, field of view and resolution, imaging speed, accuracy and stability, as well as information fusion. The representative 3D imaging LiDAR schemes are compared through quantitative evaluation and qualitative discussion about their strengths and limitations. Finally, we summarize the development trends of 3D imaging LiDAR towards system design integration, imaging mode expansion and multi-sensor fusion. It is intended to offer valuable insights for the exploration and application of 3D imaging LiDAR in future.
{"title":"Enhancing the functionalities of three-dimensional imaging LiDAR: A review","authors":"Xingsheng Liu , Anhu Li , Jincai Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has garnered broad interest and experienced rapid growth as an essential approach to three-dimensional (3D) perception for unmanned systems, which exhibit significant potential in many flourishing fields. Motivated by the emerging need for more complex and diverse applications, LiDAR has been increasingly developed with enhanced functionalities. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the advances in 3D imaging LiDAR and its performance enhancement methods. The basic LiDAR architecture is demonstrated with fundamental principles in distance measurement and beam scanning. The research directions and progress in enhancing the 3D imaging performance of LiDAR are further discussed in terms of detection range, field of view and resolution, imaging speed, accuracy and stability, as well as information fusion. The representative 3D imaging LiDAR schemes are compared through quantitative evaluation and qualitative discussion about their strengths and limitations. Finally, we summarize the development trends of 3D imaging LiDAR towards system design integration, imaging mode expansion and multi-sensor fusion. It is intended to offer valuable insights for the exploration and application of 3D imaging LiDAR in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 391-407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.024
Lóránt Tibor Csőke , Szabolcs Károly Kautny , Zsolt Kollár
Chromatic confocal sensors are widely used in high-resolution, non-contact distance measurements. Despite their advantages, conventional implementations often suffer from low light utilization efficiency and instability in the illumination spectrum, both of which degrade measurement accuracy, particularly when using broadband semiconductor sources such as superluminescent diodes. In this study, we address these limitations by introducing a chromatic confocal system that incorporates a high-brightness SLD alongside a real-time spectral correction mechanism. The proposed optical setup features a dual-beam spectrometer capable of simultaneously capturing the reflected axial intensity signal and the intrinsic spectrum of the light source using a global shutter camera. This architecture enables frame-by-frame normalization of the measured signal, reducing the impact of spectral fluctuations and inherent source nonuniformities. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that, in the previously introduced system, this method reduces the wavelength-to-distance encoding error from 0.4 µm to below 0.2 µm, and decreases distance uncertainty due to source instability by 20%. The system is particularly suited for applications involving low-reflectivity surfaces or requiring high-speed scanning at rates up to tens of kHz.
{"title":"Enhancing measurement precision of superluminescent diode-based chromatic confocal sensor by real-time spectral correction","authors":"Lóránt Tibor Csőke , Szabolcs Károly Kautny , Zsolt Kollár","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chromatic confocal sensors are widely used in high-resolution, non-contact distance measurements. Despite their advantages, conventional implementations often suffer from low light utilization efficiency and instability in the illumination spectrum, both of which degrade measurement accuracy, particularly when using broadband semiconductor sources such as superluminescent diodes. In this study, we address these limitations by introducing a chromatic confocal system that incorporates a high-brightness SLD alongside a real-time spectral correction mechanism. The proposed optical setup features a dual-beam spectrometer capable of simultaneously capturing the reflected axial intensity signal and the intrinsic spectrum of the light source using a global shutter camera. This architecture enables frame-by-frame normalization of the measured signal, reducing the impact of spectral fluctuations and inherent source nonuniformities. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that, in the previously introduced system, this method reduces the wavelength-to-distance encoding error from <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>0.4<!--> <!-->µm to below 0.2<!--> <!-->µm, and decreases distance uncertainty due to source instability by 20%. The system is particularly suited for applications involving low-reflectivity surfaces or requiring high-speed scanning at rates up to tens of kHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 408-421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diamond turning is an essential machining method for precision molds and dies. However, iron-carbon chemical affinity leads to severe graphitization of diamond tools when machining iron-based materials. Therefore, it is important to develop new techniques to suppress diamond graphitization. In the present study, an assisted machining method based on carbon nanofluid composite cryogenic nitrogen (CNFCCN) is proposed. Firstly, the influence of different concentrations of carbon nanofluid (CNF) and temperatures of cryogenic nitrogen (CN) on the machining performance was investigated. Secondly, by analyzing the negative effects of CNF-assisted machining at different concentrations and CN-assisted machining at different temperatures on the machined surface quality, CNFCCN-assisted machining at the appropriate concentrations and temperatures were selected, and the effects of CNFCCN-assisted machining on the machined surface quality were investigated. Thirdly, the suppression of graphitization wear of diamond tools by different assisted machining was evaluated by comparing the changes in tool material composition. Finally, the suppression effect of different assisted machining on diamond tool wear was assessed by analyzing the wear width of the flank face. The results show that the machined surface quality is improved by 25.7 % and a 50.9 % tool wear suppression effect is achieved under the machining of 0.25 % CNF composite −20 °C CN. This study provides valuable theoretical and experimental guidance for ultra-precision turning of iron-based materials.
{"title":"Tool wear suppression in diamond turning NAK80 via carbon nanofluids composite cryogenic nitrogen","authors":"Guoqing Zhang , Zejiang Xu , Zexuan Huo , Jiabao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diamond turning is an essential machining method for precision molds and dies. However, iron-carbon chemical affinity leads to severe graphitization of diamond tools when machining iron-based materials. Therefore, it is important to develop new techniques to suppress diamond graphitization. In the present study, an assisted machining method based on carbon nanofluid composite cryogenic nitrogen (CNFCCN) is proposed. Firstly, the influence of different concentrations of carbon nanofluid (CNF) and temperatures of cryogenic nitrogen (CN) on the machining performance was investigated. Secondly, by analyzing the negative effects of CNF-assisted machining at different concentrations and CN-assisted machining at different temperatures on the machined surface quality, CNFCCN-assisted machining at the appropriate concentrations and temperatures were selected, and the effects of CNFCCN-assisted machining on the machined surface quality were investigated. Thirdly, the suppression of graphitization wear of diamond tools by different assisted machining was evaluated by comparing the changes in tool material composition. Finally, the suppression effect of different assisted machining on diamond tool wear was assessed by analyzing the wear width of the flank face. The results show that the machined surface quality is improved by 25.7 % and a 50.9 % tool wear suppression effect is achieved under the machining of 0.25 % CNF composite −20 °C CN. This study provides valuable theoretical and experimental guidance for ultra-precision turning of iron-based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 367-379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.026
Peng Guo , Yongjian Li , Peng Su , Zilong Li
In high-slot-count linear motors, mismatched end force and cogging force harmonics make high-order detent forces hard to suppress, leading to large thrust ripples. To address this, a double-sided, asymmetric primary structure is proposed that suppresses high-order detent force harmonics, reduces overall detent force, and enhances thrust performance. The motor's geometry and operating principles are first described, followed by derivation of a detent force model and detailed analysis of the harmonic suppression mechanism. Quantitative suppression criteria are then established, and a multi-objective optimization framework is developed to identify an optimal motor configuration for detent force minimization. Comparative analysis with a conventional symmetric primary confirms the proposed structure's effectiveness and robustness. A prototype motor is manufactured and tested, demonstrating a thrust ripple reduction to just 2.89 %. These results validate the design's efficacy and provide novel methodologies and insights for linear-motor structure design and detent-force suppression.
{"title":"Suppression of high-order detent force harmonics in motor structures using a double-sided asymmetric primary design","authors":"Peng Guo , Yongjian Li , Peng Su , Zilong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In high-slot-count linear motors, mismatched end force and cogging force harmonics make high-order detent forces hard to suppress, leading to large thrust ripples. To address this, a double-sided, asymmetric primary structure is proposed that suppresses high-order detent force harmonics, reduces overall detent force, and enhances thrust performance. The motor's geometry and operating principles are first described, followed by derivation of a detent force model and detailed analysis of the harmonic suppression mechanism. Quantitative suppression criteria are then established, and a multi-objective optimization framework is developed to identify an optimal motor configuration for detent force minimization. Comparative analysis with a conventional symmetric primary confirms the proposed structure's effectiveness and robustness. A prototype motor is manufactured and tested, demonstrating a thrust ripple reduction to just 2.89 %. These results validate the design's efficacy and provide novel methodologies and insights for linear-motor structure design and detent-force suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 380-390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.025
Xiuyuan Chen , Xichun Luo , Yazhou Sun , Wenbin Zhong , Charles Walker , Yankang Tian , Zhengjian Wang , Wenlong Chang , Frank Wardle
Compound restrictors are widely adopted in aerostatic bearings due to their good static performance and ease of fabrication. However, further enhancement of their performance using surfaces with groove structures designed is still rarely researched. Inspired by the unique fluid controllability of the biomimetic hexagonal micro-pattern, this paper proposes a novel bio-inspired aerostatic bearing design to realize high stability without compromising load capacity and static stiffness. Air mass flow rate, another key factor affecting its static performance, is also considered. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation study reveals that setting suitable divergence angle enables better pressurized airflow controllability. The key structural parameters were calculated using the resistance network method (RNM). The results were further verified through experimental measurements. Performance tests of the prototyped aerostatic linear motion stage verified the theoretical modelling accuracy. A positioning accuracy (perpendicular to the stage feed direction) of less than 15 nm/10 mm was achieved, which was almost half of that of the conventional linear bearing stage under the same conditions (8 μm bearing clearance, 0.2 MPa supply pressure).
{"title":"A novel bio-inspired compound restrictor for high-precision aerostatic bearings: design and evaluation","authors":"Xiuyuan Chen , Xichun Luo , Yazhou Sun , Wenbin Zhong , Charles Walker , Yankang Tian , Zhengjian Wang , Wenlong Chang , Frank Wardle","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compound restrictors are widely adopted in aerostatic bearings due to their good static performance and ease of fabrication. However, further enhancement of their performance using surfaces with groove structures designed is still rarely researched. Inspired by the unique fluid controllability of the biomimetic hexagonal micro-pattern, this paper proposes a novel bio-inspired aerostatic bearing design to realize high stability without compromising load capacity and static stiffness. Air mass flow rate, another key factor affecting its static performance, is also considered. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation study reveals that setting suitable divergence angle enables better pressurized airflow controllability. The key structural parameters were calculated using the resistance network method (RNM). The results were further verified through experimental measurements. Performance tests of the prototyped aerostatic linear motion stage verified the theoretical modelling accuracy. A positioning accuracy (perpendicular to the stage feed direction) of less than 15 nm/10 mm was achieved, which was almost half of that of the conventional linear bearing stage under the same conditions (8 μm bearing clearance, 0.2 MPa supply pressure).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 348-366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work investigates the impact of resin reuse on the form accuracy and hydrodynamic stability of microfluidic channels fabricated via Projection Micro-Stereolithography (PSL). Three micro-optofluidic (MoF) devices were manufactured using fresh, once and twice reused photocurable resin batches. Resin reuse offers a sustainable approach that addresses recycling challenges associated with cured acrylate and methacrylate resins, making it an increasingly effective option for eco-friendly manufacturing. The devices were tested through an air–water bi-phase flow to assess hydrodynamic stability. A Phase I distribution-free quality control approach employing recursive sequential and permutation (RS/P) methods was conducted to evaluate channels’ width stability, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was exploited to track chemical changes in reused resin batches. A Design of Experiment (DoE) study allowed hydrodynamic performance to be analyzed for the devices, revealing that increasing the flow rate to 0.3 enhanced stability across all devices, overcoming flow constriction effects caused by the photocurable resin reuse.
{"title":"Impact of resin reuse on form accuracy in 3D printed microchannels and effects on hydrodynamic flow stability","authors":"Emanuela Cutuli , Lorena Saitta , Giovanni Celano , Claudio Tosto , Gianluca Cicala , Maide Bucolo","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the impact of resin reuse on the form accuracy and hydrodynamic stability of microfluidic channels fabricated via Projection Micro-Stereolithography (P<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>SL). Three micro-optofluidic (MoF) devices were manufactured using fresh, once and twice reused photocurable resin batches. Resin reuse offers a sustainable approach that addresses recycling challenges associated with cured acrylate and methacrylate resins, making it an increasingly effective option for eco-friendly manufacturing. The devices were tested through an air–water bi-phase flow to assess hydrodynamic stability. A Phase I distribution-free quality control approach employing recursive sequential and permutation (RS/P) methods was conducted to evaluate channels’ width stability, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was exploited to track chemical changes in reused resin batches. A Design of Experiment (DoE) study allowed hydrodynamic performance to be analyzed for the devices, revealing that increasing the flow rate to 0.3 <span><math><mi>mL/min</mi></math></span> enhanced stability across all devices, overcoming flow constriction effects caused by the photocurable resin reuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 334-347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.021
Alexander Pechhacker , Tobias Schopf , Ernst Csencsics , Georg Schitter
This work presents a compact tip/tilt fast steering mirror (FSM) based on a linearized hybrid reluctance actuation topology. The actuation principle is analyzed using a magnetic equivalent circuit model and finite-element method simulations. The proposed design achieves a large range of deg (mechanical/optical) with an optical aperture of 1 × 1.5 inch, delivering higher torque and linearity compared to the state of the art. To maintain compactness, the system uses magnetically coupled axes while achieving a decoupling of over 30 dB. Independent control loops for each yield position bandwidths of 1.06 kHz and 1.13 kHz, enabling a precision below 1.2 mdeg, and Lissajous scanning up to 110 Hz with 4 deg. Overall, the compact FSM demonstrates the highest range-bandwidth product (+22%) with the largest range of hybrid reluctance actuated systems.
{"title":"Compact hybrid reluctance based tip/tilt actuator for large range fast steering mirrors","authors":"Alexander Pechhacker , Tobias Schopf , Ernst Csencsics , Georg Schitter","doi":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precisioneng.2025.09.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a compact tip/tilt fast steering mirror (FSM) based on a linearized hybrid reluctance actuation topology. The actuation principle is analyzed using a magnetic equivalent circuit model and finite-element method simulations. The proposed design achieves a large range of <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> deg (mechanical/optical) with an optical aperture of 1 × 1.5 inch, delivering higher torque and linearity compared to the state of the art. To maintain compactness, the system uses magnetically coupled axes while achieving a decoupling of over 30<!--> <!-->dB. Independent control loops for each yield position bandwidths of 1.06<!--> <!-->kHz and 1.13<!--> <!-->kHz, enabling a precision below 1.2 mdeg, and Lissajous scanning up to 110<!--> <!-->Hz with 4 deg. Overall, the compact FSM demonstrates the highest range-bandwidth product (+22%) with the largest range of hybrid reluctance actuated systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54589,"journal":{"name":"Precision Engineering-Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 317-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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