Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00269-2
Linli Shi, Christina Mastracchio, Ilyas Saytashev, Meijun Ye
The neuromodulatory effects of >250 kHz ultrasound have been well-demonstrated, but the impact of lower-frequency ultrasound, which can transmit better through air and the skull, on the brain is unclear. This study investigates the biological impact of 40 kHz pulsed ultrasound on the brain using calcium imaging and electrophysiology in mice. Our findings reveal burst duration-dependent neural responses in somatosensory and auditory cortices, resembling responses to 12 kHz audible tone, in vivo. In vitro brain slice experiments show no neural responses to 300 kPa 40 kHz ultrasound, implying indirect network effects. Ketamine fully blocks neural responses to ultrasound in both cortices but only partially affects 12 kHz audible tone responses in the somatosensory cortex and has no impact on auditory cortex 12 kHz responses. This suggests that low-frequency ultrasound’s cortical effects rely heavily on NMDA receptors and may involve mechanisms beyond indirect auditory cortex activation. This research uncovers potential low-frequency ultrasound effects and mechanisms in the brain, offering a path for future neuromodulation. Dr Ye and colleagues investigate the biological impact low-frequency ultrasound pulses can have on the cortex of mice. They observe pulse duration dependent neural responses and find that ketamine can block parameter-dependent brain responses at certain frequencies.
{"title":"Low frequency ultrasound elicits broad cortical responses inhibited by ketamine in mice","authors":"Linli Shi, Christina Mastracchio, Ilyas Saytashev, Meijun Ye","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00269-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00269-2","url":null,"abstract":"The neuromodulatory effects of >250 kHz ultrasound have been well-demonstrated, but the impact of lower-frequency ultrasound, which can transmit better through air and the skull, on the brain is unclear. This study investigates the biological impact of 40 kHz pulsed ultrasound on the brain using calcium imaging and electrophysiology in mice. Our findings reveal burst duration-dependent neural responses in somatosensory and auditory cortices, resembling responses to 12 kHz audible tone, in vivo. In vitro brain slice experiments show no neural responses to 300 kPa 40 kHz ultrasound, implying indirect network effects. Ketamine fully blocks neural responses to ultrasound in both cortices but only partially affects 12 kHz audible tone responses in the somatosensory cortex and has no impact on auditory cortex 12 kHz responses. This suggests that low-frequency ultrasound’s cortical effects rely heavily on NMDA receptors and may involve mechanisms beyond indirect auditory cortex activation. This research uncovers potential low-frequency ultrasound effects and mechanisms in the brain, offering a path for future neuromodulation. Dr Ye and colleagues investigate the biological impact low-frequency ultrasound pulses can have on the cortex of mice. They observe pulse duration dependent neural responses and find that ketamine can block parameter-dependent brain responses at certain frequencies.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00269-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-24DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00263-8
Ali Sekmen, Bahadir Bilgin
It is important to understand the mathematical foundations of neural networks and to include robustness in model evaluation. Here, we introduce algorithms based on manifold curvature estimation to assess neural network robustness. These algorithms rely solely on training data and do not require regular or adversarial test data. Initially, a metric is proposed to measure the curvature of discrete data manifolds by introducing weighted angles concept between subspaces. Following this, a robustness measure is introduced that is independent of network architecture or model parameters. Lastly, two additional methods are introduced, utilizing curvature estimation of special manifolds formed by using gradient vectors between output and input network layers, alongside manifold curvature estimation. A comprehensive evaluation is provided on multiple network models using the CIFAR-10 dataset. Manifold geometry-based robustness analysis may lead to the development of not only accurate but also robust neural network models. Bahadir Bilgin and Ali Sekmen build the framework for examining the post-training robustness of the neural network. Their method estimates the data curvature on the output layer and does not require knowledge of the black-box topology.
了解神经网络的数学基础并将鲁棒性纳入模型评估非常重要。在此，我们介绍基于流形曲率估计的算法，用于评估神经网络的鲁棒性。这些算法仅依赖于训练数据，不需要常规或对抗性测试数据。首先，通过引入子空间之间的加权角度概念，提出了一种度量离散数据流形曲率的方法。随后，引入了一种与网络架构或模型参数无关的鲁棒性测量方法。最后，除了流形曲率估算外，还介绍了另外两种方法，即利用输出和输入网络层之间的梯度向量形成的特殊流形的曲率估算。利用 CIFAR-10 数据集对多个网络模型进行了综合评估。基于流形几何的鲁棒性分析不仅能开发出准确的神经网络模型，还能开发出鲁棒性神经网络模型。Bahadir Bilgin 和 Ali Sekmen 建立了检查神经网络训练后鲁棒性的框架。他们的方法可以估计输出层的数据曲率，而且不需要黑盒拓扑知识。
{"title":"Manifold-based approach for neural network robustness analysis","authors":"Ali Sekmen, Bahadir Bilgin","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00263-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00263-8","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to understand the mathematical foundations of neural networks and to include robustness in model evaluation. Here, we introduce algorithms based on manifold curvature estimation to assess neural network robustness. These algorithms rely solely on training data and do not require regular or adversarial test data. Initially, a metric is proposed to measure the curvature of discrete data manifolds by introducing weighted angles concept between subspaces. Following this, a robustness measure is introduced that is independent of network architecture or model parameters. Lastly, two additional methods are introduced, utilizing curvature estimation of special manifolds formed by using gradient vectors between output and input network layers, alongside manifold curvature estimation. A comprehensive evaluation is provided on multiple network models using the CIFAR-10 dataset. Manifold geometry-based robustness analysis may lead to the development of not only accurate but also robust neural network models. Bahadir Bilgin and Ali Sekmen build the framework for examining the post-training robustness of the neural network. Their method estimates the data curvature on the output layer and does not require knowledge of the black-box topology.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00263-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00261-w
Markus Graber, Klaus Hofmann
Solving combinatorial optimization problems is essential in scientific, technological, and engineering applications, but can be very time and energy-consuming using classical algorithms executed on digital processors. Oscillator-based Ising machines offer a promising alternative by exploiting the analog coupling between electrical oscillators to solve such optimization problems more efficiently. Here we present the design and the capabilities of our scalable approach to solve Ising and quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems. This approach includes routable oscillator connections to simplify the time-consuming embedding of the problem into the oscillator network. Our manufactured silicon chip, featuring 1440 oscillators implemented in a 28 nm technology, demonstrates the ability to solve optimization problems in 950 ns while consuming typically 319 μW per node. A frequency, phase, and delay calibration ensures robustness against manufacturing variations. The system is evaluated with multiple sets of benchmark problems to analyze the sensitivity for parameters such as the coupling strength or frequency. Markus Graber and Klaus Hofmann present a coupled oscillator network, fabricated on a 4.6 mm2 silicon chip with 1440 oscillators and routable connections, designed to solve Ising and other optimization problems efficiently. Their circuit offers a scalable and practical approach for complex optimization problems.
{"title":"An integrated coupled oscillator network to solve optimization problems","authors":"Markus Graber, Klaus Hofmann","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00261-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00261-w","url":null,"abstract":"Solving combinatorial optimization problems is essential in scientific, technological, and engineering applications, but can be very time and energy-consuming using classical algorithms executed on digital processors. Oscillator-based Ising machines offer a promising alternative by exploiting the analog coupling between electrical oscillators to solve such optimization problems more efficiently. Here we present the design and the capabilities of our scalable approach to solve Ising and quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems. This approach includes routable oscillator connections to simplify the time-consuming embedding of the problem into the oscillator network. Our manufactured silicon chip, featuring 1440 oscillators implemented in a 28 nm technology, demonstrates the ability to solve optimization problems in 950 ns while consuming typically 319 μW per node. A frequency, phase, and delay calibration ensures robustness against manufacturing variations. The system is evaluated with multiple sets of benchmark problems to analyze the sensitivity for parameters such as the coupling strength or frequency. Markus Graber and Klaus Hofmann present a coupled oscillator network, fabricated on a 4.6 mm2 silicon chip with 1440 oscillators and routable connections, designed to solve Ising and other optimization problems efficiently. Their circuit offers a scalable and practical approach for complex optimization problems.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00261-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00251-y
Anna Maria Moran, Vi T. Vo, Kevin J. McDonald, Pranav Sultania, Eva Langenbrunner, Jun Hong Vince Chong, Amartya Naik, Lorenzo Kinnicutt, Jingshuo Li, Tommaso Ranzani
To achieve coordinated functions, fluidic soft robots typically rely on multiple input lines for the independent inflation and deflation of each actuator. Fluidic actuators are controlled by rigid electronic pneumatic valves, restricting the mobility and compliance of the soft robot. Recent developments in soft valve designs have shown the potential to achieve a more integrated robotic system, but are limited by high energy consumption and slow response time. In this work, we present an electropermanent magnet (EPM) valve for electronic control of pneumatic soft actuators that is activated through microsecond electronic pulses. The valve incorporates a thin channel made from thermoplastic films. The proposed valve (3 × 3 × 0.8 cm, 2.9 g) can block pressure up to 146 kPa and negative pressures up to –100 kPa with a response time of less than 1 s. Using the EPM valves, we demonstrate the ability to switch between multiple operation sequences in real time through the control of a six-DoF robot capable of grasping and hopping with a single pressure input. Our proposed onboard control strategy simplifies the operation of multi-pressure systems, enabling the development of dynamically programmable soft fluid-driven robots that are versatile in responding to different tasks. Ranzani and colleagues use electropermanent magnets to build a valve that simplifies the controls of pneumatic soft robots. Their design enables the selective activation of the robot’s fluidic channels to perform grasping and locomotion tasks.
{"title":"An electropermanent magnet valve for the onboard control of multi-degree of freedom pneumatic soft robots","authors":"Anna Maria Moran, Vi T. Vo, Kevin J. McDonald, Pranav Sultania, Eva Langenbrunner, Jun Hong Vince Chong, Amartya Naik, Lorenzo Kinnicutt, Jingshuo Li, Tommaso Ranzani","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00251-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00251-y","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve coordinated functions, fluidic soft robots typically rely on multiple input lines for the independent inflation and deflation of each actuator. Fluidic actuators are controlled by rigid electronic pneumatic valves, restricting the mobility and compliance of the soft robot. Recent developments in soft valve designs have shown the potential to achieve a more integrated robotic system, but are limited by high energy consumption and slow response time. In this work, we present an electropermanent magnet (EPM) valve for electronic control of pneumatic soft actuators that is activated through microsecond electronic pulses. The valve incorporates a thin channel made from thermoplastic films. The proposed valve (3 × 3 × 0.8 cm, 2.9 g) can block pressure up to 146 kPa and negative pressures up to –100 kPa with a response time of less than 1 s. Using the EPM valves, we demonstrate the ability to switch between multiple operation sequences in real time through the control of a six-DoF robot capable of grasping and hopping with a single pressure input. Our proposed onboard control strategy simplifies the operation of multi-pressure systems, enabling the development of dynamically programmable soft fluid-driven robots that are versatile in responding to different tasks. Ranzani and colleagues use electropermanent magnets to build a valve that simplifies the controls of pneumatic soft robots. Their design enables the selective activation of the robot’s fluidic channels to perform grasping and locomotion tasks.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00251-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00260-x
Katherine S. Riley, Mark H. Jhon, Hortense Le Ferrand, Dan Wang, Andres F. Arrieta
Bistability enables adaptive designs with tunable deflections for applications including morphing wings, robotic grippers, and consumer products. Composite laminates may be designed to exhibit bistability due to pre-strains that develop during the processing of the polymer matrix, enabling fast reconfiguration between two stable shapes. Unfortunately, designing bistable laminates is challenging because of their highly nonlinear behavior. Here, we propose the Switching Tunneling Method to address this challenge by alternating between gradient-based local minimization and tunneling search phases, with the enhancement of objective expression switching to improve numerical conditioning. Results demonstrate high effectiveness compared to existing optimizers; the Switching Tunneling Method achieves a 99% success rate in finding all energy minima across general composite layups. Additionally, our method facilitates the inverse design of variable pre-strain fields, enabling bioinspired, positive Gaussian curvatures, which are not possible with conventional pre-strain laminates. Validations through both finite element analysis and 3D printed samples confirm the optimal designs. Dr Wang, Dr Arrieta, and colleagues report a switching tunneling method for the inverse design of bistable composite laminates. Their optimization methodology addresses the bistable composites’ highly nonlinear nature and successfully identifies the variable pre-strain fields to match the target stable shapes.
{"title":"Inverse design of bistable composite laminates with switching tunneling method for global optimization","authors":"Katherine S. Riley, Mark H. Jhon, Hortense Le Ferrand, Dan Wang, Andres F. Arrieta","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00260-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00260-x","url":null,"abstract":"Bistability enables adaptive designs with tunable deflections for applications including morphing wings, robotic grippers, and consumer products. Composite laminates may be designed to exhibit bistability due to pre-strains that develop during the processing of the polymer matrix, enabling fast reconfiguration between two stable shapes. Unfortunately, designing bistable laminates is challenging because of their highly nonlinear behavior. Here, we propose the Switching Tunneling Method to address this challenge by alternating between gradient-based local minimization and tunneling search phases, with the enhancement of objective expression switching to improve numerical conditioning. Results demonstrate high effectiveness compared to existing optimizers; the Switching Tunneling Method achieves a 99% success rate in finding all energy minima across general composite layups. Additionally, our method facilitates the inverse design of variable pre-strain fields, enabling bioinspired, positive Gaussian curvatures, which are not possible with conventional pre-strain laminates. Validations through both finite element analysis and 3D printed samples confirm the optimal designs. Dr Wang, Dr Arrieta, and colleagues report a switching tunneling method for the inverse design of bistable composite laminates. Their optimization methodology addresses the bistable composites’ highly nonlinear nature and successfully identifies the variable pre-strain fields to match the target stable shapes.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00260-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00267-4
Raphaell Moreira, Ehsan B. Esfahani, Fatemeh A. Zeidabadi, Pani Rostami, Martin Thuo, Madjid Mohseni, Earl J. Foster
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that resist degradation, posing a significant environmental and health risk. Current methods for removing PFAS from water are often complex and costly. Here we report a simple, cost-effective method to synthesize an iron oxide/graphenic carbon (Fe/g-C) hybrid photocatalyst for PFAS degradation. This photocatalyst efficiently degrades perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a common type of PFAS, achieving over 85% removal within 3 hours under ultraviolet light. The catalyst also maintains high degradation rates over extended periods, demonstrating its stability and potential for long-term use. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for addressing PFAS contamination in water, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment. Moreira et al. developed an iron oxide/graphenic carbon hybrid photocatalyst for the decomposition of PFAS contaminants, under UV light. Their method offers a cheap and efficient alternative that achieves > 85% efficiency for PFOA decomposition under UV light.
{"title":"Hybrid graphenic and iron oxide photocatalysts for the decomposition of synthetic chemicals","authors":"Raphaell Moreira, Ehsan B. Esfahani, Fatemeh A. Zeidabadi, Pani Rostami, Martin Thuo, Madjid Mohseni, Earl J. Foster","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00267-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00267-4","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that resist degradation, posing a significant environmental and health risk. Current methods for removing PFAS from water are often complex and costly. Here we report a simple, cost-effective method to synthesize an iron oxide/graphenic carbon (Fe/g-C) hybrid photocatalyst for PFAS degradation. This photocatalyst efficiently degrades perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a common type of PFAS, achieving over 85% removal within 3 hours under ultraviolet light. The catalyst also maintains high degradation rates over extended periods, demonstrating its stability and potential for long-term use. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for addressing PFAS contamination in water, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment. Moreira et al. developed an iron oxide/graphenic carbon hybrid photocatalyst for the decomposition of PFAS contaminants, under UV light. Their method offers a cheap and efficient alternative that achieves > 85% efficiency for PFOA decomposition under UV light.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00267-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00252-x
Tommaso Bendinelli, Luca Biggio, Daniel Nyfeler, Abhigyan Ghosh, Peter Tollan, Moritz Alexander Kirschmann, Olga Fink
The value of luxury goods, particularly investment-grade gemstones, is influenced by their origin and authenticity, often resulting in differences worth millions of dollars. Traditional methods for determining gemstone origin and detecting treatments involve subjective visual inspections and a range of advanced analytical techniques. However, these approaches can be time-consuming, prone to inconsistencies, and lack automation. Here, we propose GEMTELLIGENCE, a novel deep learning approach enabling streamlined and consistent origin determination of gemstone origin and detection of treatments. GEMTELLIGENCE leverages convolutional and attention-based neural networks that combine the multi-modal heterogeneous data collected from multiple instruments. The algorithm attains predictive performance comparable to expensive laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry analysis and expert visual examination, while using input data from relatively inexpensive analytical methods. Our methodology represents an advancement in gemstone analysis, greatly enhancing automation and robustness throughout the analytical process pipeline. Tommaso Bendinelli and colleagues developed a deep learning method that leverages data from different scanning and spectroscopy modalities to improve gemstone origin determination and treatment detection.
{"title":"GEMTELLIGENCE: Accelerating gemstone classification with deep learning","authors":"Tommaso Bendinelli, Luca Biggio, Daniel Nyfeler, Abhigyan Ghosh, Peter Tollan, Moritz Alexander Kirschmann, Olga Fink","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00252-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00252-x","url":null,"abstract":"The value of luxury goods, particularly investment-grade gemstones, is influenced by their origin and authenticity, often resulting in differences worth millions of dollars. Traditional methods for determining gemstone origin and detecting treatments involve subjective visual inspections and a range of advanced analytical techniques. However, these approaches can be time-consuming, prone to inconsistencies, and lack automation. Here, we propose GEMTELLIGENCE, a novel deep learning approach enabling streamlined and consistent origin determination of gemstone origin and detection of treatments. GEMTELLIGENCE leverages convolutional and attention-based neural networks that combine the multi-modal heterogeneous data collected from multiple instruments. The algorithm attains predictive performance comparable to expensive laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry analysis and expert visual examination, while using input data from relatively inexpensive analytical methods. Our methodology represents an advancement in gemstone analysis, greatly enhancing automation and robustness throughout the analytical process pipeline. Tommaso Bendinelli and colleagues developed a deep learning method that leverages data from different scanning and spectroscopy modalities to improve gemstone origin determination and treatment detection.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00252-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00256-7
Srabanti Chowdhury, Kelly Woo, Nish Sinha
{"title":"The evolving experience of academic women in engineering","authors":"Srabanti Chowdhury, Kelly Woo, Nish Sinha","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00256-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00256-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00256-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meeting the power demand from the transmission system operator is an important objective for power dispatch, which introduces a power supply-demand equality constraint coupling all the wind turbines among the wind farm into the optimization problem. For a large-scale wind farm, processing the global equality constraint in a centralized or distributed framework is time-consuming and computationally complex. Here we considered the fast and localized execution issue of the power optimal dispatch problems. A completely decentralized dynamic system was designed to optimize power flow while satisfying the electricity supply constraints. A voltage optimization problem with the global power constraints was decoupled into local wind turbine controllers based on the node-dependence nature, which is an inherent characteristic of wind farms and was fitted to the power sensitivity matrix in this paper. The local optimization problem was solved iteratively using the gradient projection method, and the system converged linearly to the equilibrium point. The simulations for the case studies performed in Simulink demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a near-global optimal performance using only local measurements. Sheng Huang, Xiaohui Huang and colleagues propose a methodology for the optimal power dispatch from the wind farms. Their method relies on local data only and allows iterative convergence.
{"title":"Decentralized dynamic system for optimal power dispatch in wind farms based on node-dependence nature","authors":"Sheng Huang, Hanzhi Peng, Xiaohui Huang, Juan Wei, Chao Wei, Qiuwei Wu, Wei Zhang, Yinpeng Qu","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00258-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00258-5","url":null,"abstract":"Meeting the power demand from the transmission system operator is an important objective for power dispatch, which introduces a power supply-demand equality constraint coupling all the wind turbines among the wind farm into the optimization problem. For a large-scale wind farm, processing the global equality constraint in a centralized or distributed framework is time-consuming and computationally complex. Here we considered the fast and localized execution issue of the power optimal dispatch problems. A completely decentralized dynamic system was designed to optimize power flow while satisfying the electricity supply constraints. A voltage optimization problem with the global power constraints was decoupled into local wind turbine controllers based on the node-dependence nature, which is an inherent characteristic of wind farms and was fitted to the power sensitivity matrix in this paper. The local optimization problem was solved iteratively using the gradient projection method, and the system converged linearly to the equilibrium point. The simulations for the case studies performed in Simulink demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a near-global optimal performance using only local measurements. Sheng Huang, Xiaohui Huang and colleagues propose a methodology for the optimal power dispatch from the wind farms. Their method relies on local data only and allows iterative convergence.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00258-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1038/s44172-024-00262-9
Han Yunan, Cuilian Jiang, Shuangqing Xiong, Zhaohan Liu
Electrical cables, as the industry’s blood vessels and nervous system, require evolving distributed filtering for complex electromagnetic environment adaptability. This article introduces a filter cable design featuring an insulated cylinder coated with a defected conductor transmission structure (DCTS). The DCTS, with a well-designed etched pattern, functions as a boundary condition for transmitting specific frequency electromagnetic waves, similar to a lumped filter circuit. To validate this method, a low-pass filter cable is proposed with six-slot-ring defected structures, utilizing polytetrafluoroethylene as the inner dielectric, encased within a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB)-manufactured DCTS. The proposed cable, with precise dimensions (2.4 mm diameter, 340 mm length), demonstrates minimal insertion loss ( < 0.38 dB below 6 GHz) in the passband and rejection exceeding 23 dB at 7.7-25 GHz in the stopband. Further enhancements achieve attenuation exceeding 50 dB in the stopband (7.1 GHz to 20 GHz). Compared to traditional cables, this filter cable addresses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) by cutting off the interference coupling path. Yunan Han et al. present a filter cable design which can apply filtering throughout the cable’s length. The defected conductor transmission structures serve as a boundary condition for transmitted waves to achieve similar performance to a lumped filter circuit.
{"title":"Filter cable design with defected conductor transmission structures","authors":"Han Yunan, Cuilian Jiang, Shuangqing Xiong, Zhaohan Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44172-024-00262-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44172-024-00262-9","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical cables, as the industry’s blood vessels and nervous system, require evolving distributed filtering for complex electromagnetic environment adaptability. This article introduces a filter cable design featuring an insulated cylinder coated with a defected conductor transmission structure (DCTS). The DCTS, with a well-designed etched pattern, functions as a boundary condition for transmitting specific frequency electromagnetic waves, similar to a lumped filter circuit. To validate this method, a low-pass filter cable is proposed with six-slot-ring defected structures, utilizing polytetrafluoroethylene as the inner dielectric, encased within a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB)-manufactured DCTS. The proposed cable, with precise dimensions (2.4 mm diameter, 340 mm length), demonstrates minimal insertion loss ( < 0.38 dB below 6 GHz) in the passband and rejection exceeding 23 dB at 7.7-25 GHz in the stopband. Further enhancements achieve attenuation exceeding 50 dB in the stopband (7.1 GHz to 20 GHz). Compared to traditional cables, this filter cable addresses electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) by cutting off the interference coupling path. Yunan Han et al. present a filter cable design which can apply filtering throughout the cable’s length. The defected conductor transmission structures serve as a boundary condition for transmitted waves to achieve similar performance to a lumped filter circuit.","PeriodicalId":72644,"journal":{"name":"Communications engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44172-024-00262-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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