Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6642
J. Gawron
Influence of environment, temperature and time of the thermal modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) on the cellulose weight average degree of polymerization . Using the size-exclusion chromatography (HPLC SEC) method, the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization was determined. The polymer was isolated by the Kürschner-Hoffer method from ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.). The wood was thermally modified in different environments (nitrogen, steam and air) at 190°C and modification times of 2, 6 and 10 hours. Depending on the anaerobic atmosphere used, the highest values of the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization were obtained for the nitrogen environment, followed by steam and air. The effect of modification time on the weight average degree of polymerization was observed. The highest values were obtained for wood modified at 2 hours, then 6 and 10 hours of modification. The native wood showed the highest degree of polymerization. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that for the material studied the oxidation and degradation reactions occurring depend on the environment and time for a given temperature of wood modification.
{"title":"Influence of environment, temperature and time of the thermal modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) on the cellulose weight average degree of polymerization","authors":"J. Gawron","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6642","url":null,"abstract":"Influence of environment, temperature and time of the thermal modification of ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.) on the cellulose weight average degree of polymerization . Using the size-exclusion chromatography (HPLC SEC) method, the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization was determined. The polymer was isolated by the Kürschner-Hoffer method from ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior L.). The wood was thermally modified in different environments (nitrogen, steam and air) at 190°C and modification times of 2, 6 and 10 hours. Depending on the anaerobic atmosphere used, the highest values of the weight average degree of cellulose polymerization were obtained for the nitrogen environment, followed by steam and air. The effect of modification time on the weight average degree of polymerization was observed. The highest values were obtained for wood modified at 2 hours, then 6 and 10 hours of modification. The native wood showed the highest degree of polymerization. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that for the material studied the oxidation and degradation reactions occurring depend on the environment and time for a given temperature of wood modification.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77267977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6370
A. Różańska
Classics of Polish Design. Post-War Polish Furniture Design the paper presents a review of Polish post-war design in the times of Polish People's Republic: in the 1950s and 1960s. It is the first paper in the series of "Classical Polish Design", presenting the results of research on Polish furniture and the icons of Polish design, carried out within the framework of dissertations in the Department of Wood Technology in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW). The paper presents two main trends in Polish post-war design, together with their background. We analysed the development of industrial design and of mass production dedicated for mass users, as well as the education system for industrial designers. We present the concept of furniture for small living spaces and the impact of global trends, availability of new materials and technological solutions on Polish furniture design.
{"title":"Classics of Polish Design. Post-War Polish Furniture Design.","authors":"A. Różańska","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6370","url":null,"abstract":"Classics of Polish Design. Post-War Polish Furniture Design the paper presents a review of Polish post-war design in the times of Polish People's Republic: in the 1950s and 1960s. It is the first paper in the series of \"Classical Polish Design\", presenting the results of research on Polish furniture and the icons of Polish design, carried out within the framework of dissertations in the Department of Wood Technology in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW). The paper presents two main trends in Polish post-war design, together with their background. We analysed the development of industrial design and of mass production dedicated for mass users, as well as the education system for industrial designers. We present the concept of furniture for small living spaces and the impact of global trends, availability of new materials and technological solutions on Polish furniture design.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72822273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6332
M. Niedbała
Selected techniques of soil phytoremediation with the use of hyperaccumulative plants and trees are intended to outline the possibilities of using various hyperaccumulative plants, including trees, in the phytoremediation process of contaminated soil matrix. The potential of plants that belong to the group of hyperaccumulators is huge, especially in the case of pollution of large areas of agricultural, forest and urban soil. They can be used in the process of cleaning contaminated, industrially degraded areas and supplement the physical and physicochemical methods of remediation of contaminated areas.
{"title":"Selected techniques of soil contaminated phytoremediation with the use of hyperaccumulative plants and trees","authors":"M. Niedbała","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6332","url":null,"abstract":"Selected techniques of soil phytoremediation with the use of hyperaccumulative plants and trees are intended to outline the possibilities of using various hyperaccumulative plants, including trees, in the phytoremediation process of contaminated soil matrix. The potential of plants that belong to the group of hyperaccumulators is huge, especially in the case of pollution of large areas of agricultural, forest and urban soil. They can be used in the process of cleaning contaminated, industrially degraded areas and supplement the physical and physicochemical methods of remediation of contaminated areas.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87965837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5274
Wojciech Turbański, M. Sydor, Łukasz Matwiej, K. Wiaderek
Moisture swelling and shrinkage of pine wood and susceptibility to robotic assembly of furniture elements. Background and Objectives. Processing technology, storage conditions and wood properties affect the actual dimensions of wooden elements. It was decided to experimentally check how the dimensions of samples, made of the selected wood species, will change under the influence of different storage conditions, typical for industrial environments. And especially how these changes will affect the susceptibility to assembly of upholstery frame rails that form a box joint. Materials and Methods. The tests were performed on three series of rails made of Scotch pine wood. Each tested series consisted of 12 elements. First, the five dimensions forming the box joint were measured. Then, each series was exposed to different conditions: in the industrial hall (air of RH = 29-48% and t = 16-24°C), in the compressor room (RH = 24-51%, t = 13-27°C) and outside in a covered shed (RH = 20-50%, t = 3-23°C). After 35 days the dimensions were measured again. Results. It was found that the average moisture content decreased and the dimensional deviations increased in the samples stored in the production hall and in the compressor room. In samples stored outside, the mean moisture content did not change, but the dimensional deviations increased significantly. Discussion. The storage of wooden elements increases the deviations from assigned dimensions. Exposure to repeated changes in moisture content and ambient temperature, even without changing the final moisture content of the elements, results in greater dimensional changes than storage under more stabilized conditions that reduce wood moisture content. Conclusions. The shrinkage and swelling of wood due to changes in its moisture content are not fully reversible, therefore, apart from maintaining the appropriate temperature and air humidity during storage, it is important to keep these conditions unchanged.
松木的潮气膨胀和收缩以及对家具元件机器人装配的敏感性。背景和目标。加工工艺、储存条件和木材性能影响木件的实际尺寸。他们决定通过实验来检查由所选木材制成的样品的尺寸在不同的储存条件(典型的工业环境)的影响下是如何变化的。特别是这些变化将如何影响易组装的内饰框架轨道，形成一个盒子接头。材料与方法。测试是在苏格兰松木制成的三个系列轨道上进行的。每个测试系列由12个元素组成。首先，测量了箱体接头的5个尺寸;然后，将每个系列暴露在不同的条件下:在工业大厅(RH = 29-48%， t = 16-24℃)，在压缩室内(RH = 24-51%， t = 13-27℃)和室外(RH = 20-50%， t = 3-23℃)。35天后，再次测量这些尺寸。结果。结果发现，在生产车间和压缩机房存放的样品，其平均含水率降低，尺寸偏差增大。在室外贮存时，样品的平均含水率没有变化，但尺寸偏差明显增加。讨论。木质元素的储存增加了与指定尺寸的偏差。暴露于水分含量和环境温度的反复变化中，即使没有改变元素的最终水分含量，也会导致比在更稳定的条件下储存更大的尺寸变化，从而降低木材的水分含量。结论。木材的收缩和膨胀由于其水分含量的变化是不完全可逆的，因此，除了在储存期间保持适当的温度和空气湿度外，重要的是保持这些条件不变。
{"title":"Moisture swelling and shrinkage of pine wood versus susceptibility to robotic assembly of furniture elements","authors":"Wojciech Turbański, M. Sydor, Łukasz Matwiej, K. Wiaderek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5274","url":null,"abstract":"Moisture swelling and shrinkage of pine wood and susceptibility to robotic assembly of furniture elements. Background and Objectives. Processing technology, storage conditions and wood properties affect the actual dimensions of wooden elements. It was decided to experimentally check how the dimensions of samples, made of the selected wood species, will change under the influence of different storage conditions, typical for industrial environments. And especially how these changes will affect the susceptibility to assembly of upholstery frame rails that form a box joint. Materials and Methods. The tests were performed on three series of rails made of Scotch pine wood. Each tested series consisted of 12 elements. First, the five dimensions forming the box joint were measured. Then, each series was exposed to different conditions: in the industrial hall (air of RH = 29-48% and t = 16-24°C), in the compressor room (RH = 24-51%, t = 13-27°C) and outside in a covered shed (RH = 20-50%, t = 3-23°C). After 35 days the dimensions were measured again. Results. It was found that the average moisture content decreased and the dimensional deviations increased in the samples stored in the production hall and in the compressor room. In samples stored outside, the mean moisture content did not change, but the dimensional deviations increased significantly. Discussion. The storage of wooden elements increases the deviations from assigned dimensions. Exposure to repeated changes in moisture content and ambient temperature, even without changing the final moisture content of the elements, results in greater dimensional changes than storage under more stabilized conditions that reduce wood moisture content. Conclusions. The shrinkage and swelling of wood due to changes in its moisture content are not fully reversible, therefore, apart from maintaining the appropriate temperature and air humidity during storage, it is important to keep these conditions unchanged.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84903378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5273
Stella Rzyska-Pruchnik, G. Kowaluk
The influence of particleboard resination on their internal bond strength. The aim of the project was to investigate the main mechanical and physical properties of particleboards, especially focused on internal bond, in terms of their resination. For the tests, the particleboards have been produced in laboratory conditions with the following glue content: 7, 10, 15, 30 and 50%. Particular attention was paid for examining the mechanical property – tensile strength perpendicular to surfaces (Internal Bond – IB). In addition, there were investigated modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) density and density profile. In the light of above mentioned tests, there is no positive effect of improvement of tested parameters when raise resination over 30% when producing particleboards. With the resination increase from 7 to 50% a significant change (densification) of panels’ structure, as well as differences between face and core layers density have been found.
{"title":"The influence of particleboard resination on their internal bond strength","authors":"Stella Rzyska-Pruchnik, G. Kowaluk","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5273","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of particleboard resination on their internal bond strength. The aim of the project was to investigate the main mechanical and physical properties of particleboards, especially focused on internal bond, in terms of their resination. For the tests, the particleboards have been produced in laboratory conditions with the following glue content: 7, 10, 15, 30 and 50%. Particular attention was paid for examining the mechanical property – tensile strength perpendicular to surfaces (Internal Bond – IB). In addition, there were investigated modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) density and density profile. In the light of above mentioned tests, there is no positive effect of improvement of tested parameters when raise resination over 30% when producing particleboards. With the resination increase from 7 to 50% a significant change (densification) of panels’ structure, as well as differences between face and core layers density have been found.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83406374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7302
E. Dobrowolska, Joanna Macińska
Impact of annual growth pattern on swelling of selected wood species. Unit swelling was investigated in radial and tangential directions as well as in the intermediate directions for wood of density ranging from 300÷500 kg/m3 and 500÷700 kg/m3 and above 700 kg/m3. Species selected included pine – PNSY (Pinus sylvestris L.), oak – QCXE (Quercus. robur L.) and bangkirai – SHBL (Shorea spp.), teak – TEGR (Tectona grandis), merbau – INXX (Intsia bijuga), jatoba – HYCB (Hymenaea courbaril L). For all the studied wood species, the lowest swelling in the radial direction (0°) was found after both 2 h and 24 h of wetting in water, which increased with the angle of inclination of the annual growth and, after reaching 90°, corresponded to the maximum swelling in the tangential direction. For pine (PNSY) sapwood and heartwood and for oak (QCXE), a high swelling unit was obtained after a wetting time of 2 h, with little change after 24 h of wetting. Swelling increments for the other wood species were lower, ranging from 1% to over 2% after a wetting time of 2 h, showing slight differences between radial and tangential directions. For these wood species, after 24 h of wetting the swelling was higher and varied from more than 2% to nearly 5% in the radial direction and from more than 4% to 10% in the tangential direction. The study showed that, for high-density wood species, it becomes necessary to extend the wetting time in order to determine the actual maximum swelling per unit. The swelling anisotropy coefficients ε of the studied wood species corresponded to the values found in the literature. Higher coefficients were found for oak (QCXE) and teak (TEGR), bangkirai (SHBL) and jatoba (INXX), and were related to the characteristic features of the density structure and anatomical structure. The unit swelling values calculated with the Krzysik (1974) and Vorreiter (1949) equations may be used to assess changes in the dimensions of elements in intermediate directions. The discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical values are smaller for the unit swelling values calculated with the Vorreiter (1949) equation compared to the Krzysik (1974) equation.
{"title":"Impact of annual growth pattern on swelling of selected wood species","authors":"E. Dobrowolska, Joanna Macińska","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.7302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7302","url":null,"abstract":"Impact of annual growth pattern on swelling of selected wood species. Unit swelling was investigated in radial and tangential directions as well as in the intermediate directions for wood of density ranging from 300÷500 kg/m3 and 500÷700 kg/m3 and above 700 kg/m3. Species selected included pine – PNSY (Pinus sylvestris L.), oak – QCXE (Quercus. robur L.) and bangkirai – SHBL (Shorea spp.), teak – TEGR (Tectona grandis), merbau – INXX (Intsia bijuga), jatoba – HYCB (Hymenaea courbaril L). For all the studied wood species, the lowest swelling in the radial direction (0°) was found after both 2 h and 24 h of wetting in water, which increased with the angle of inclination of the annual growth and, after reaching 90°, corresponded to the maximum swelling in the tangential direction. For pine (PNSY) sapwood and heartwood and for oak (QCXE), a high swelling unit was obtained after a wetting time of 2 h, with little change after 24 h of wetting. Swelling increments for the other wood species were lower, ranging from 1% to over 2% after a wetting time of 2 h, showing slight differences between radial and tangential directions. For these wood species, after 24 h of wetting the swelling was higher and varied from more than 2% to nearly 5% in the radial direction and from more than 4% to 10% in the tangential direction. The study showed that, for high-density wood species, it becomes necessary to extend the wetting time in order to determine the actual maximum swelling per unit. The swelling anisotropy coefficients ε of the studied wood species corresponded to the values found in the literature. Higher coefficients were found for oak (QCXE) and teak (TEGR), bangkirai (SHBL) and jatoba (INXX), and were related to the characteristic features of the density structure and anatomical structure. The unit swelling values calculated with the Krzysik (1974) and Vorreiter (1949) equations may be used to assess changes in the dimensions of elements in intermediate directions. The discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical values are smaller for the unit swelling values calculated with the Vorreiter (1949) equation compared to the Krzysik (1974) equation.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85523192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5133
E. Dobrowolska, M. Niedbała, Daniel Tabaczyński
Testing of the fatigue strength along wood fibres at different moisture contents. The paper determines the effect of wood moisture content on the fatigue strength in compression along fibres. The method of determining the maximum stress at the proportional limit was used for the measurements. Fatigue strength was investigated for three wood species: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), bearded birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), with two moisture contents: close to the absolutely dry state and above the fibre saturation point. The ratio of fatigue strength to short term strength depends on moisture content and is similar for birch (70.3% in the dry state and 72.1% in the wet state), for oak (67.4% and 69.5% in both states) and for spruce (66.6% in the dry state and 68.1% in the wet state). The moisture content of the wood clearly influences the fatigue strength of the wood. On average, the fatigue strength of wood with moisture contents above the fibre saturation point constitutes about 0.20 of the fatigue strength of wood with moisture contents close to 0%. This tendency was found regardless of the tested species. The simplified method for testing fatigue strength at the limit of proportionality has shown its limited usefulness, requiring further analysis and comparison with other methods in order to be thoroughly tested and possibly improved.
{"title":"Testing of the fatigue strength along wood fibres at different moisture contents","authors":"E. Dobrowolska, M. Niedbała, Daniel Tabaczyński","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5133","url":null,"abstract":"Testing of the fatigue strength along wood fibres at different moisture contents. The paper determines the effect of wood moisture content on the fatigue strength in compression along fibres. The method of determining the maximum stress at the proportional limit was used for the measurements. Fatigue strength was investigated for three wood species: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), bearded birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), with two moisture contents: close to the absolutely dry state and above the fibre saturation point. The ratio of fatigue strength to short term strength depends on moisture content and is similar for birch (70.3% in the dry state and 72.1% in the wet state), for oak (67.4% and 69.5% in both states) and for spruce (66.6% in the dry state and 68.1% in the wet state). The moisture content of the wood clearly influences the fatigue strength of the wood. On average, the fatigue strength of wood with moisture contents above the fibre saturation point constitutes about 0.20 of the fatigue strength of wood with moisture contents close to 0%. This tendency was found regardless of the tested species. The simplified method for testing fatigue strength at the limit of proportionality has shown its limited usefulness, requiring further analysis and comparison with other methods in order to be thoroughly tested and possibly improved.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81291504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.5025
J. Biernacka
The review of the financial strategies of Polish wood-industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The paper focuses on the analysis of the financing strategies of wood industry enterprises listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2018 - 2020. This paper examines three main values characterising company's financing strategy: equity capital share in total capital, equity capital share in fixed assets and long-term debt share in total debt. The data for calculations was taken from publicly available quarterly financial statements of analysed entities from 1st quarter of 2018 to 3rd quarter of 2020. The analysis showed that moderate financing strategy was used by Biofactory and KLON companies and an aggressive strategy was used by Standrew. KPPD financing strategy was not possible to clearly define due to the high volatility of values of examined ratios and depend on the considered period. The highest variability in the structure of foreign capital was observed in KLON - in this company the highest level of long-term debt was observed (above 70% of total debt).
{"title":"The review of the financial strategies of Polish wood-industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange","authors":"J. Biernacka","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.5025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5025","url":null,"abstract":"The review of the financial strategies of Polish wood-industry companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The paper focuses on the analysis of the financing strategies of wood industry enterprises listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2018 - 2020. This paper examines three main values characterising company's financing strategy: equity capital share in total capital, equity capital share in fixed assets and long-term debt share in total debt. The data for calculations was taken from publicly available quarterly financial statements of analysed entities from 1st quarter of 2018 to 3rd quarter of 2020. The analysis showed that moderate financing strategy was used by Biofactory and KLON companies and an aggressive strategy was used by Standrew. KPPD financing strategy was not possible to clearly define due to the high volatility of values of examined ratios and depend on the considered period. The highest variability in the structure of foreign capital was observed in KLON - in this company the highest level of long-term debt was observed (above 70% of total debt).\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83834938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6629
M. Babicka, M. Woźniak, K. Szentner, S. Borysiak, K. Dwiecki, I. Ratajczak
The effect of the time process of enzymatic hydrolysis on nanocellulose properties - the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the properties of obtained nanocellulose. Two cellulose materials were tested as a raw material for nanocellulose production in the experiment: Avicel and Whatman. The cellulolytic enzyme obtained from the fungus Trichoderma reesei was used to carry out the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on cellulose using the reaction times of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours. In order to characterize the obtained materials, the following analyses were used: infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering. The recorded results showed that cellulose after enzymatic hydrolysis showed similar parameters (particle size, XRD patterns and degree of crystallinity) after all the applied reaction times.
{"title":"The effect of the time process of enzymatic hydrolysis on nanocellulose properties","authors":"M. Babicka, M. Woźniak, K. Szentner, S. Borysiak, K. Dwiecki, I. Ratajczak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.6629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6629","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the time process of enzymatic hydrolysis on nanocellulose properties - the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the properties of obtained nanocellulose. Two cellulose materials were tested as a raw material for nanocellulose production in the experiment: Avicel and Whatman. The cellulolytic enzyme obtained from the fungus Trichoderma reesei was used to carry out the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on cellulose using the reaction times of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 hours. In order to characterize the obtained materials, the following analyses were used: infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering. The recorded results showed that cellulose after enzymatic hydrolysis showed similar parameters (particle size, XRD patterns and degree of crystallinity) after all the applied reaction times.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":8020,"journal":{"name":"Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6635
G. Wieloch
Bent chairs as poster inspiration. In 2020, an exhibition of posters based on seating equipment was presented at the National Museum in Poznań. The exhibition referred to the chair and the metamorphosis it underwent, that apart from the function of utility furniture, it became a part of art, Equipment basically used for sitting - to which we are used to everyday practice of its use, it is an indispensable element of the interior design of apartments, offices, waiting rooms, schools, stadiums, health clinics, shopping malls, cinemas, theatres and other public places. The posters on display showed chairs with a structure based on bent beech elements. Some of them accurately represented the types of bent chairs currently in production. A number of other chairs had bent elements in their design, e.g. backrests, legs or armrests, allowing for economical serial production of elements. The exhibition included works advertising films, theatre and opera performances, exhibition and party posters. They are mostly works by Polish designers.
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