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Infant mental health as we enter the third millennium: Can we prevent aggression? 进入第三个千年的婴儿心理健康:我们能防止侵略吗?
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10057
Y. Gauthier
Au sortir d'un siecle marque de violences extremes, l'auteur tente de reflechir sur les origines de la violence et cite plusieurs auteurs recents qui, dans leur travail avec des meurtriers, les ont entendus frequemment parler d'une enfance toute marquee par l'abus et la violence. La recherche sur les premieres manifestations de violence montre que l'agression physique presente des l'âge de cinq ans est le meilleur predicteur de l'agression physique a l'adolescence, mais aussi qu'elle est presente bien avant l'âge de cinq ans, et peut etre controlee tot. La pauvrete est un facteur important de violence, mais en association avec les caracteristiques familiales. La recherche a l'interieur de la theorie de l'attachement nous apprend que l'attachement insecure, specifiquement le pattem desorganise-desoriente (D), est etroitement relie a l'apparition de comportements agressifs a cinq ans et a sept ans, et que le developpement du controle de soi et de l'empathie chez le jeune enfant est en etroite relation avec un environnement familial empathique. Une revue des projets d'intervention precoce en milieu defavorise demontre que des resultats positifs a long terme sont possibles, particulierement dans des projets construits autour d'un support familial intensif et de services aux enfants rendus tres tot, surtout dans des visites a domicile. Des recommandations sont finalement faites dans le sens de la continuation de recherches et d'interventions precoces de formes diverses et du developpement de politiques sociales qui aident les parents de jeunes enfants, pour toute la population, mais particulierement dans les milieux a haut risque.
在一个极端暴力的世纪结束时,作者试图反思暴力的起源,并引用了几位最近的作家,他们在与谋杀犯合作时,经常听到他们谈论一个充满虐待和暴力的童年。对暴力首次表现的研究表明,5岁时的身体攻击是青春期身体攻击的最佳预测因素,但它也早在5岁之前就存在了,而且可以提前控制。贫穷是暴力的一个重要因素,但与家庭特征有关。研究了里面的依恋理论告诉我们,依恋insecure、开发pattem desorganise-desoriente . (D)是密切联系在一起的,攻击性行为的出现是在五岁和七岁了,和自我控制的发展和幼儿体内移情与善解人意的家庭环境是在狭窄的关系。对早期环境干预项目的回顾表明,积极的长期结果是可能的,特别是围绕密集的家庭支持和早期儿童服务的项目,特别是家访。最后,建议继续进行各种形式的研究和早期干预,并制定社会政策,帮助所有人口,特别是在高风险环境中的幼儿父母。
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引用次数: 18
DIVERSITY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN INFANCY 多样性:婴儿期的挑战和机遇
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10051
Susan Mcdonough, H. Fitzgerald
This special issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal presents the plenary addresses from WAIMH’s 7th World Congress in Montreal, Canada (2000). As we noted in the program booklet for that congress, the field of infant mental health coalesces around three common assumptions: infant behavior cannot be viewed separately from relationships with others; infants’ most important relationships are with their primary caregivers; and infant caregivers have relationships with others in their social contexts. These assumptions rest on such historical reminders that infants are born into a social world (Rheingold, 1968), which consists of reciprocal relationships (Bell, 1968), (especially) with primary caregivers (Winnicott, 1964), who may or may not have unresolved issues that construct barriers to the development of secure social-emotional relationships (Fraiberg, Adelson, & Shapiro, 1975). All of these characterizations provide a basis for understanding that infant mental health is grounded in the reciprocal interactions that infants have with others within the extraordinarily diverse contexts in which infants live and negotiate the world. Infants, caregivers, extended family members, and the broader social and cultural networks in which these families are embedded, provide the contexts that influence social and emotional development and generate issues relevant to infant mental health (Fitzgerald & Barton, 2000). If there is any common theme cutting across all of the contexts within which human infants live and thrive or atrophy and die, it is diversity. The theme of the 7th World Congress, “Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities in Infancy,” captured the Program Committee’s desire to examine contemporary knowledge about the infant in multiple contexts. The congress subthemes were selected to reflect trends in research, clinical practice, and social policy, or to draw attention to issues that should enter into the domain of topics that define modern “trends.” The subthemes and plenary speakers whose works are published in this issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal were “Brain–Behavior Interface” (Megan Gunnar, United States), “De-
本期《婴儿心理健康杂志》特刊介绍了2000年在加拿大蒙特利尔举行的第七届婴儿心理健康协会世界大会的全体发言。正如我们在那次大会的项目手册中所指出的,婴儿心理健康领域围绕着三个共同的假设:婴儿的行为不能与与他人的关系分开看待;婴儿最重要的关系是与其主要照顾者之间的关系;照顾婴儿的人在他们的社会环境中与他人有关系。这些假设基于这样的历史提醒,即婴儿出生在一个社会世界(Rheingold, 1968),其中包括互惠关系(Bell, 1968),(特别是)与主要照顾者(Winnicott, 1964),他们可能有也可能没有解决的问题,这些问题构成了安全社会情感关系发展的障碍(Fraiberg, Adelson, & Shapiro, 1975)。所有这些特征都为理解婴儿心理健康是建立在婴儿与其他人在极其多样化的环境中生活和与世界交往的相互作用的基础上。婴儿、照顾者、大家庭成员以及这些家庭所嵌入的更广泛的社会和文化网络,提供了影响社会和情感发展的环境,并产生了与婴儿心理健康相关的问题(菲茨杰拉德和巴顿,2000)。如果有一个共同的主题贯穿人类婴儿生存、成长、萎缩和死亡的所有背景,那就是多样性。第七届世界大会的主题是“多样性:婴儿期的挑战和机遇”,反映了计划委员会希望在多种背景下研究当代关于婴儿的知识的愿望。大会的次主题是为了反映研究、临床实践和社会政策的趋势,或者是为了引起人们对应该进入定义现代“趋势”主题领域的问题的关注。其作品发表在本期《婴儿心理健康杂志》上的分主题和全体会议发言人是"脑-行为界面" (Megan Gunnar,美国)、" De-
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引用次数: 3
Beyond the dyad: Parent-infant psychotherapy in a multicultural society-reflections from a South African perspective 超越二元对立:多元文化社会中的亲子心理治疗——来自南非视角的反思
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10055
A. Berg
La prise de conscience de la sante mentale du nourrisson grandit regulierement en Afrique du Sud. Le Service de Sante Mentale du Nourrisson de l'Universite de Cape Town sert la population de moins de trois ans dans deux quartiers de Cape Town. Le defi auquel sont confrontes les professionnels travaillant avec une communaute traditionnelle sont nombreux. Les problemes declenches par la pauvrete mis a part, il existe des differences culturelles qui ont besoin d'etre comprises et apprehendees. Si l'Afrique du Sud est en ce moment en train d'integrer sa diversite culturelle, la formation professionnelle s'est faite sur des modeles occidentaux. Ces modeles mettent l'accent sur les relations individuelles et personnelles. La vue du monde africaine, cependant, comprend une conscience profonde de l'importance de la communaute collective. Le sens de qui on est trouve ses racines dans cette conscience. Pour qu'une psychotherapie en Afrique du Sud soit utile et appropriee, les professionnels travaillant dans ce domaine doivent etre conscients et authentiquement respectueux des differences entre les differents groupes culturels. La complexite de deux cultures qui se rencontrent sans une conscience suffisante de leur difference est illustree par une psychotherapie ratee d'une dyade mere-enfant ayant resulte en une tentative d'infanticide. Cela met en lumiere les defauts d'une psychotherapie basee sur de seuls modeles d'attachement dyadique.
在南非,对婴儿心理健康的认识正在稳步提高。开普敦大学的婴儿心理健康服务为开普敦两个社区的三岁以下人口提供服务。在传统社区工作的专业人员面临着许多挑战。除了贫困造成的问题外,还有文化差异需要理解和理解。虽然南非目前正在整合其文化多样性,但职业培训是按照西方模式进行的。这些模型强调个人和个人关系。然而,对非洲世界的看法包括对集体社区重要性的深刻认识。我们是谁的感觉植根于这种意识。为了使南非的心理治疗有用和适当,在这一领域工作的专业人员必须意识到并真正尊重不同文化群体之间的差异。两种文化在没有充分意识到彼此差异的情况下相遇的复杂性,可以通过对母子二代的错误心理治疗来说明,这导致了杀婴未遂。这突出了仅仅基于dyadic依恋模型的心理治疗的缺陷。
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引用次数: 30
Prebirth predictors of coparenting experiences in early infancy 婴儿早期父母养育经历的出生前预测因素
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10056
L. A. Egeren
Le but de nos recherches etait d'identifier des facteurs de prediction d'experiences de coparentage durant la transition a la condition de parent, ceci avant la naissance de l'enfant. Des questionnaires ont ete utilises pour evaluer 101 couples durant le troisieme trimestre de la grossesse et a 1, 3, 6 mois apres la naissance du premier enfant. Les resultats d'analyses lineaires hierarchiques de modelisation ont indique differents facteurs de prediction de niveau de coparentage, de changement lineaire, et de fluctuation pour les meres et les peres. Pour les meres, les experiences de coparentage etaient associees a l'âge, a l'education paternelle, aux inquietudes concernant la facon d'elever l'enfant, aux differences de philosophie sur la maniere d'elever l'enfant, et a la reactance. Alors que pour les peres, les experiences de coparentage etaient liees a la profession, au developpement de l'ego de la mere, au coparentage dans la famille d'origine, et a la motivation des deux parents d'elever des enfants. Nous avons trouve des indications que les meres pousseraient/conduiraient le developpement de la relation de coparentage pour les deux parents.
我们研究的目的是确定在孩子出生前过渡到父母身份期间共同养育经验的预测因素。101对夫妇在妊娠晚期和第一个孩子出生后1个月、3个月和6个月进行了问卷调查。分层线性建模分析结果表明,母鸡和母鸡的亲缘水平、线性变化和波动有不同的预测因素。对于母亲来说,共同养育的经历与年龄、父亲的教育、对如何抚养孩子的担忧、对如何抚养孩子的不同哲学和反应有关。而对佩雷斯来说,共同养育子女的经历与职业、母亲自我发展、与原家庭的共同养育子女以及父母双方抚养孩子的动机有关。我们发现有迹象表明,母亲会推动父母双方的关系发展。
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引用次数: 127
Brain and behavior interface: Stress and the developing brain 大脑和行为界面:压力和发育中的大脑
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10052
M. Gunnar, Carol L Cheatham
Les etudes sur les animaux ont montre que les interactions mere-bebe peuvent avoir un impact a long terme sur les regions du cerveau qui regulent le comportement concernant la peur et la physiologie du stress. Dans ce travail, nous passons en revue les recherches sur des enfants et des nourrissons humains pour voir si les experiences precoces ont des effets similaires chez notre espece. Les recherches montrent que durant la premiere annee de la vie, un mode de soin sensible et attentif devient un fort regulateur du comportement emotionnel et de l'activite de l'hormone neuroendocrine de stress chez les jeunes enfants. Les recherches passees en revue suggerent que le temperament affecte les chances qu'ont les enfants d'avoir des augmentations d'hormones de stress quand la qualite de leur soin diminue. Enfin, nous passons en revue la litterature sur l'activite de l'hormone de stress chez les enfants qui ont ete maltraites tres tot dans leur vie, et nous explorons la question critique selon laquelle un soin accru plus tard dans le developpement peut renverser les effets d'experiences adverses precoces sur le comportement et la neurobiologie.
动物研究表明,母婴互动可能会对大脑中调节恐惧行为和压力生理学的区域产生长期影响。在这项工作中,我们回顾了对儿童和婴儿的研究,看看早期的经历是否对我们的物种有类似的影响。研究表明,在生命的第一年,敏感和细心的护理模式成为幼儿情绪行为和神经内分泌压力激素活动的强大调节器。研究表明,当儿童护理质量下降时,性情会影响儿童应激激素增加的机会。。最后,我们回顾体内应激激素的文学活动上的地位对待那些被孩子的话tres tot生活中,我们探索的关键问题,即一个可以扭转发展中更多留给后来对方d’experiences率影响行为和神经生物学。
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引用次数: 187
Parents and infants in changing cultural context: Immigration, trauma, and risk 变化文化背景下的父母和婴儿:移民、创伤和风险
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10054
M. Moro
"Entre les bibliotheques et les bebes en detresse, il y a un grand fosse" (Fraiberg, 1999, p. 416). Qu'ils soient africains ou asiatiques, les enfants de familles d'immigrants vivent dans des situations a risque ou ils peuvent etre exposes a des traumatismes serieux. Les familles immigrees vivent souvent dans des conditions extremes. Bien que les recherches decrivent ces conditions, le champ d'intervention demeure faible. Combien de fois n'avons-nous pas entendu dire que le travail au sein de ces familles n'aborde pas le traitement, mais plutot les besoins de base, notant que les familles sont preoccupees par la survie-ou trouver de la nourriture, ou dormir, ou enterrer leurs morts. Cependant, le soin psychologique des enfants et des familles immigres a beaucoup a nous apprendre. Dans cet article je decris le travail qui essaie de construire un pont au dessus du fosse auquel Fraiberg fait reference en partageant ce que j'ai appris sur les familles et la petite enfance immigres.
“在图书馆和陷入困境的婴儿之间,有一个大坑”(Fraiberg, 1999,第416页)。无论是非洲人还是亚洲人,移民家庭的孩子要么生活在危险的环境中,要么可能面临严重的创伤。移民家庭往往生活在极端条件下。虽然研究描述了这些条件,但干预的范围仍然很小。我们多少次听说,这些家庭的工作不涉及治疗,而是基本需求,注意到这些家庭关心的是生存——或寻找食物,或睡觉,或埋葬他们的死者。然而,对移民儿童和家庭的心理护理有很多东西可以教给我们。在这篇文章中,我通过分享我对移民家庭和早期儿童的了解,描述了试图在弗雷伯格提到的坑上建造一座桥梁的工作。
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引用次数: 35
CLINICAL INTERVIEW FOR HIGH-RISK PARENTS OF PREMATURE INFANTS (CLIP) AS A PREDICTOR OF EARLY DISRUPTIONS IN THE MOTHER- INFANT RELATIONSHIP AT THE NURSERY 对高危早产儿父母的临床访谈(片段)作为托儿所母婴关系早期中断的预测因子
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10049
M. Keren, R. Feldman, A. Eidelman, L. Sirota, B. Lester
The relations between mothers' narrative regarding the infant and the premature birth and the quality of mother–infant interaction were examined in mothers of 47 very low birth weight (<1650 g) premature singletons prior to discharge. Maternal representations were assessed with the Clinical Interview for high-risk Parents of premature babies (CLIP), a semistructured interview that explores mothers' experiences of the pregnancy, delivery, hospitalization period, thoughts and feelings about the infant, and impending discharge. Ten minutes of mother–infant interaction were videotaped, and global and microanalytic codes were used to define three interactive variables: maternal adaptation, maternal touch, and infant withdrawal. Factor analysis of the CLIP items identified two factors with eigen values of 2.00 and above, termed Readiness for Motherhood and Maternal Rejection. Regression analyses were used to predict the three interactive variables by the infant's medical condition, maternal anxiety and depression, and the CLIP factors. Maternal adaptation to the infant's signal and maternal positive touch were each uniquely predicted by the mother's readiness for the maternal role, and were each negatively related to maternal depression. The infant's interactive withdrawal was independently predicted by maternal rejection. The clinical implications of the findings and the potential use of the CLIP for routine detection of early disruptions in the mother–infant relationship are discussed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
研究了47例极低出生体重(<1650 g)早产单胎母亲出院前关于婴儿和早产的母亲叙述与母婴互动质量之间的关系。母亲的陈述通过对高危早产儿父母的临床访谈(CLIP)进行评估,这是一种半结构化的访谈,探讨了母亲在怀孕、分娩、住院期间、对婴儿的想法和感受以及即将出院的经历。录像10分钟的母婴互动,并使用全局和微观分析代码来定义三个互动变量:母亲适应,母亲触摸和婴儿退缩。对CLIP项目的因素分析确定了两个特征值为2.00及以上的因素,称为母性准备和母亲排斥。采用回归分析对婴儿医疗状况、母亲焦虑抑郁和CLIP因素三个交互变量进行预测。母亲对婴儿信号的适应和母亲的积极接触都是母亲对母亲角色的准备所独有的预测,并且都与母亲的抑郁负相关。婴儿的互动性戒断是由母亲排斥独立预测的。研究结果的临床意义和潜在的使用CLIP常规检测早期中断的母婴关系进行了讨论。©2003密歇根州婴儿心理健康协会。
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引用次数: 69
Maternal self‐efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status 母亲自我效能感信念、育儿能力与幼儿行为和发展状况
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10048
P. Coleman, K. Karraker
This study was designed to examine parenting self-efficacy beliefs as correlates of mothers' competence in parenting toddlers and as predictors of toddlers' behavior and development. Sixty-eight predominantly middle-class mother–toddler pairs participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires, toddlers were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II), and each dyad participated in the Crowell Procedure, which is designed to observe parent and toddler behaviors in a semistructured laboratory context. Although domain-general and domain-specific parenting self-efficacy beliefs were not associated with parenting competence, domain-specific beliefs were significantly related to toddlers' scores on the Mental Scale of the BSID-II and several behaviors observed during the Crowell Procedure (Affection Towards Mother, Avoidance of Mother, Compliance, Enthusiasm, and Negativity). Implications of the findings are discussed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
本研究旨在检验父母自我效能感信念与母亲养育幼儿能力的相关性,以及作为幼儿行为和发展的预测因子。68对以中产阶级为主的母子参加了这项研究。母亲完成问卷调查,幼儿接受贝利婴儿发育量表(BSID-II),每对幼儿都参加了克罗威尔程序,该程序旨在在半结构化的实验室环境中观察父母和幼儿的行为。虽然一般领域和特定领域的育儿自我效能感信念与育儿能力无关,但特定领域的育儿自我效能感信念与幼儿在bdd - ii心理量表上的得分和在克罗威尔程序中观察到的几个行为(对母亲的喜爱、对母亲的回避、依从性、热情和消极)显著相关。讨论了研究结果的含义。©2003密歇根州婴儿心理健康协会。
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引用次数: 544
An attachment perspective on grandparents raising their very young grandchildren: Implications for intervention and research 祖父母抚养年幼孙辈的依恋视角:干预与研究的意义
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10047
Julie Poehlmann
The purpose of this article is to apply an attachment perspective to the growing number of families with grandparents raising grandchildren to increase our understanding of the complexity of intergenerational relationship processes in these families and to guide early intervention and research. It is proposed that, as grandparents take responsibility for their grandchildren, three relationship processes simultaneously occur: (1) disruptions in attachments potentially occur, especially in relationships involving parents, (2) attachment relationships between grandchildren and grandparents develop or are revised, and (3) family members' internal working models of attachment and caregiving are challenged and shaped. To address these processes, attachment theory and research focusing on the formation, disruption, and intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships are reviewed. Conclusions suggest that when grandparents assume responsibility for grandchildren, families may need and be particularly open to a range of interventions. In addition, research focusing on attachment relationships in families of grandparents raising grandchildren is needed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
本文的目的是将依恋的视角应用于越来越多的祖父母抚养孙子孙女的家庭,以增加我们对这些家庭代际关系过程复杂性的理解,并指导早期干预和研究。研究认为,随着祖父母对孙子孙女承担责任,三个关系过程同时发生:(1)依恋关系的潜在中断,特别是在涉及父母的关系中;(2)孙子孙女与祖父母之间的依恋关系发展或被修改;(3)家庭成员的依恋和照顾的内部工作模式受到挑战和塑造。为了解决这些过程,依恋理论和研究的重点是依恋关系的形成、破坏和代际传递。结论表明,当祖父母承担起对孙子孙女的责任时,家庭可能需要并特别愿意采取一系列干预措施。此外,还需要对祖父母抚养孙辈的家庭中的依恋关系进行研究。©2003密歇根州婴儿心理健康协会。
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引用次数: 94
Prevalence of transitional objects in young children in Tokyo and New York 东京和纽约儿童过渡性物品的流行
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2003-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.10046
M. Hobara
This study compared the prevalence of children's transitional object attachment in the two groups of young children in Tokyo and New York. The subjects (mothers of a child who was between two and four years of age) were 50 Caucasian women who resided in New York and 50 Japanese women who resided in Tokyo. Families of all subjects were within middle and upper socioeconomic status. There was a higher prevalence of transitional object attachment in American children (62%) than in Japanese children (38%). Japanese children more often slept in the same bed or same room with mothers than American children. The two groups did not differ regarding the hours of mother's availability. The results lend support to Gaddini and Gaddini's suggestion that children whose mothers are continuously available, especially at night, are not likely to develop attachment to transitional objects. The results from this survey research were discussed in terms of significance of transitional object attachment on child development. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
本研究比较了东京和纽约两组儿童过渡性客体依恋的患病率。研究对象是50名居住在纽约的白人妇女和50名居住在东京的日本妇女(孩子的年龄在2岁到4岁之间)。所有研究对象的家庭均处于中上层社会经济地位。美国儿童的移动性客体依恋发生率(62%)高于日本儿童(38%)。与美国儿童相比,日本儿童更经常与母亲睡在同一张床或同一个房间。两组孩子在母亲陪伴的时间上没有差异。研究结果支持了Gaddini和Gaddini的建议,即母亲持续陪伴的孩子,尤其是在晚上,不太可能对过渡对象产生依恋。本调查研究的结果就过渡性客体依恋对儿童发展的意义进行了探讨。©2003密歇根州婴儿心理健康协会。
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引用次数: 21
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Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)
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