Understanding farm-level efficiencies of resource use is critical in comparisons of the sustainability of aquaculture production systems. We developed a set of practical resource-use efficiency metrics to calculate and compare resource-use efficiency with resource-cost efficiency across major species and production systems in US aquaculture. Results showed that no one production system used all resources most efficiently. Intensive pond production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus demonstrated the greatest efficiency in the use of water, energy, labor, management, and capital resources, while RAS production was most efficient in terms of land and feed use. Among the wide array of pond scenarios examined, more intensive scenarios generally were more efficient in terms of several metrics, but economic sustainability also depends upon business models that effectively meet differing demand requirements of customers. Thus, less intensive production systems were economically sustainable in areas with relatively abundant land and water resources available at lower cost. Labor efficiencies varied widely across scenarios analyzed. Given increasing concerns related to the availability of labor for aquaculture farming in the USA, greater attention to the efficiency of labor on farms is warranted. The metrics used were aligned with common farm management tools (e.g. enterprise budgets) that allow for ease of use by farms and researchers to assess effects on comparative resource-use efficiencies of new farming practices and technologies under development.
{"title":"Resource-use efficiency in US aquaculture: farm-level comparisons across fish species and production systems","authors":"C. Engle, G. Kumar, J van Senten","doi":"10.3354/AEI00405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/AEI00405","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding farm-level efficiencies of resource use is critical in comparisons of the sustainability of aquaculture production systems. We developed a set of practical resource-use efficiency metrics to calculate and compare resource-use efficiency with resource-cost efficiency across major species and production systems in US aquaculture. Results showed that no one production system used all resources most efficiently. Intensive pond production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus demonstrated the greatest efficiency in the use of water, energy, labor, management, and capital resources, while RAS production was most efficient in terms of land and feed use. Among the wide array of pond scenarios examined, more intensive scenarios generally were more efficient in terms of several metrics, but economic sustainability also depends upon business models that effectively meet differing demand requirements of customers. Thus, less intensive production systems were economically sustainable in areas with relatively abundant land and water resources available at lower cost. Labor efficiencies varied widely across scenarios analyzed. Given increasing concerns related to the availability of labor for aquaculture farming in the USA, greater attention to the efficiency of labor on farms is warranted. The metrics used were aligned with common farm management tools (e.g. enterprise budgets) that allow for ease of use by farms and researchers to assess effects on comparative resource-use efficiencies of new farming practices and technologies under development.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69593433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Li, M. Lin, S. Ye, J. Liu, RE Gozlan, Z. Li, T. Zhang
: Stocking hatchery-reared fish in natural shallow lakes is a common practice in Chinese fisheries. The success of these fisheries depends on the balance between the commercial value of the stock and the growth performance of stocked fish to rapidly reach commercial size. The mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi has become a commercially important fishery in China. However, the performance of hatchery-reared mandarin fish (HMF) after release into natural environments and their interactions with wild mandarin fish (WMF) have received little attention. In this study, we compared the growth, feeding and reproduction of HMF with WMF in a shallow Yangtze lake. We found that 11 mo after release, the growth of HMF was significantly slower than that of WMF but rapidly caught up after 16−19 mo. This suggests that HMF may experience compensatory growth after 11 mo, which may be a result of a low reproductive investment compared to WMF. In addition, the trophic niche of HMF differed significantly from that of WMF, with a lower diversity of prey and a single dominant prey species. Furthermore, there was no significant diet overlap between HMF and WMF. Our findings demonstrated that the growth performance of HMF can equal or exceed that of wild conspecifics, and that there was limited diet overlap with WMF, suggesting that the current stock enhancement programmes of releasing HMF can result in fish similar to that of WMF, with limited foraging competition.
{"title":"Comparative growth, feeding and reproduction of hatchery-reared and wild mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi in a shallow Yangtze lake, China","authors":"W. Li, M. Lin, S. Ye, J. Liu, RE Gozlan, Z. Li, T. Zhang","doi":"10.3354/aei00417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00417","url":null,"abstract":": Stocking hatchery-reared fish in natural shallow lakes is a common practice in Chinese fisheries. The success of these fisheries depends on the balance between the commercial value of the stock and the growth performance of stocked fish to rapidly reach commercial size. The mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi has become a commercially important fishery in China. However, the performance of hatchery-reared mandarin fish (HMF) after release into natural environments and their interactions with wild mandarin fish (WMF) have received little attention. In this study, we compared the growth, feeding and reproduction of HMF with WMF in a shallow Yangtze lake. We found that 11 mo after release, the growth of HMF was significantly slower than that of WMF but rapidly caught up after 16−19 mo. This suggests that HMF may experience compensatory growth after 11 mo, which may be a result of a low reproductive investment compared to WMF. In addition, the trophic niche of HMF differed significantly from that of WMF, with a lower diversity of prey and a single dominant prey species. Furthermore, there was no significant diet overlap between HMF and WMF. Our findings demonstrated that the growth performance of HMF can equal or exceed that of wild conspecifics, and that there was limited diet overlap with WMF, suggesting that the current stock enhancement programmes of releasing HMF can result in fish similar to that of WMF, with limited foraging competition.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69593985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SS Islam, B. Wringe, K. Bøe, I. Bradbury, I. Fleming
{"title":"Early-life fitness trait variation among divergent European and North American farmed and Newfoundland wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations","authors":"SS Islam, B. Wringe, K. Bøe, I. Bradbury, I. Fleming","doi":"10.3354/aei00412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69593430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mercaldo-Allen, P. Clark, Yuan Liu, G. Phillips, Dylan H. Redman, P. Auster, Erick Estela, L. Milke, Alison Verkade, J. Rose
Multi-tiered oyster aquaculture cages may provide habitat for fish assemblages similar to natural structured seafloor. Methods were developed to assess fish assemblages associated with aquaculture gear and boulder habitat using underwater video census combined with environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. Action cameras were mounted on 3 aquaculture cages at a commercial eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica farm (‘cage’) and among 3 boulders on a natural rock reef (‘boulder’) from June to August 2017 in Long Island Sound, USA. Interval and continuous video recording strategies were tested. During interval recording, cameras collected 8 min video segments hourly from 07:00 to 19:00 h on cages only. Continuous video was also collected for 2-3 h on oyster cages and boulders. Data loggers recorded light intensity and current speed. Seawater was collected for eDNA metabarcoding on the reef and farm. MaxN measurements of fish abundance were calculated in video, and 7 fish species were observed. Black sea bass Centropristis striata, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, scup Stenotomus chrysops, and tautog Tautoga onitis were the most abundant species observed in both oyster cage and boulder videos. In continuous video, black sea bass, scup, and tautog were observed more frequently and at higher abundance on the cage farm, while cunner were observed more frequently and at higher abundance on boulders within the rock reef. eDNA metabarcoding detected 42 fish species at the farm and reef. Six species were detected using both methods. Applied in tandem, video recording and eDNA provided a comprehensive approach for describing fish assemblages in difficult to sample structured oyster aquaculture and boulder habitats.
{"title":"Exploring video and eDNA metabarcoding methods to assess oyster aquaculture cages as fish habitat","authors":"R. Mercaldo-Allen, P. Clark, Yuan Liu, G. Phillips, Dylan H. Redman, P. Auster, Erick Estela, L. Milke, Alison Verkade, J. Rose","doi":"10.3354/AEI00408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/AEI00408","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-tiered oyster aquaculture cages may provide habitat for fish assemblages similar to natural structured seafloor. Methods were developed to assess fish assemblages associated with aquaculture gear and boulder habitat using underwater video census combined with environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. Action cameras were mounted on 3 aquaculture cages at a commercial eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica farm (‘cage’) and among 3 boulders on a natural rock reef (‘boulder’) from June to August 2017 in Long Island Sound, USA. Interval and continuous video recording strategies were tested. During interval recording, cameras collected 8 min video segments hourly from 07:00 to 19:00 h on cages only. Continuous video was also collected for 2-3 h on oyster cages and boulders. Data loggers recorded light intensity and current speed. Seawater was collected for eDNA metabarcoding on the reef and farm. MaxN measurements of fish abundance were calculated in video, and 7 fish species were observed. Black sea bass Centropristis striata, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, scup Stenotomus chrysops, and tautog Tautoga onitis were the most abundant species observed in both oyster cage and boulder videos. In continuous video, black sea bass, scup, and tautog were observed more frequently and at higher abundance on the cage farm, while cunner were observed more frequently and at higher abundance on boulders within the rock reef. eDNA metabarcoding detected 42 fish species at the farm and reef. Six species were detected using both methods. Applied in tandem, video recording and eDNA provided a comprehensive approach for describing fish assemblages in difficult to sample structured oyster aquaculture and boulder habitats.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69593567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Tórz, M. Burda, M. Półgęsek, J. Sadowski, A. Nędzarek
The objective of this study was to trace the transformations of phosphorus in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system and to determine whether the method of plant breeding influenced the dynamics of these changes. In the experiment, the media filled beds (MFB) method of plant cultivation was applied. Fish tanks were stocked with 200 common carp Cyprinus carpio, and hydroponic terraces were planted with 49 zantedeschia Zantedeschia sp. bulbs. Water samples were taken directly from the fish tanks immediately after each type of filtration (mechanical, biological and hydroponic). The basic forms of orthophosphates in the IMTA system included some H2PO4 ions but mostly HPO4. The higher supply of reactive phosphorus that occurred over time in the experiment may have contributed to a decrease in calcium ion concentration due to the formation of Ca3(PO4)2 and CaHPO4 salts, thus inactivating some of the phosphorus available to plants. Phosphorus may have also been inactivated in the sediment due to the formation of Mg3(PO4)2 and MgHPO4 salts after decreasing the concentration of calcium ions as a result of their precipitation in sediments. Mineralization of organic matter took place under aerobic conditions. Organic matter was a source of biogenic substances in the IMTA system. Experimental results showed that IMTA systems have significant potential to reduce phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater and thus provide a good environment for fish farming by improving water quality.
{"title":"Transformation of phosphorus in an experimental integrated multitrophic aquaculture system using the media filled beds method in plant cultivation","authors":"A. Tórz, M. Burda, M. Półgęsek, J. Sadowski, A. Nędzarek","doi":"10.3354/aei00424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00424","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to trace the transformations of phosphorus in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system and to determine whether the method of plant breeding influenced the dynamics of these changes. In the experiment, the media filled beds (MFB) method of plant cultivation was applied. Fish tanks were stocked with 200 common carp Cyprinus carpio, and hydroponic terraces were planted with 49 zantedeschia Zantedeschia sp. bulbs. Water samples were taken directly from the fish tanks immediately after each type of filtration (mechanical, biological and hydroponic). The basic forms of orthophosphates in the IMTA system included some H2PO4 ions but mostly HPO4. The higher supply of reactive phosphorus that occurred over time in the experiment may have contributed to a decrease in calcium ion concentration due to the formation of Ca3(PO4)2 and CaHPO4 salts, thus inactivating some of the phosphorus available to plants. Phosphorus may have also been inactivated in the sediment due to the formation of Mg3(PO4)2 and MgHPO4 salts after decreasing the concentration of calcium ions as a result of their precipitation in sediments. Mineralization of organic matter took place under aerobic conditions. Organic matter was a source of biogenic substances in the IMTA system. Experimental results showed that IMTA systems have significant potential to reduce phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater and thus provide a good environment for fish farming by improving water quality.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Gao, Y. Zhang, M. Du, F. Lin, W. Jiang, W. Li, F. Li, X. Lv, J. Fang, Z. Jiang
Seaweed farming is widely perceived as one of the most environmentally benign types of aquaculture activity. In the past 10 yr, global seaweed production has doubled and reached 31.8 million t. Farmed seaweed also has important functions in local ecosystems. We focus on the production, bioavailability, and bacterial degradation rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from cultured kelp Saccharina japonica. Semi in situ incubations in 2 growing seasons were conducted to estimate DOC production, and laboratory incubations were used to determine bioavailability and decay rates of DOC from cultured kelp. Results showed that DOC production was 6.2-7.0 mg C (g dry wt)-1 d-1 in the growing seasons, and the proportion of DOC in net primary production was 23.7-39.1%. The decomposition rate of DOC was 4 ± 1% d-1 and 9 ± 1% d-1 in January and April, respectively. About 37.8% remained as refractory DOC after 150 d incubation. It was calculated that the total DOC from kelp in Sanggou Bay was approximately 11.3 times of that from phytoplankton for the whole bay (144 km2). Our results suggest that more than half of the bioavailable DOC will be exported out of the bay to potentially support the wider food chain through bacterial uptake. Cultured kelp is therefore an important source of DOC in the embayment, contributes to the coastal DOC pool and provides a potential pathway for carbon dioxide sequestration.
{"title":"Dissolved organic carbon from cultured kelp Saccharina japonica: production, bioavailability, and bacterial degradation rates","authors":"Y. Gao, Y. Zhang, M. Du, F. Lin, W. Jiang, W. Li, F. Li, X. Lv, J. Fang, Z. Jiang","doi":"10.3354/AEI00393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/AEI00393","url":null,"abstract":"Seaweed farming is widely perceived as one of the most environmentally benign types of aquaculture activity. In the past 10 yr, global seaweed production has doubled and reached 31.8 million t. Farmed seaweed also has important functions in local ecosystems. We focus on the production, bioavailability, and bacterial degradation rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from cultured kelp Saccharina japonica. Semi in situ incubations in 2 growing seasons were conducted to estimate DOC production, and laboratory incubations were used to determine bioavailability and decay rates of DOC from cultured kelp. Results showed that DOC production was 6.2-7.0 mg C (g dry wt)-1 d-1 in the growing seasons, and the proportion of DOC in net primary production was 23.7-39.1%. The decomposition rate of DOC was 4 ± 1% d-1 and 9 ± 1% d-1 in January and April, respectively. About 37.8% remained as refractory DOC after 150 d incubation. It was calculated that the total DOC from kelp in Sanggou Bay was approximately 11.3 times of that from phytoplankton for the whole bay (144 km2). Our results suggest that more than half of the bioavailable DOC will be exported out of the bay to potentially support the wider food chain through bacterial uptake. Cultured kelp is therefore an important source of DOC in the embayment, contributes to the coastal DOC pool and provides a potential pathway for carbon dioxide sequestration.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69592524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During summer, there is great spatial variability in bottom water temperature on the northern shelf of the Yellow Sea. This variability is associated with a thermal front along the shelf. Oscillatory currents from semidiurnal and fortnightly period tides transport water masses laterally, resulting in oscillations of bottom water temperature at fixed positions, sometimes with large amplitudes. Temperature variations, as demonstrated in the present work, can cause damage to bottom-cultured scallops. In particular, in the scallop sea ranching area near Zhangzidao Island, such oscillations are evident in late summer. We constructed a spatial index of aggregated temperature variability from current model results identifying how temporal variability during the summer period varies in space. This information can be useful both in selecting favorable ranching areas and designing laboratory stress experiments on aquaculture candidate species.
{"title":"Rapid water temperature variations at the northern shelf of the Yellow Sea","authors":"Lars Asplin, F. Lin, W. Budgell, Ø. Strand","doi":"10.3354/AEI00394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/AEI00394","url":null,"abstract":"During summer, there is great spatial variability in bottom water temperature on the northern shelf of the Yellow Sea. This variability is associated with a thermal front along the shelf. Oscillatory currents from semidiurnal and fortnightly period tides transport water masses laterally, resulting in oscillations of bottom water temperature at fixed positions, sometimes with large amplitudes. Temperature variations, as demonstrated in the present work, can cause damage to bottom-cultured scallops. In particular, in the scallop sea ranching area near Zhangzidao Island, such oscillations are evident in late summer. We constructed a spatial index of aggregated temperature variability from current model results identifying how temporal variability during the summer period varies in space. This information can be useful both in selecting favorable ranching areas and designing laboratory stress experiments on aquaculture candidate species.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69592779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Dempster, K. Overton, S. Bui, L. Stien, F. Oppedal, Ø. Karlsen, A. Coates, B. Phillips, L. Barrett
Sea cage fish farming is typically open to the environment, with disease transmission possible between farmed and wild hosts. In salmonid aquaculture, salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestations cause production losses, reduce welfare for farmed fish and increase infestation rates for wild fish populations. The high density of hosts in farms likely also shifts the coevolutionary arms race between host and parasite, with ecological and evolutionary consequences for the salmon louse. Using farm-reported salmon and louse abundances and publicly reported estimates of wild salmonid host abundances and the salmon lice they carry, we estimated (1) the relative abundance of farmed and wild salmonid hosts and (2) the relative importance of each for the abundance of salmon lice for the coastal zone of Norway from 1998 to 2017. Farmed hosts increased in importance over time with the expansion of the industry. From 2013 to 2017, farmed salmonids outnumbered wild salmonids by 267−281:1. By 2017, farmed salmonids accounted for 99.6% of available hosts and produced 99.1% of adult female salmon lice and 97.6% of mated (ovigerous) adult female salmon lice in Norwegian coastal waters. The persistent dominance of farmed hosts has clear implications: (1) management decisions that aim to limit lice abundance can be guided by lice data from farms alone, as lice on wild salmonids make a trivial contribution to the national lice population; and (2) strategies to prevent or treat lice infestations are vulnerable to the evolution of resistance, as the pool of wild hosts is inconsequential and will not act as a refuge large enough to stem the evolution of resistance. As the Norwegian salmon industry expands and salmon lice infestations continue, farmed salmon will drive the ecology and evolution of salmon lice.
{"title":"Farmed salmonids drive the abundance, ecology and evolution of parasitic salmon lice in Norway","authors":"T. Dempster, K. Overton, S. Bui, L. Stien, F. Oppedal, Ø. Karlsen, A. Coates, B. Phillips, L. Barrett","doi":"10.3354/AEI00402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/AEI00402","url":null,"abstract":"Sea cage fish farming is typically open to the environment, with disease transmission possible between farmed and wild hosts. In salmonid aquaculture, salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestations cause production losses, reduce welfare for farmed fish and increase infestation rates for wild fish populations. The high density of hosts in farms likely also shifts the coevolutionary arms race between host and parasite, with ecological and evolutionary consequences for the salmon louse. Using farm-reported salmon and louse abundances and publicly reported estimates of wild salmonid host abundances and the salmon lice they carry, we estimated (1) the relative abundance of farmed and wild salmonid hosts and (2) the relative importance of each for the abundance of salmon lice for the coastal zone of Norway from 1998 to 2017. Farmed hosts increased in importance over time with the expansion of the industry. From 2013 to 2017, farmed salmonids outnumbered wild salmonids by 267−281:1. By 2017, farmed salmonids accounted for 99.6% of available hosts and produced 99.1% of adult female salmon lice and 97.6% of mated (ovigerous) adult female salmon lice in Norwegian coastal waters. The persistent dominance of farmed hosts has clear implications: (1) management decisions that aim to limit lice abundance can be guided by lice data from farms alone, as lice on wild salmonids make a trivial contribution to the national lice population; and (2) strategies to prevent or treat lice infestations are vulnerable to the evolution of resistance, as the pool of wild hosts is inconsequential and will not act as a refuge large enough to stem the evolution of resistance. As the Norwegian salmon industry expands and salmon lice infestations continue, farmed salmon will drive the ecology and evolution of salmon lice.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69592806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Song, Q. Wu, J. Sun, R. Zhang, J. Chen, X. Wang, L. Fang, Z. Liu, X. Shan, Y. Yin
Antibiotics have been commonly used as antimicrobial agents in the process of aquaculture worldwide. However, very few studies are available on the endocrine disruption-related health risks brought about by antibiotic residues from human consumption of aquatic products. Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) could mediate many endocrine-disrupting activities. Therefore, in the present study, a reverse docking method was used to predict the direct binding interactions between 16 NHR conformations and 15 common antibiotics in aquaculture, thereby determining their potential endocrine-disrupting risks. To reach a compromise between the extremely scarce experimental data and an urgent need for distinguishing antibiotics of high concern with potential food-borne endocrine-disrupting risks in aquaculture, a risk-ranking system was then developed based on a comprehensive risk score for each category of antibiotics, which was the sum of the products of endocrine-disrupting potential coefficients and annual usages of antibiotics in aquaculture. The results indicated that 15% of 224 docking simulations showed a relatively high probability of binding. Sulfonamides seemed to possess the greatest endocrine-disrupting potential. The antagonistic conformation of the androgen receptor was the most susceptible NHR conformation. The rank orders of the endocrine-disrupting risk of different categories of antibiotics varied greatly from country to country, which were significantly affected by the annual usage. These findings pose questions regarding public health and safety associated with human consumption of antibiotic-containing aquatic products. In addition, we provide an approach to rank antibiotics for a specific country or region, with respect to their potential endocrine-disrupting activity, that can be used to inform regulation and prioritize experimental verification.
{"title":"In silico evaluation of interactions between antibiotics in aquaculture and nuclear hormone receptors","authors":"C. Song, Q. Wu, J. Sun, R. Zhang, J. Chen, X. Wang, L. Fang, Z. Liu, X. Shan, Y. Yin","doi":"10.3354/aei00414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00414","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics have been commonly used as antimicrobial agents in the process of aquaculture worldwide. However, very few studies are available on the endocrine disruption-related health risks brought about by antibiotic residues from human consumption of aquatic products. Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) could mediate many endocrine-disrupting activities. Therefore, in the present study, a reverse docking method was used to predict the direct binding interactions between 16 NHR conformations and 15 common antibiotics in aquaculture, thereby determining their potential endocrine-disrupting risks. To reach a compromise between the extremely scarce experimental data and an urgent need for distinguishing antibiotics of high concern with potential food-borne endocrine-disrupting risks in aquaculture, a risk-ranking system was then developed based on a comprehensive risk score for each category of antibiotics, which was the sum of the products of endocrine-disrupting potential coefficients and annual usages of antibiotics in aquaculture. The results indicated that 15% of 224 docking simulations showed a relatively high probability of binding. Sulfonamides seemed to possess the greatest endocrine-disrupting potential. The antagonistic conformation of the androgen receptor was the most susceptible NHR conformation. The rank orders of the endocrine-disrupting risk of different categories of antibiotics varied greatly from country to country, which were significantly affected by the annual usage. These findings pose questions regarding public health and safety associated with human consumption of antibiotic-containing aquatic products. In addition, we provide an approach to rank antibiotics for a specific country or region, with respect to their potential endocrine-disrupting activity, that can be used to inform regulation and prioritize experimental verification.","PeriodicalId":8376,"journal":{"name":"Aquaculture Environment Interactions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69593880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Finstad, A. Sandvik, O. Ugedal, K. Vollset, Ø. Karlsen, J. Davidsen, Harald Sægrov, R. Lennox
The regulation of aquaculture production in Norway considers the potential impact of salmon lice on wild fish. However, most attention has been focused on impacts on wild Atlantic salmon, despite the fact that anadromous brown trout spend the majority of their marine phase in coastal waters, where salmon lice have the highest impact. In the present study, we first suggest changes in marine living area and marine feeding time as sustainability indicators for first-time migrant sea trout, as high salmon lice densities may exclude sea trout from otherwise usable habitat and force them to return early to freshwater. Further, a method based on a bio-hydrodynamic model was developed to serve as a proxy for these indicators. The method accounted for the size, migration timing and spatial extent of sea trout and was demonstrated in 2 Norwegian salmon aquaculture production areas, Hardangerfjord (PO3) and Romsdalsfjord (PO5), and 2 focal rivers from within each fjord. Based on these comparisons, we exemplify how the change in marine living area and marine feeding time differed between PO3 and PO5 and within the areas. Sea trout migrating to sea late (June 5) were always more affected by lice than those migrating early (April 24) or at intermediate dates (May 15). Our estimates revealed dramatic potential impacts of salmon lice on sea trout populations, which were greatly influenced by spatial and temporal aspects. Considering the negative impacts of salmon lice on sea trout, a holistic view of environmental interactions between aquaculture and wild species that depend on habitats exploited for production is necessary.
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