A. O. Mikhailov, N. Plekhova, S. Sokotun, A. Simakova, A. S. Bedareva
BACKGROUND: The reports on the neurological and psychiatric consequences of coronavirus infection are of particular relevance owing to their limited availability. The molecular patterns of nerve tissue damage are an important task for understanding the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. AIM: To study the dynamics of changes in the content of markers of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity in patients with coronavirus infection in the acute and long-term periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 patients aged 5183 years were assessed and categorized into two age groups: 5165 years and 6683 years. The levels of neurodegeneration markers were determined in the blood serum: neurofilament heavy chains (NEFH), S100 A6 protein, S100 B protein, -amyloid 1-42 (A1-42), microfilament associated tau protein (MAPt), serum amyloid P (SAP), and neuroplasticity: neurotrophin 3 (NT3), neurotrophin 4 (NT4). The study was performed thrice in the acute period of the disease at the time of admission to the hospital and at 6 and 12 months after discharge. RESULTS: In the first group of patients, in the acute period of coronavirus infection, women showed higher concentrations of S100 A6 (3.20.2), S100 B (0.40.06), NT3 (1.10.1), and MAPt (0.130.02), while the values for the men were NEFH (0.150.03), A1-42 (2.10.1), and SAP (4.50.06). In the long-term, a general tendency of long persistence of high levels of the markers of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection was noted in young men compared to women, indicating a long period of rehabilitation. After 12 months, the level of calcium-binding proteins S100 A6 and S100 B in men was 1.50.2 pg/mL and 0.30.04 ng/mL, which was 1.10.1 pg/mL and 0.20.04 ng/mL, respectively, in women. The level of SAP in men during the long-term period after 12 months was 4.30.1 versus 3.90.2 ng/mL in women, indicating a significant difference. Analyses of the results for the patients in the second group indicated a higher level of S100 A6 and A1-42 in the acute period for women, while men showed higher levels of S100 B, NT3, and SAP. CONCLUSION: The changes in patients with coronavirus infection both in the acute and late periods indicated active neurodegeneration processes in different age groups, which manifested as a result of an increase in the concentration of specific proteins in the blood serum.
{"title":"Molecular patterns of neurodegeneration in coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2","authors":"A. O. Mikhailov, N. Plekhova, S. Sokotun, A. Simakova, A. S. Bedareva","doi":"10.17816/eid326205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid326205","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The reports on the neurological and psychiatric consequences of coronavirus infection are of particular relevance owing to their limited availability. The molecular patterns of nerve tissue damage are an important task for understanding the underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. \u0000AIM: To study the dynamics of changes in the content of markers of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity in patients with coronavirus infection in the acute and long-term periods. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 patients aged 5183 years were assessed and categorized into two age groups: 5165 years and 6683 years. The levels of neurodegeneration markers were determined in the blood serum: neurofilament heavy chains (NEFH), S100 A6 protein, S100 B protein, -amyloid 1-42 (A1-42), microfilament associated tau protein (MAPt), serum amyloid P (SAP), and neuroplasticity: neurotrophin 3 (NT3), neurotrophin 4 (NT4). The study was performed thrice in the acute period of the disease at the time of admission to the hospital and at 6 and 12 months after discharge. \u0000RESULTS: In the first group of patients, in the acute period of coronavirus infection, women showed higher concentrations of S100 A6 (3.20.2), S100 B (0.40.06), NT3 (1.10.1), and MAPt (0.130.02), while the values for the men were NEFH (0.150.03), A1-42 (2.10.1), and SAP (4.50.06). In the long-term, a general tendency of long persistence of high levels of the markers of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection was noted in young men compared to women, indicating a long period of rehabilitation. After 12 months, the level of calcium-binding proteins S100 A6 and S100 B in men was 1.50.2 pg/mL and 0.30.04 ng/mL, which was 1.10.1 pg/mL and 0.20.04 ng/mL, respectively, in women. The level of SAP in men during the long-term period after 12 months was 4.30.1 versus 3.90.2 ng/mL in women, indicating a significant difference. \u0000Analyses of the results for the patients in the second group indicated a higher level of S100 A6 and A1-42 in the acute period for women, while men showed higher levels of S100 B, NT3, and SAP. \u0000CONCLUSION: The changes in patients with coronavirus infection both in the acute and late periods indicated active neurodegeneration processes in different age groups, which manifested as a result of an increase in the concentration of specific proteins in the blood serum.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87967819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a disturbed response to infection. Its development is preceded by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the overall inflammatory response of the body to severe lesions. The role of opportunistic pathogens in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis may be known, but the value of the intestinal microbiome remains underestimated in this context. Experimental models are widely employed to study the role of the microbiome in the development of sepsis. Animal models of sepsis are created by disrupting the barrier function of the host intestine through cecal ligation/puncture, installation of an ascending bowel stent, and intraperitoneal feces injection. Toxemia is reproduced by the injection of lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acid, CpG DNA, zymosan, and synthetic lipopeptides. The review systematized data on the role of the cell wall or membrane components of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are representatives of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.
{"title":"Role of microbiome in development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis (review)","authors":"T. I. Khomyakova, Yuri N. Khomyakov, O. Makarova","doi":"10.17816/eid451025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid451025","url":null,"abstract":"Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a disturbed response to infection. Its development is preceded by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the overall inflammatory response of the body to severe lesions. The role of opportunistic pathogens in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis may be known, but the value of the intestinal microbiome remains underestimated in this context. \u0000Experimental models are widely employed to study the role of the microbiome in the development of sepsis. Animal models of sepsis are created by disrupting the barrier function of the host intestine through cecal ligation/puncture, installation of an ascending bowel stent, and intraperitoneal feces injection. Toxemia is reproduced by the injection of lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acid, CpG DNA, zymosan, and synthetic lipopeptides. \u0000The review systematized data on the role of the cell wall or membrane components of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are representatives of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79101719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510304
Mustafa Mujahed I, Mohammed Ahmed
The ongoing SARS-COV-2 pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges to individuals, communities, and healthcare systems worldwide. As the world braces for a potential second wave of COVID-19 infections, the seasonal influenza season is also looming. This article explores the coping strategies that individuals and healthcare systems can adopt to manage both the SARS-COV-2 pandemic and seasonal influenza. The article highlights the importance of vaccination, social distancing measures, and personal protective equipment in preventing the spread of both viruses. Additionally, it discusses the need for mental health support for individuals who are struggling to cope with the stressors brought about by these pandemics. The article concludes by emphasizing that a coordinated effort between individuals, communities, and healthcare systems is crucial in mitigating the impact of these pandemics on public health.
{"title":"Coping with the Ongoing SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza","authors":"Mustafa Mujahed I, Mohammed Ahmed","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510304","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing SARS-COV-2 pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges to individuals, communities, and healthcare systems worldwide. As the world braces for a potential second wave of COVID-19 infections, the seasonal influenza season is also looming. This article explores the coping strategies that individuals and healthcare systems can adopt to manage both the SARS-COV-2 pandemic and seasonal influenza. The article highlights the importance of vaccination, social distancing measures, and personal protective equipment in preventing the spread of both viruses. Additionally, it discusses the need for mental health support for individuals who are struggling to cope with the stressors brought about by these pandemics. The article concludes by emphasizing that a coordinated effort between individuals, communities, and healthcare systems is crucial in mitigating the impact of these pandemics on public health.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44985173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Burtseva, A. D. Panova, L. Kolobukhina, A. V. Ignatjeva, E. Kirillova, N. V. Breslav, S. Trushakova, E. Mukasheva, E. L. Feodoritova, K. Krasnoslobodtsev, L. N. Merkulova, I. N. Khlopova, L. Kisteneva, I. Kruzhkova, Yu. S. Levochkina, Anastasia S. Krepkaia, Aleksandra G. Rosatkevich, A. Komissarov, Svetlana B. Yatsishina, Andrey A. Pochtovyi, D. D. Kustova, V. V. Gushchin, M. Bazarova, S. Smetanina, N. Tsvetkova
Introduction. The main purpose of this work was to determine the characteristics of the circulation of various viral respiratory pathogens during the epidemic season 2021-2022, as well as the frequency of co-infection against the background of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Materials and methods. The article uses methods of "traditional" and "hospital" epidemiological surveillance for acute respiratory viral infections. Results and discussion. The epidemic season of 2021-2022 was characterized by the early activity of the influenza A(H3N2) virus, as well as the appearance and rapid spread of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (omicron). The dependence on the share of different respiratory pathogens during the epidemic season 2021-2022 was clearly traced: the dominant role belonged to SARS-CoV-2 (18.8%), then to influenza viruses (10.6%) and, finally, to pathogens of other acute respiratory viral infections (0.4%-3.7%). With respect to influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses, heterogeneity of their populations and drift-variability in relation to vaccine strains were noted. The frequency of co-infection with various respiratory pathogens was low: according to "traditional surveillance" - no more than 0.1%, "hospital surveillance" no more than 9.2%. The rationale for updating the composition of influenza vaccines for the countries of the Northern Hemisphere for 2022-2023 season was given.
{"title":"EPIDEMIC SEASON 2021-2022. FREQUENCY OF CO-INFECTION BY \u0000RESPIRATORY VIRAL PATHOGENS","authors":"E. Burtseva, A. D. Panova, L. Kolobukhina, A. V. Ignatjeva, E. Kirillova, N. V. Breslav, S. Trushakova, E. Mukasheva, E. L. Feodoritova, K. Krasnoslobodtsev, L. N. Merkulova, I. N. Khlopova, L. Kisteneva, I. Kruzhkova, Yu. S. Levochkina, Anastasia S. Krepkaia, Aleksandra G. Rosatkevich, A. Komissarov, Svetlana B. Yatsishina, Andrey A. Pochtovyi, D. D. Kustova, V. V. Gushchin, M. Bazarova, S. Smetanina, N. Tsvetkova","doi":"10.17816/eid321873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid321873","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The main purpose of this work was to determine the characteristics of the circulation of various viral respiratory pathogens during the epidemic season 2021-2022, as well as the frequency of co-infection against the background of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. \u0000Materials and methods. The article uses methods of \"traditional\" and \"hospital\" epidemiological surveillance for acute respiratory viral infections. \u0000Results and discussion. The epidemic season of 2021-2022 was characterized by the early activity of the influenza A(H3N2) virus, as well as the appearance and rapid spread of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (omicron). The dependence on the share of different respiratory pathogens during the epidemic season 2021-2022 was clearly traced: the dominant role belonged to SARS-CoV-2 (18.8%), then to influenza viruses (10.6%) and, finally, to pathogens of other acute respiratory viral infections (0.4%-3.7%). With respect to influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses, heterogeneity of their populations and drift-variability in relation to vaccine strains were noted. The frequency of co-infection with various respiratory pathogens was low: according to \"traditional surveillance\" - no more than 0.1%, \"hospital surveillance\" no more than 9.2%. The rationale for updating the composition of influenza vaccines for the countries of the Northern Hemisphere for 2022-2023 season was given.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78234264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of the use in medicine of effective antibacterial substances active against drug-resistant microorganisms remains relevant. Most publications on microcins show undoubted prospects for the further development of these numerous pharmacological agents of bacterial origin with multidirectional action (antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, etc.). One of the features of the properties of microcins is their specific inhibitory activity against gram-negative microorganisms (first of all, Escherichia, as well as proteus, salmonella, pseudomonas, etc.). This review is compiled with the aim of briefly summarizing current information about one of the groups of microcins (class II) to assess their possible use in practical medicine and in scientific research. The review uses links from the RSCI, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed databases.
在医学中使用对耐药微生物有效的抗菌物质的问题仍然是相关的。大多数关于微霉素的出版物显示，这些细菌来源的具有多向作用(抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等)的众多药理学药物无疑具有进一步发展的前景。微霉素的特性之一是其对革兰氏阴性微生物(首先是埃希氏菌，以及变形杆菌、沙门氏菌、假单胞菌等)的特异性抑制活性。编写这篇综述的目的是简要总结目前关于一类微霉素(II类)的信息，以评估它们在实际医学和科学研究中的可能应用。这篇综述使用了来自RSCI、Web of Science、Scopus、PubMed等数据库的链接。
{"title":"ANTIBACTERIAL MICROCINES, CLASS II (LITERATURE REVIEW)","authors":"A. Mironov","doi":"10.17816/eid321851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid321851","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of the use in medicine of effective antibacterial substances active against drug-resistant microorganisms remains relevant. Most publications on microcins show undoubted prospects for the further development of these numerous pharmacological agents of bacterial origin with multidirectional action (antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, etc.). One of the features of the properties of microcins is their specific inhibitory activity against gram-negative microorganisms (first of all, Escherichia, as well as proteus, salmonella, pseudomonas, etc.). This review is compiled with the aim of briefly summarizing current information about one of the groups of microcins (class II) to assess their possible use in practical medicine and in scientific research. The review uses links from the RSCI, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed databases.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90656826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510300
Bautista Rafael Jeric C, Matti Pamela Rose
{"title":"A Retrospective Study Comparing CRB-65, MEWS and qSOFA Scoring System in Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Adult Patients with Severe and Critical COVID-19 Infection","authors":"Bautista Rafael Jeric C, Matti Pamela Rose","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510300","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48630621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.23937/2474-3658/1510299
Aslanbay Guler Bahar, Imamoglu Esra
Global population growth and rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of developing effective vaccination strategies, and subunit vaccines hold great promise for meeting market demand. Compared to traditional whole-cell vaccines, subunit vaccines contain only a part of the infectious microorganism to induce an immune response against the main pathogen. Recent advances in molecular biology have paved the way for the development of recombinant subunit vaccines to provide ideal vaccination strategies. The production of these vaccines is a multi-step process in which each stage should be thoroughly evaluated with the goal of improving vaccine efficiency while remaining cost-effective. In this review, different approaches used for the improvement of recombinant subunit vaccines are described, considering production steps and vaccine formulations. Firstly, a brief summary is presented about different types of vaccines, especially recombinant subunit vaccines, and then several strategies, including novel expression systems, the selection of suitable adjuvants, and the integration of nanotechnology into the vaccine formulations are detailed in the light of the most recent progress. This article highlights the critical aspects of the development of more effective recombinant subunit vaccines with broad-spectrum protection
{"title":"Current Strategies to Improve Efficiency of Recombinant Subunit Vaccines","authors":"Aslanbay Guler Bahar, Imamoglu Esra","doi":"10.23937/2474-3658/1510299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510299","url":null,"abstract":"Global population growth and rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of developing effective vaccination strategies, and subunit vaccines hold great promise for meeting market demand. Compared to traditional whole-cell vaccines, subunit vaccines contain only a part of the infectious microorganism to induce an immune response against the main pathogen. Recent advances in molecular biology have paved the way for the development of recombinant subunit vaccines to provide ideal vaccination strategies. The production of these vaccines is a multi-step process in which each stage should be thoroughly evaluated with the goal of improving vaccine efficiency while remaining cost-effective. In this review, different approaches used for the improvement of recombinant subunit vaccines are described, considering production steps and vaccine formulations. Firstly, a brief summary is presented about different types of vaccines, especially recombinant subunit vaccines, and then several strategies, including novel expression systems, the selection of suitable adjuvants, and the integration of nanotechnology into the vaccine formulations are detailed in the light of the most recent progress. This article highlights the critical aspects of the development of more effective recombinant subunit vaccines with broad-spectrum protection","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68753988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu. S. Khomyakov, D. D. Zvyagintseva, T. Khomyakova
According to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report, published in 2022, tuberculosis and its drug-resistant forms are on the rise for the first time in lasted years. The ability to become immune to anti-tuberculosis drugs is a fundamental feature of the TB agent. In some cases, it develops a transient resistance to antibacterial drugs based on a combination of adaptive biological properties of mycobacterium without altering the genetic apparatus. This phenomenon is called drug-induced tolerance. Its development is associated with the slowing or altering of bacterial metabolism, increasing the thickness of the cell wall, activation of specific molecular pumps, removing medicinal substances from the cell outside the cell. The same and some other mechanisms are involved in the development of another phenomenon - drug resistance, which is associated with inherited changes in the genetic apparatus of mycobacterium. The review is devoted to the consideration of the molecular bases of mycobacterium tuberculosis interaction with anti-tuberculosis drugs and its epidemiological significance.
{"title":"Molecular bases of the interaction of M. tuberculosis complex and anti-tuberculosis drugs: the current state of the problem and its epidemiological significance","authors":"Yu. S. Khomyakov, D. D. Zvyagintseva, T. Khomyakova","doi":"10.17816/eid312900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid312900","url":null,"abstract":"According to the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report, published in 2022, tuberculosis and its drug-resistant forms are on the rise for the first time in lasted years. The ability to become immune to anti-tuberculosis drugs is a fundamental feature of the TB agent. In some cases, it develops a transient resistance to antibacterial drugs based on a combination of adaptive biological properties of mycobacterium without altering the genetic apparatus. This phenomenon is called drug-induced tolerance. Its development is associated with the slowing or altering of bacterial metabolism, increasing the thickness of the cell wall, activation of specific molecular pumps, removing medicinal substances from the cell outside the cell. The same and some other mechanisms are involved in the development of another phenomenon - drug resistance, which is associated with inherited changes in the genetic apparatus of mycobacterium. The review is devoted to the consideration of the molecular bases of mycobacterium tuberculosis interaction with anti-tuberculosis drugs and its epidemiological significance.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86067547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Skryabina, Ekaterina S. Golenok, Maxim M. Sobkh, V. Nikiforov
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the strongest known toxins which cause neuroparalytic syndromes in botulism and tetanus. The purpose of this review was to systematize the scientific data on the structure and mechanism of action of BoNTs and TeNT. It was established that botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins are proteins containing functional domains responsible for receptor binding, transmembrane translocation, and proteolytic cleavage of proteins required for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The main stages of the BoNTs and TeNT action are described: binding to the presynaptic membrane, internalization of bound toxin into the cytosol via endocytosis, translocation of the L-chain into the cytosol via the HN domain, disruption of the interchain disulfide bond with release of the L-chain to express its catalytic activity (as a metalloprotease) in the cytosol, and selective cleavage of one or more SNARE complex proteins with subsequent blockade of neurotransmitter release.
{"title":"Structure and mechanism of action of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins (literature review)","authors":"A. Skryabina, Ekaterina S. Golenok, Maxim M. Sobkh, V. Nikiforov","doi":"10.17816/eid321328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid321328","url":null,"abstract":"Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the strongest known toxins which cause neuroparalytic syndromes in botulism and tetanus. The purpose of this review was to systematize the scientific data on the structure and mechanism of action of BoNTs and TeNT. It was established that botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins are proteins containing functional domains responsible for receptor binding, transmembrane translocation, and proteolytic cleavage of proteins required for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The main stages of the BoNTs and TeNT action are described: binding to the presynaptic membrane, internalization of bound toxin into the cytosol via endocytosis, translocation of the L-chain into the cytosol via the HN domain, disruption of the interchain disulfide bond with release of the L-chain to express its catalytic activity (as a metalloprotease) in the cytosol, and selective cleavage of one or more SNARE complex proteins with subsequent blockade of neurotransmitter release.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89487905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every year, information is accumulated on the participation of opportunistic microorganisms in the initiation of inflammatory diseases in humans, maintaining a chronic inflammatory response and, thus, adapting to the conditions of existence in the biotopes of the human body. This review provides information on the interactions of microorganisms of medical importance, which affects the virulence of both opportunistic pathogens and classical pathogens, which probably underlies the chronicity of infectious and inflammatory processes. Often, separately opportunistic pathogenic species cannot fully realize their pathogenic potential, which is observed in a greater number of cases under conditions of microbial symbiosis. In general, a revision of approaches to interpreting the results of microbiological methods is required, which involves taking into account the functional activity of the total microflora, as well as the search for individual extrachromosomal genetic elements as a marker of the pathogenicity of a combination of microorganisms.
{"title":"Microbial associations in human biotopes as a factor determining the occurrence of polymicrobial infections","authors":"A. Godovalov","doi":"10.17816/eid317442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/eid317442","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, information is accumulated on the participation of opportunistic microorganisms in the initiation of inflammatory diseases in humans, maintaining a chronic inflammatory response and, thus, adapting to the conditions of existence in the biotopes of the human body. This review provides information on the interactions of microorganisms of medical importance, which affects the virulence of both opportunistic pathogens and classical pathogens, which probably underlies the chronicity of infectious and inflammatory processes. Often, separately opportunistic pathogenic species cannot fully realize their pathogenic potential, which is observed in a greater number of cases under conditions of microbial symbiosis. In general, a revision of approaches to interpreting the results of microbiological methods is required, which involves taking into account the functional activity of the total microflora, as well as the search for individual extrachromosomal genetic elements as a marker of the pathogenicity of a combination of microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":93465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of infectious diseases and epidemiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85831528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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