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1.0 THz fmax InP DHBTs in a refractory emitter and self-aligned base process for reduced base access resistance 1.0 THz fmax InP dhbt在耐火发射极和自对准基极工艺,以减少基极接入电阻
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994528
V. Jain, J. Rode, H. Chiang, A. Baraskar, E. Lobisser, B. Thibeault, M. Rodwell, M. Urteaga, D. Loubychev, A. Snyder, Y. Wu, J. Fastenau, W.K. Liu
We report 220 nm InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) demonstrating fτ = 480 GHz and fmax = 1.0 THz. Improvements in the emitter and base processes have made it possible to achieve a 1.0 THz fmax even at 220 nm wide emitter-base junction with a 1.1 µm wide base-collector mesa. A vertical emitter metal etch profile, wet-etched thin InP emitter semiconductor with less than 10 nm undercut and self-aligned base contact deposition reduces the emitter semiconductor-base metal gap (Wgap) to ∼ 10 nm, thereby significantly reducing the gap resistance term (Rgap) in the total base access resistance (Rbb), enabling a high fmax device. Reduction in the total collector base capacitance (Ccb) through undercut in the base mesa below base post further improved fmax. These devices employ a Mo/W/TiW refractory emitter metal contact which allows biasing the transistors at high emitter current densities (Je) without problems of electromigration or contact diffusion under electrical stress [1].
我们报道了220 nm InP双异质结双极晶体管(dhbt),其fτ = 480 GHz, fmax = 1.0 THz。发射极和基极工艺的改进使得即使在220 nm宽的发射极-基极结和1.1 μ m宽的基极-集电极台面上也可以实现1.0 THz的fmax。垂直发射极金属蚀刻轮廓,湿蚀刻薄的InP发射极半导体具有小于10 nm的凹边和自对准基极接触沉积,将发射极半导体基极金属间隙(Wgap)减少到~ 10 nm,从而显着降低总基极存取电阻(Rbb)中的间隙电阻项(Rgap),从而实现高fmax器件。通过在基柱下方的基台凹边减小总集电极基电容(Ccb),进一步提高了fmax。这些器件采用Mo/W/TiW耐火发射极金属触点,允许在高发射极电流密度(Je)下对晶体管进行偏置,而不会出现电应力下的电迁移或触点扩散问题[1]。
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引用次数: 23
The effect of field effect device channel dimensions on the effective mobility of graphene 场效应器件沟道尺寸对石墨烯有效迁移率的影响
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994424
A. Venugopal, J. Chan, W. Kirk, L. Colombo, E. Vogel
Graphene is a possible candidate for post CMOS applications and mobility is a material characteristic that has been utilized to gauge the quality of the material[1]. Mobility of exfoliated graphene transferred on SiO2 has been reported to range from 2,000 to 25,000 cm2/V·s [1, 2]. The large variation is typically attributed to factors such as scattering by defects in the underlying substrate, residue from processing, charged impurity scattering and phonon scattering [3]. In most previous studies one of the primary assumptions made is that the mobility is independent of channel dimensions. In this study, we performed room temperature effective mobility measurements as a function of channel dimensions. The mobility exhibits clear channel length (Lch) and width (Wch) dependence and varies from less than 1,000 cm2/V·s to 7,000 cm2/V·s. Theoretical analysis of the conductivity (σ) in graphene devices as a function of Wch performed by Vasko et al [4]. is in agreement with our experimental results. Mobility values for back gated devices with well defined channel dimensions in literature [5] are seen to be consistent with the trend that we report here.
石墨烯是后CMOS应用的可能候选材料,而迁移率是一种材料特性,已被用来衡量材料的质量[1]。据报道,剥离后的石墨烯转移到SiO2上的迁移率范围为2,000至25,000 cm2/V·s[1,2]。这种巨大的变化通常归因于以下因素:衬底缺陷散射、加工残留物、带电杂质散射和声子散射[3]。在大多数先前的研究中,一个主要的假设是流动性与通道尺寸无关。在本研究中,我们进行了作为通道尺寸函数的室温有效迁移率测量。迁移率表现出明显的通道长度(Lch)和宽度(Wch)依赖性,变化范围从小于1,000 cm2/V·s到7,000 cm2/V·s。Vasko等人[4]对石墨烯器件的电导率(σ)作为Wch的函数进行了理论分析。与我们的实验结果一致。文献[5]中具有明确通道尺寸的后门控器件的迁移率值与我们在这里报道的趋势一致。
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引用次数: 1
A hybrid ferroelectric and charge nonvolatile memory 一种混合铁电和电荷非易失性存储器
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994474
S. Rajwade, K. Auluck, J. Shaw, K. Lyon, E. Kan
We introduce a new nonvolatile memory that incorporates ferroelectric (FE) switching layer and charge-storage floating node in a single gate stack. This hybrid FE-charge design reduces the depolarization field in the FE layer as well as increases the memory window over conventional FE-FET. The magnitude of the electric field in the tunnel dielectric is reduced at retention and enhanced at program/erase from the FE polarization. This paper discusses the working principle, gate stack design, fabrication and experimental results of this hybrid design compared to FE-FET and charge-trap Flash.
我们介绍了一种新的非易失性存储器,它将铁电开关层和电荷存储浮动节点集成在一个单栅极堆栈中。与传统的FE- fet相比,这种混合FE电荷设计减少了FE层的去极化场,并增加了记忆窗口。隧道介质中电场的大小在保持时减小,在程序/擦除时增大。本文讨论了这种混合设计的工作原理、栅极堆设计、制作方法和实验结果,并与FE-FET和电荷阱Flash进行了比较。
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引用次数: 1
Tunnel-FET architecture with improved performance due to enhanced gate modulation of the tunneling barrier 隧道-场效应晶体管结构,由于隧道势垒的栅极调制增强而提高了性能
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994440
L. De Michielis, L. Lattanzio, P. Palestri, L. Selmi, A. Ionescu
The Tunnel-FET (TFET) device is a gated reverse biased p-i-n junction whose working principle is based on the quantum mechanical Band-to-Band Tunneling (B2BT) mechanism [1]. The OFF-ON transition can be much more abrupt than for conventional MOSFETs, thus allowing a reduction of the supply voltage and power consumption in logic applications [2]. Several TFETs with point Subthreshold Swing (SS) lower than 60mV/dec have been experimentally demonstrated with different architectures as conventional single gate Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI), Double Gate (DG) and Gate-All-Around (GAA) [3,4]. Unfortunately in all cases a relatively large average SS and a poor on-current have been observed.
隧道场效应晶体管(TFET)器件是一种门控反向偏置p-i-n结,其工作原理基于量子力学带到带隧道(B2BT)机制[1]。OFF-ON转换可以比传统的mosfet更加突然,从而允许在逻辑应用中降低电源电压和功耗[2]。一些点亚阈值摆幅(SS)低于60mV/dec的tfet已被实验证明具有不同的结构,如传统的单栅极绝缘体上硅(SOI),双栅极(DG)和栅极-全方位(GAA)[3,4]。不幸的是,在所有情况下,都观察到相对较大的平均SS和较差的导通电流。
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引用次数: 44
Investigation on superlattice heterostructures for steep-slope nanowire FETs 陡坡纳米线场效应管的超晶格异质结构研究
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994497
E. Gnani, P. Maiorano, S. Reggiani, A. Gnudi, G. Baccarani
In this work we investigate the feasibility of a steep-slope nanowire FET based on the filtering of the high-energy electrons via a superlattice heterostructure in the source extension. Several material pairs are investigated for the superlattice, with the aim to identify the most promising ones with respect to the typical FET evaluation metrics. We found that the GaN-AlGaN pair provides excellent results, which led us to optimize its device structure. We obtain a peak SS ≈ 15 mV/dec and an ON-current approaching 1mA/μm.
在本工作中,我们研究了一种基于在源扩展中通过超晶格异质结构过滤高能电子的陡坡纳米线场效应管的可行性。研究了几种用于超晶格的材料对,目的是根据典型的场效应管评价指标确定最有前途的材料对。我们发现GaN-AlGaN对提供了优异的结果,这使我们对其器件结构进行了优化。我们获得了峰值SS≈15 mV/dec和接近1mA/μm的导通电流。
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引用次数: 6
High-resolution temperature sensing with source-gated transistors 采用源门控晶体管的高分辨率温度传感
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994463
R. Sporea, J. Shannon, S. Silva
Source-gated transistors (SGTs) [1] are three-terminal devices in which the current is controlled by a potential barrier at the source. The gate voltage is used primarily to modulate the effective height of the source barrier. These devices have a number of operational advantages over conventional field-effect transistors, including a potentially much smaller saturation voltage and very low output conductance in saturation, which lead to low power operation and high intrinsic gain [2].
源门控晶体管(sgt)[1]是一种三端器件,其电流由源端的势垒控制。栅极电压主要用于调制源势垒的有效高度。与传统场效应晶体管相比,这些器件具有许多工作优势,包括潜在的更小的饱和电压和非常低的饱和输出电导,从而实现低功耗工作和高固有增益[2]。
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引用次数: 4
Effect of optical phonon scattering on the performance limits of ultrafast GaN transistors 光学声子散射对超高速GaN晶体管性能极限的影响
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994529
T. Fang, Ronghua Wang, Guowang Li, H. Xing, S. Rajan, D. Jena
As GaN HEMTs are scaled down to push performance into 100's of GHz range, it is timely to investigate their performance limits. Unlike Si MOSFETs and most other III–V semiconductor based HEMTs, the electron - polar optical phonon interaction is exceptionally strong in GaN. As a result, the mean free path of hot electrons in GaN is λop ∼ 3.5nm, far shorter than typical HEMT gate lengths (Lg). Thus while Si MOSFETs and other III-V HEMTs can approach near ballistic behavior by reduction of parasitic delays and Lg, the situation is starkly different for GaN HEMTs. Here, we investigate the intrinsic performance limits of GaN HEMTs by incorporating the effect of polar optical phonon backscattering into a quasi-ballistic model. Then, we include parasitic elements and quantitatively investigate the degradation in performance. The method used is semi-analytical, and will prove very helpful in designing future generations of devices. The work not only sets a roadmap for scaling to high speeds, it also offers clear physical reasons for a number of unexplained features observed in state-of-the-art GaN HEMTs.
随着GaN hemt的规模缩小,将性能推至100 GHz范围,研究其性能限制是及时的。与Si mosfet和大多数其他III-V型半导体hemt不同,GaN中的电子-极性光学声子相互作用特别强。因此,GaN中热电子的平均自由程为λop ~ 3.5nm,远短于典型的HEMT栅极长度(Lg)。因此,虽然Si mosfet和其他III-V hemt可以通过减少寄生延迟和Lg来接近弹道行为,但GaN hemt的情况却截然不同。在这里,我们通过将极性光学声子后向散射的影响纳入准弹道模型来研究GaN hemt的内在性能极限。然后,我们纳入寄生元素并定量研究性能的退化。所使用的方法是半解析的,将被证明对设计未来几代设备非常有帮助。这项工作不仅为扩展到高速设置了路线图,还为在最先进的GaN hemt中观察到的一些无法解释的特征提供了明确的物理原因。
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引用次数: 1
Combinational and sequential logic with transistors based on individual carbon nanotubes 基于单个碳纳米管的晶体管组合和顺序逻辑
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994477
H. Ryu, D. Kalblein, U. Zschieschang, O. Schmidt, H. Klauk
Field-effect transistors (FETs) that utilize an individual semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) as the channel are potentially useful for the realization of logic circuits with high integration densities that can be fabricated on transparent, large-area substrates, such as glass or flexible plastics. While FETs based on individual CNTs have already demonstrated excellent static characteristics [1,2], the realization of logic circuits with good static and dynamic performance based on individual-CNT FETs remains a challenge. Bachtold et al. realized 2-input NOR gates by connecting p-channel CNT FETs to external load resistors using coaxial cables and reported a signal delay of 30 msec per stage for a 3-stage unipolar ring oscillator [3]. Javey et al. realized complementary 2-input NAND, AND, NOR and OR gates by connecting p- and n-channel CNT FETs using coaxial cables and measured a delay of 750 µsec for a 3-stage ring oscillator [4]. The only monolithically integrated circuit based transistors utilizing individual carbon nanotubes was reported by Chen et al. who measured a signal delay of 1.9 nsec per stage in a complementary ring oscillator realized on a very long (19 µm) carbon nanotube [5].
利用单个半导体碳纳米管(CNT)作为通道的场效应晶体管(fet)对于实现具有高集成密度的逻辑电路具有潜在的用途,可以在透明,大面积的基板上制造,例如玻璃或柔性塑料。虽然基于单个碳纳米管的场效应管已经表现出优异的静态特性[1,2],但基于单个碳纳米管场效应管实现具有良好静态和动态性能的逻辑电路仍然是一个挑战。Bachtold等人通过使用同轴电缆将p沟道碳纳米管场效应管连接到外部负载电阻,实现了2输入NOR门,并报道了3级单极环形振荡器每级30毫秒的信号延迟[3]。Javey等人通过使用同轴电缆连接p沟道和n沟道碳纳米管场效应管,实现了互补的2输入NAND、AND、NOR和OR门,并测量了一个3级环形振荡器的750µsec延迟[4]。Chen等人报道了唯一一种利用单个碳纳米管的单片集成电路晶体管,他们在一个非常长的(19 μ m)碳纳米管上实现的互补环形振荡器中测量到了每级1.9 nsec的信号延迟[5]。
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引用次数: 0
Gate capacitance scaling and graphene field-effect transistors with ultra-thin top-gate dielectrics 门电容缩放和石墨烯场效应晶体管与超薄顶栅电介质
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994409
B. Fallahazad, Kayoung Lee, Seyoung Kim, C. Corbet, E. Tutuc
Graphene has emerged recently as an attractive channel material for high frequency analog device applications. High carrier mobility and large gate capacitance are both desirable attributes for such devices. A main obstacle however in depositing thin dielectrics on graphene, with high dielectric constant is its chemical inertness. This obstacle can be overcome by either directly depositing the dielectric, e.g. using sputtering or e-beam evaporation, or by using a seed layer which provides nucleation sites for atomic layer deposition (ALD). The interfacial layer however reduces the gate capacitance and can also impact the quality of the ALD dielectric subsequently grown. Here we provide a systematic study of gate capacitance scaling of graphene field effect transistors with Al2O3 gate dielectric with two seed layers, oxidized aluminum and oxidized titanium. Our results show the oxidized Ti film on graphene provides a smooth surface, which allows us to use a Ti nucleation layer as thin as 6Å, and achieve uniform coverage required for the subsequent ALD. The k-value of the ALD Al2O3 grown on graphene using oxidized Ti as nucleation layer is 12.7, a value 2.5 times larger than the ALD Al2O3 grown using oxidized Al. We demonstrate graphene devices with ultra-thin top gate dielectrics, with EOT values as low as 3.5 nm.
近年来,石墨烯已成为高频模拟器件应用中具有吸引力的通道材料。高载流子迁移率和大栅极电容都是这种器件的理想属性。然而,在具有高介电常数的石墨烯上沉积薄介电体的主要障碍是其化学惰性。这一障碍可以通过直接沉积电介质来克服,例如使用溅射或电子束蒸发,或者通过使用为原子层沉积(ALD)提供成核位置的种子层。然而,界面层降低了栅极电容,也会影响ALD电介质随后生长的质量。本文系统地研究了氧化铝和氧化钛两种种子层Al2O3栅极介质的石墨烯场效应晶体管的栅极电容缩放问题。我们的研究结果表明,氧化的钛膜在石墨烯上提供了一个光滑的表面,这使得我们可以使用薄如6Å的钛成核层,并达到后续ALD所需的均匀覆盖。使用氧化Ti作为成核层在石墨烯上生长的ALD Al2O3的k值为12.7,是使用氧化Al生长的ALD Al2O3的2.5倍。我们展示了具有超薄顶栅电介质的石墨烯器件,EOT值低至3.5 nm。
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引用次数: 5
Trap-related delay analysis of self-aligned N-polar GaN/InAlN HEMTs with record extrinsic gm of 1105 mS/mm 外源gm记录为1105 mS/mm的自对准n极性GaN/InAlN hemt的阱相关延迟分析
Pub Date : 2011-06-20 DOI: 10.1109/DRC.2011.5994531
N. Nidhi, S. Dasgupta, J. Lu, F. Wu, S. Keller, J. Speck, U. Mishra
Ga-polar InAlN-based charge-inducing barrier for HEMTs have been recently demonstrated as a viable technology for high frequency applications due to high polarization charge and hence, low resistance channels [1,2]. In this paper, we report on MBE-grown N-polar GaN/InAlN HEMTs with excellent DC and RF performance. There exists a discrepancy in the DC and RF data for N-polar MBE InAlN devices which is explained through several measurements and analysis and possible solutions are discussed.
由于具有高极化电荷和低电阻通道,用于hemt的ga -极性inaln电荷诱导势垒最近被证明是一种可行的高频应用技术[1,2]。在本文中,我们报道了mbe生长的n极性GaN/InAlN hemt具有优异的直流和射频性能。n极MBE InAlN器件的直流和射频数据存在差异,通过多次测量和分析解释了这一差异,并讨论了可能的解决办法。
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引用次数: 3
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69th Device Research Conference
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