Energy Storage最新文献

To offset the intermittent nature, renewable energy sources must be paired with energy storage systems (ESS) to cater to the demand for clean energy solutions. The performance characteristics requirements of these ESS are application-specific, say batteries are characterized by their high energy capacity while supercapacitors offer greater power density. Currently, the research concentration in this domain is on improving the performance parameters of proven energy storage chemistries. Two-dimensional (2D) materials characterized by high specific surface area, and tunable physical and electrical properties are explored extensively to enhance ESS performance. This review comprehends the progress made by two typical 2D materials, Graphene and Molybdenum disulfide, to enhance the energy/ power capacity, and life span of a few chosen rechargeable storage chemistries, lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, and flow batteries. Further the review presents the current state of ESS, the challenges identified so far which restrict their capacity and life span, and the solutions employed to date. Finally, the challenges associated with these solutions are critically analyzed to suggest future directions and research perspectives in this domain.

Electric mobility decarbonizes the transportation sector and effectively addresses sustainable development goals. A good battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for the safe working of electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to address thermal runaway and associated catastrophic hazards effectively. However, PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivity issues, and hence, enhancement techniques include the use of fins, nano-additives, extended graphite powder, and so forth. The use of composite phase change materials effectively addresses LIB thermal management widely used in electric vehicles while mitigating thermal runaway, besides providing flame retardancy, thermal/mechanical stability, and electrical insulation, and preventing leakage. It is noted that no single strategy of BTMS is brought down to a safe zone of temperature, and hybrid BTMSs are being employed, invariably involve phase change materials (PCMs) to a large extent. It is essential to utilize CPCMs to address the effects of low-temperature environments and vibrations considering vehicle driving cycles and operating conditions. It is observed from the review that ultrasonic monitoring and early detection of internal short circuits are the steps towards mitigation of thermal runaway propagation. It is required to utilize optimization methods, machine learning and IoT tools for a feasible PCM based BTMS work. Present review briefly describes potential methods for effective utilization of PCMs, comparison among different methods, challenges associated and potential solutions. It is highly essential to develop compact and economical BTMS with effective CPCMs for better and safer LIB operation to attract large-scale commercialization of electric vehicles.

Using first-principle calculations, we investigate the rare-earth intermetallic compound LaX₃ (X = Sb and Sn) as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The calculations have been performed to look into the stability of the structure and the electronic properties of host LaX₃ as well as its lithiated phases, Li_xLa_1−xX₃ (0 < x ≤ 1). In this study, we have observed a structural phase transformation of these intermetallic compounds from a cubic to a tetragonal structure upon lithiation to host structure. The ground state energy is calculated using the WIEN2k package to determine the structure stability and volume change due to lithium addition, which is further used to calculate the formation energy, open circuit voltage (OCV), and lithium-ion storage capacity. The equilibrium structural parameters for all the phases are determined by achieving a total energy convergence of 10⁻⁴ Ry. The estimated band structure along high-symmetry lines in the first Brillouin zone and the total as well as partial density of states demonstrate unequivocally that the addition of lithium does not change the metallic nature of these electrode materials. We have also calculated the theoretical lithium-ion storage capacity and OCV for all the compounds. Despite a higher value for OCV larger than 5 V, many of the investigated materials could not be found suitable from a synthesis point of view due to positive formation energies. The formation energy calculation shows that LaSb₃, with a 50% concentration of Li, is the most stable compound out of those investigated here. The calculated OCV for Li_0.5La_0.5Sb₃ is 4.27 V. This is substantially higher than the value obtained up to this point for LIBs, which ranges from 3.20 to 3.65 V/cell. These improved results related to the most stable alloy (Li_0.5La_0.5Sb₃) investigated in this work indicate that it is necessary to check the experimental feasibility of its synthesis and actual device performance.

This study explores the impact of nickel (Ni) doping bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃) thin film synthesis by spray pyrolysis method. The structural and morphological study shows that the thin films are slightly amorphous with granular morphology. Investigated the supercapacitive behavior of synthesized material by using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thin films synthesized are capable of storing a 253.31 F/g capacitance at a 10 mV/s scan rate and by introducing nickel into the synthesis process, we obtained 312.12 F/g capacitance at a 10 mV/s scan rate. The material shows good cyclic stability after 91000 cycles. It is also observed that no structural and morphological changes were made by doping Ni into BiFeO₃ thin films. The significant improvement in capacitance was displayed by Ni doping into BiFeO₃ obtained via spray pyrolysis methods indicating its potential for use in supercapacitor applications.

Driven by the escalating environmental impact of synthetic materials, there has been a growing focus on employing eco-sustainable biomass-derived biopolymers and native materials as a viable alternative to traditional energy storage applications. Biopolymer-based energy devices, like batteries, supercapacitors, electrode materials, and ion-exchange membranes, a novel and eco-conscious approach, hold great potential for flexible and smart electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, owing to their affordability, environmental sustainability, and biodegradability. This critical review outlines the sources and properties of biopolymers leading to energy storage and emphasizes their utilization in the energy sector. Despite their inherent constraints, biopolymers can be effectively leveraged when combined with other materials in composites. This collaborative approach not only refines their intrinsic physical attributes but also elevates the electrochemical performance of biologically active molecules. In this regard, bionanocomposites, a class of materials combining biopolymers and nanoparticles, have emerged as a promising greener alternative to conventional petroleum-based polymers. Their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial properties have promoted their increased commercialization, thus paving the way for a more sustainable future. The review concludes by identifying and effectively addressing the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of biopolymers in energy storage applications.

This research article delves into the synthesis and characterization of Li_(1-x)Sm_(x/3)NbO₃ ceramic, employing a high-energy ball milling process. The investigation explores the incorporation of Sm³⁺ at the Li⁺¹ site across a range of compositions (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05). Structural analysis, using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld structural refinement, establishes that within the investigated composition range, no significant changes in the crystal structure are evident. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies as well as the stable oxidation state of different elements like O²⁻, Nb⁵⁺, Sm³⁺, and Li¹⁺. At sintering temperature 1050°C, the average grain sizes vary approximately from 1.5 to 3.8 μm for different compositions with regular grain morphology. The UV-Vis analysis reveals a noteworthy reduction in the band gap to 3.09 eV for the x = 0.01 composition. Photoluminescence studies exhibit distinct green, orange, and red bands, with the highest intensity observed for x = 0.01, showcasing promising optical properties. The dielectric permittivity of Sm-substituted compositions surpasses the response of pure LiNbO₃, demonstrating an increasing trend with temperature in the frequency range 100 Hz-1 MHz intriguingly, no Curie temperature is observed up to 500°C for any composition. The polarization vs electric field hysteresis loop response highlights better polarization characteristics at the room temperature and maximum polarization is 0.66 μC/cm² for the composition x = 0.05. The energy storage response of the developed compositions is investigated, which reveals a maximum efficiency of 46.64% for x = 0.04 in Li_(1-x)Sm_(x/3)NbO₃. The tunable optical properties, enhanced dielectric response, and notable energy efficiency of these high T_C ceramics suggest their utility across diverse applications. These findings not only contribute to the understanding of functional ceramic materials but also pave the way for their optimized utilization in advanced technological applications, particularly in energy storage devices under nonambient conditions at high temperatures.

Density functional theory (DFT) is utilized to explore the effects of increasing concentrations of vanadium (V) and chromium (Cr) substitution on the discharge of α-MnO₂ cathode in hydrated zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). During H⁺-intercalation and Zn²⁺-intercalation, Cr-substitution proves to be more effective than V-substitution in promoting discharge behaviors. Transitioning from Mn_0.875Cr_0.125O₂, Mn_0.75Cr_0.25O₂ to Mn_0.625Cr_0.375O₂ is found to consistently enhance the discharge voltage, along with improved tunnel structure retention and volume expansion suppression. In comparison, the promoting effect of increasing V-substitution is relatively small at initial discharge stages and leads to degradation at later stages, primarily due to an increased concentration of unstable Mn²⁺ ion. The superior effect of Cr-substitution is attributed to the unique atomic and electronic structures of substituted Cr⁴⁺ and reduced Cr³⁺ ions during discharge. These ions serve as active electron acceptors to limit the formation of Mn³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions, and as anchors to stabilize the α-MnO₂ framework and intercalated H⁺/Zn²⁺ ions, respectively. Our study highlights fine-tuning through substitution to enhance the performance of α-MnO₂-based cathode materials in ZIBs.

In this article, the energy, exergy, and economic analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system powered by biogas to provide electricity, heating, and cooling loads for a residential building in Munich city is investigated. Two methods have been proposed to meet the heating and cooling needs of the residential building. In the first method, heating and cooling needs are provided by a heat pump and mechanical refrigeration (System I), and in the second method, these needs are provided by a radiator and absorption refrigeration cycle (System II). In both modes of this system, the effects of battery energy storage (BES) have been analyzed for peak shaving. The working method of this research is that the residential building's electricity, heating, and cooling needs are calculated by Homer and Carrier software, respectively. Engineering equation solver software models the main local power generation system. A new method has been proposed to select the required number of units to meet the needs of the building with and without BES. The results showed that for System I with and without BES, 3 and 1 ORC units with a nominal power of 2 kW can meet all the needs of the building, respectively. In contrast, for System II, the number of 1 unit with 2 kW and 1 unit with 1 kW is needed to meet the energy needs of a residential building with and without BES. It can be concluded that heating and cooling the building with a radiator and absorption chiller cycle is more cost-effective. The energy and exergy efficiency of ORC is reported as 11.3% and 65.7%, respectively, and the highest exergy destruction rate is related to the heater and boiler. From the economic point of view, the payback period of System II compared with System I is reduced from 18.4 to 5.66 years without using BES. With the use of BES, the payback period is reduced to 5.3 and 5.66 years, respectively. The lowest and highest electricity prices belong to System I with and without BES, which are 3.11 and 0.36 US$/kWh, respectively.

A deep understanding of the pore-scale multi-cycle two-phase seepage mechanism of gas-water systems in low-permeability reservoirs is crucial for enhancing oil and gas recovery and optimizing the operating conditions of underground gas storage. A pore network model was reconstructed using micro-CT images of low-permeability core samples from the Dagang Oilfield, China. The mathematical models of gas-water flow in the pore-scale models were established based on Poiseuille's law and the quasi-static displacement theory, considering the gas compressibility and slip effects. The porosity, pore size, absolute permeability, and relative permeability (K_r) of oil-water and gas-water were calculated using pore network simulations and validated against experimental benchmark data of the same samples. The effects of multi-cycle displacement, rock wettability, and average pore pressure on the gas-water two-phase flow were simulated and analyzed. The results showed that the relative permeability of gas (K_rg) at the same water saturation level significantly increased when the gas compressibility and slip effects were considered. With an increase in the number of gas-water displacement cycles, K_rg at the same water saturation level showed a decreasing trend, indicating a reduction in the gas seepage capability. K_rg decreased with increasing water contact angle. With an increase in the average pore pressure, K_rg decreased and gradually increased when the average pressure exceeded 25 MPa.

Phase change materials (PCMs) have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their capability of storing and releasing thermal energy during phase transformation. However, traditional PCMs face challenges like limited thermal conductivity, leakage while phase transformation from solid to liquid, thermal degradation, and durability. Researchers have concentrated on creating shape-stabilized PCMs (SSPCMs) employing polymers as the supporting matrix to overcome these difficulties and incorporating highly thermally conductive additives to improve thermal conductivity. Compared to conventional PCMs, polymer-based SSPCMs are often more flexible, lightweight, and durable and may be easily customized according to specific applications. Various factors like PCM loading, thermal cyclability, cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns must be considered while constructing polymer-based SSPCMs. This review paper comprehensively explored various polymers, including polyurethane, polyacrylates, polyolefin, and so on, as promising supporting materials for SSPCMs due to their relatively high mechanical strength, compatibility with PCM, excellent thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Natural polymers like chitosan, cellulose, and starch are also considered for eco-friendly solutions. We have also discussed about specific properties of each polymer, their cost-effectiveness, and the environmental impact while developing such SSPCMs to guide researchers in material selection. Applications of polymer-based SSPCMs in solar energy storage, medical devices, building materials, electronics, transportation industry, and waste heat recovery are briefly discussed. Finally, some future development areas have been discussed to attract the attention of new researchers in this field. The information provided in this review will assist readers in understanding polymer-based SSPCM and selecting their desired polymer for support material with diverse application methods.