Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597655
O. Tigli, M. Zaghloul
The design, fabrication, post-processing and characterization of a novel SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) based bio/chemical sensor in CMOS technology is introduced. The sensors are designed in AMI 1.5 mum 2 metal, 2 poly process. A unique maskless post processing sequence is designed and completed. The three post-processing steps are fully compatible with any CMOS technology. This allows any signal control/processing circuitry to be easily integrated on the same chip. ZnO is used as the piezoelectric material for the SAW generation. A thorough characterization and patterning optimization of the sputtered ZnO was carried out. The major novelties that are introduced in the SAW delay line features are: The embedded heater elements for temperature control, compensation and acoustic absorbers that are designed to eliminate edge reflections and minimize triple transit interference. Both of these attributes are designed by using the CMOS layers without disturbing the SAW performance
{"title":"Design and fabrication of a novel SAW bio/chemical sensor in CMOS","authors":"O. Tigli, M. Zaghloul","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597655","url":null,"abstract":"The design, fabrication, post-processing and characterization of a novel SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) based bio/chemical sensor in CMOS technology is introduced. The sensors are designed in AMI 1.5 mum 2 metal, 2 poly process. A unique maskless post processing sequence is designed and completed. The three post-processing steps are fully compatible with any CMOS technology. This allows any signal control/processing circuitry to be easily integrated on the same chip. ZnO is used as the piezoelectric material for the SAW generation. A thorough characterization and patterning optimization of the sputtered ZnO was carried out. The major novelties that are introduced in the SAW delay line features are: The embedded heater elements for temperature control, compensation and acoustic absorbers that are designed to eliminate edge reflections and minimize triple transit interference. Both of these attributes are designed by using the CMOS layers without disturbing the SAW performance","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130353772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597891
Yufeng Dong, M. Kraft, W. Redman-White
Previous work on sigma delta (SigmaDelta) interfaces for micromachined vibratory gyroscopes were based on lowpass SigmaDelta modulators. However, for a lowpass SigmaDelta interface the signal band is a relatively small fraction of the sampling frequency fs , which increases the noise aliasing and result in a relatively high noise floor in the signal band. Due to the characteristic of narrowband amplitude-modulated signals of vibratory rate gyroscopes, a bandpass SigmaDelta interface is more attractive. A bandpass SigmaDelta interface is superior as it is relatively immune to 1/f noise compared to a lowpass SigmaDelta interface. To achieve a similar noise floor with a given oversampling ratio (OSR), the sampling frequency of a bandpass SigmaDelta interface can be much lower than that of a lowpass SigmaDelta interface. Furthermore, some high order SigmaDelta loop topologies have favorable noise shaping characteristics for electronic noise originating from the pickoff circuit and signal anti-aliasing. Therefore, the requirements for the electronic circuits can be considerably relaxed
{"title":"High Order Bandpass Sigma Delta Interface for Vibratory Gyroscopes","authors":"Yufeng Dong, M. Kraft, W. Redman-White","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597891","url":null,"abstract":"Previous work on sigma delta (SigmaDelta) interfaces for micromachined vibratory gyroscopes were based on lowpass SigmaDelta modulators. However, for a lowpass SigmaDelta interface the signal band is a relatively small fraction of the sampling frequency fs , which increases the noise aliasing and result in a relatively high noise floor in the signal band. Due to the characteristic of narrowband amplitude-modulated signals of vibratory rate gyroscopes, a bandpass SigmaDelta interface is more attractive. A bandpass SigmaDelta interface is superior as it is relatively immune to 1/f noise compared to a lowpass SigmaDelta interface. To achieve a similar noise floor with a given oversampling ratio (OSR), the sampling frequency of a bandpass SigmaDelta interface can be much lower than that of a lowpass SigmaDelta interface. Furthermore, some high order SigmaDelta loop topologies have favorable noise shaping characteristics for electronic noise originating from the pickoff circuit and signal anti-aliasing. Therefore, the requirements for the electronic circuits can be considerably relaxed","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115233692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597883
C. Tsai, Y.L. Song, S. Tsai, Y. Chou, J. Cheng
This paper reports for the first time on successful atomization and pumping using microfabricated silicon-based high frequency ultrasonic nozzles of a novel design. The nozzle is made of a piezoelectric drive section with transducers isolated from the liquid and a silicon-resonator consisting of multiple Fourier horns with a central channel for liquid flow. Such nozzles possess a number of advantages over conventional metal-based bulk-type ultrasonic nozzles such as microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based microfabrication technology for mass production, much higher ultrasonic frequency and thus much smaller drop diameter, much narrower drop-size distribution, and much lower electric drive power requirement. Monodispersed droplets (mist) are produced at the resonance frequency due to pure capillary wave atomization mechanism. For example, more than 93% of the droplets 7.0 mum in diameter were produced at ultrasonic resonance frequency of 484.5 kHz. Pumping is also achieved at the resonance frequency as in atomization
{"title":"Silicon-based high-frequency multiple-Fourier horn ultrasonic nozzles for atomization and pumping","authors":"C. Tsai, Y.L. Song, S. Tsai, Y. Chou, J. Cheng","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597883","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports for the first time on successful atomization and pumping using microfabricated silicon-based high frequency ultrasonic nozzles of a novel design. The nozzle is made of a piezoelectric drive section with transducers isolated from the liquid and a silicon-resonator consisting of multiple Fourier horns with a central channel for liquid flow. Such nozzles possess a number of advantages over conventional metal-based bulk-type ultrasonic nozzles such as microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based microfabrication technology for mass production, much higher ultrasonic frequency and thus much smaller drop diameter, much narrower drop-size distribution, and much lower electric drive power requirement. Monodispersed droplets (mist) are produced at the resonance frequency due to pure capillary wave atomization mechanism. For example, more than 93% of the droplets 7.0 mum in diameter were produced at ultrasonic resonance frequency of 484.5 kHz. Pumping is also achieved at the resonance frequency as in atomization","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115343965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597856
M. Pertijs, J. Huijsing
This paper describes the interface electronics of a CMOS smart temperature sensor that is accurate to plusmn0.1degC over the full military temperature range. The sensor is fabricated in a standard CMOS process. Substrate bipolar transistors are used as temperature-sensitive devices. Precision interface electronics are used to make the most of their temperature characteristics. While the sensor is trimmed at one temperature, its accuracy over the full temperature range depends on the initial accuracy of the electronics. Dynamic offset cancellation and dynamic element matching are used to eliminate offset and gain errors. These techniques are combined with a sigma-delta ADC to obtain a readily usable digital temperature reading
{"title":"Precision interface electronics for a CMOS smart temperature sensor","authors":"M. Pertijs, J. Huijsing","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597856","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the interface electronics of a CMOS smart temperature sensor that is accurate to plusmn0.1degC over the full military temperature range. The sensor is fabricated in a standard CMOS process. Substrate bipolar transistors are used as temperature-sensitive devices. Precision interface electronics are used to make the most of their temperature characteristics. While the sensor is trimmed at one temperature, its accuracy over the full temperature range depends on the initial accuracy of the electronics. Dynamic offset cancellation and dynamic element matching are used to eliminate offset and gain errors. These techniques are combined with a sigma-delta ADC to obtain a readily usable digital temperature reading","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114453095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597819
T. Maly, H. Schweinzer
Especially for freight cars, detection of fire mostly requires to establish wayside installed equipment. Because of traveling speeds up to 160km/h, fast and sensitive data acquisition is an important prerequisite. Moreover, fire in closed wagons normally has only small, hardly measurable influence on the outer wagon surface, which requires optimized sensing techniques. One promising approach for reliable fire detection on railroad vehicles is the inspection of their surface temperature. Today's high resolution infrared slit cameras can fulfil all requirements regarding measurement speed, accuracy and temperature range. However, the high camera cost is a major disadvantage in deployment in multiple places along the track. With detailed knowledge of the surface temperature distribution under different fire conditions, cameras may be substituted by temperature sensors, which match the measurement issue better and are cheaper. In this paper the influence of applicable detectors and suitable configurations is discussed
{"title":"New approaches of wayside temperature measurement for railway car fire detection","authors":"T. Maly, H. Schweinzer","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597819","url":null,"abstract":"Especially for freight cars, detection of fire mostly requires to establish wayside installed equipment. Because of traveling speeds up to 160km/h, fast and sensitive data acquisition is an important prerequisite. Moreover, fire in closed wagons normally has only small, hardly measurable influence on the outer wagon surface, which requires optimized sensing techniques. One promising approach for reliable fire detection on railroad vehicles is the inspection of their surface temperature. Today's high resolution infrared slit cameras can fulfil all requirements regarding measurement speed, accuracy and temperature range. However, the high camera cost is a major disadvantage in deployment in multiple places along the track. With detailed knowledge of the surface temperature distribution under different fire conditions, cameras may be substituted by temperature sensors, which match the measurement issue better and are cheaper. In this paper the influence of applicable detectors and suitable configurations is discussed","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116719643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597791
A. Nishitani, Y. Nishida, H. Mizoguch
Rapid construction of the human activity observation system at low cost is necessary with respect to research into human activities and commercialization. The authors have developed an ultrasonic 3D tag system that uses ultrasonic transmitters/receivers for observing human activities. The newly developed system monitors the positions of objects to which transmitters are attached. The ultrasonic 3D tag system can be installed in a wide variety of environments, but the time and the installation cost required to install the numerous required receivers are prohibitive. Therefore, the present authors developed an omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor. The omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor is useful because the number of sensors to be attached can be reduced. The present paper proposes an omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor and reports its feasibility
{"title":"Omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor","authors":"A. Nishitani, Y. Nishida, H. Mizoguch","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597791","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid construction of the human activity observation system at low cost is necessary with respect to research into human activities and commercialization. The authors have developed an ultrasonic 3D tag system that uses ultrasonic transmitters/receivers for observing human activities. The newly developed system monitors the positions of objects to which transmitters are attached. The ultrasonic 3D tag system can be installed in a wide variety of environments, but the time and the installation cost required to install the numerous required receivers are prohibitive. Therefore, the present authors developed an omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor. The omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor is useful because the number of sensors to be attached can be reduced. The present paper proposes an omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor and reports its feasibility","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123373718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597895
Jianjun Ma, W. Bock, Z. Wang, Wenhui Hao, S. M. Mackinnon
With multimode photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) serving as receiving fibers, a fiber-optic probe for the enhancement of fluorescence signal level is investigated. By sealing cladding air holes at the front end of the PCF, a segment of pure glass rod is formed. We prove that the PCF with a longer glass rod has a higher light collection capability. An initial theoretical model is presented to simulate the probe with a tilted target flat membrane placed in front of the probe end face at an arbitrary distance
{"title":"Fiber-optic membrane fluorescent sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with a glass rod in the fiber end","authors":"Jianjun Ma, W. Bock, Z. Wang, Wenhui Hao, S. M. Mackinnon","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597895","url":null,"abstract":"With multimode photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) serving as receiving fibers, a fiber-optic probe for the enhancement of fluorescence signal level is investigated. By sealing cladding air holes at the front end of the PCF, a segment of pure glass rod is formed. We prove that the PCF with a longer glass rod has a higher light collection capability. An initial theoretical model is presented to simulate the probe with a tilted target flat membrane placed in front of the probe end face at an arbitrary distance","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124482368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597868
P. Kaspersen, O. Bjoroey, I. Linnerud, V. Avetisov
Gas analyzers for industrial applications must have high reliability and require little maintenance. Analyzers for in situ measurements using tuneable diode laser spectroscopy in the near infrared have proven to meet these requirements. A brief description of the measurement principle and the LaserGas II analyzer is given. Some examples of practical industrial applications where this measurement technique is superior to most other techniques are presented
{"title":"Practical industrial applications of TDL analyzers","authors":"P. Kaspersen, O. Bjoroey, I. Linnerud, V. Avetisov","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597868","url":null,"abstract":"Gas analyzers for industrial applications must have high reliability and require little maintenance. Analyzers for in situ measurements using tuneable diode laser spectroscopy in the near infrared have proven to meet these requirements. A brief description of the measurement principle and the LaserGas II analyzer is given. Some examples of practical industrial applications where this measurement technique is superior to most other techniques are presented","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121700420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597946
S. Chinnayelka, M. Mcshane
This paper demonstrates a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) sensor system, wherein a competitive binding (CB) assay is encapsulated into microcapsules. For CB approaches intended as smart tattoos, microcapsules are superior to hydrogel microparticle systems, as they provide space in the capsule interior for the free movement of the sensing elements while maintaining constant sensing assay concentration. Previously-developed CB glucose sensors suffer from toxicity, nonspecificity, lack of efficient encapsulation technology, and poor reversibility. To overcome some of these limitations, apo-glucose-oxidase (AG) was used as a glucose binding protein and was entrapped in polyelectrolyte microcapsules. The glucose-sensitive change in RET of the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and tetramethylrhodamine isothio-cyanate (TRITC)-AG entrapped in microcapsules showed 5times more specificity towards glucose over other sugars, with a sensitivity of 0.035units/mM in the range of 0-40mM. These response characteristics appear to be suitable for glucose monitoring in diabetic patients
{"title":"Competitive binding assays in microcapsules as \"smart tattoo\" biosensors","authors":"S. Chinnayelka, M. Mcshane","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597946","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) sensor system, wherein a competitive binding (CB) assay is encapsulated into microcapsules. For CB approaches intended as smart tattoos, microcapsules are superior to hydrogel microparticle systems, as they provide space in the capsule interior for the free movement of the sensing elements while maintaining constant sensing assay concentration. Previously-developed CB glucose sensors suffer from toxicity, nonspecificity, lack of efficient encapsulation technology, and poor reversibility. To overcome some of these limitations, apo-glucose-oxidase (AG) was used as a glucose binding protein and was entrapped in polyelectrolyte microcapsules. The glucose-sensitive change in RET of the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and tetramethylrhodamine isothio-cyanate (TRITC)-AG entrapped in microcapsules showed 5times more specificity towards glucose over other sugars, with a sensitivity of 0.035units/mM in the range of 0-40mM. These response characteristics appear to be suitable for glucose monitoring in diabetic patients","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121705401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-10-31DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597957
J.M. Cones, J. Bravo, F. Arregui, I. Matías
In this work, an indirect method for the detection of voltage unbalance in electrical engines using an optical fiber sensor is presented. The in-line fiber etalon structure has been designed and used to detect 0-5% voltage unbalances in the frequency range up to 500 Hz. The interferometric sensing mechanism of the sensor allows a high sensitivity with the additional advantages of EMI immunity and high dielectric isolation. In order to prove this claim, a 1.5 kW squirrel cage induction motor is unbalanced and its vibration analyzed. It is shown that a precise unbalance factor can be detected without accessing to the electric part of the machine and an accurate monitoring can be obtained using the analysis proposed. This scheme can be applied to reduce the oscillating electromagnetic torque, power losses and temperature rise due to unbalance, and leading to a higher efficiency and the extension of the life of the machine
{"title":"Unbalance Detection in Electrical Engines Using an In-Line Fiber Etalon","authors":"J.M. Cones, J. Bravo, F. Arregui, I. Matías","doi":"10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597957","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, an indirect method for the detection of voltage unbalance in electrical engines using an optical fiber sensor is presented. The in-line fiber etalon structure has been designed and used to detect 0-5% voltage unbalances in the frequency range up to 500 Hz. The interferometric sensing mechanism of the sensor allows a high sensitivity with the additional advantages of EMI immunity and high dielectric isolation. In order to prove this claim, a 1.5 kW squirrel cage induction motor is unbalanced and its vibration analyzed. It is shown that a precise unbalance factor can be detected without accessing to the electric part of the machine and an accurate monitoring can be obtained using the analysis proposed. This scheme can be applied to reduce the oscillating electromagnetic torque, power losses and temperature rise due to unbalance, and leading to a higher efficiency and the extension of the life of the machine","PeriodicalId":119985,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors, 2005.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122060970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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