Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.12
H. Darweesh
The possibility to produce both environmentally and friendly cement exclusively or solely from industrial byproducts such as pulverized fly ash (PFa) was investigated. A low clinkering temperature was attained or acquired to produce cement. It is capable to gain high early and late strength on hydration. The optimum quantities of PFa and clinkering temperature were detected. The results indicated that the higher the clinkering temperature, the higher hydration reactivity of the cement. The optimum PFa content and clinkering temperature for synthesizing cement were found to be 35 wt. % and 1350°C, respectively. The production of cement with PFa at a low clinkering temperature can save energy and natural resources consumption, landfills disposal cost and also can reduce CO2↑ emission. The formed major phases in presence of PFa are more or less the same as those of the blank as experimentally achieved and approved by the compressive strength. As the PFa content increased, the free lime contents decreased, and also the firing or clinkering temperature decreased. The optimum PFa content must not exceed than 35 wt. %, and any further increase of Pfa resulted in adverse effects on all characteristics of the produced clinker.
{"title":"A Low Temperature Manufactured Portland Cement Clinker from Pulverized Waste of Fly Ash","authors":"H. Darweesh","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.12","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility to produce both environmentally and friendly cement exclusively or solely from industrial byproducts such as pulverized fly ash (PFa) was investigated. A low clinkering temperature was attained or acquired to produce cement. It is capable to gain high early and late strength on hydration. The optimum quantities of PFa and clinkering temperature were detected. The results indicated that the higher the clinkering temperature, the higher hydration reactivity of the cement. The optimum PFa content and clinkering temperature for synthesizing cement were found to be 35 wt. % and 1350°C, respectively. The production of cement with PFa at a low clinkering temperature can save energy and natural resources consumption, landfills disposal cost and also can reduce CO2↑ emission. The formed major phases in presence of PFa are more or less the same as those of the blank as experimentally achieved and approved by the compressive strength. As the PFa content increased, the free lime contents decreased, and also the firing or clinkering temperature decreased. The optimum PFa content must not exceed than 35 wt. %, and any further increase of Pfa resulted in adverse effects on all characteristics of the produced clinker.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75783952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.11
M. Faye, O. Ngom, S. Ndiaye, C. Mbow, B. Ba
The author, taking into account the non-uniformity of dissociation, the recombination of excitons in the depletion region, as well as the variability of the coefficients as a function of temperature, used dimensional analysis. Thus, by grouping together the physical parameters, dependent and independent variables, he generates dimensionless numbers. Among the latter, we have the ratio between the diffusion time and the lifetime of the charge carriers (Fourier number); the ratio between the imposed heat flux and that thermal conduction (heating factor) and the ratio between the mobility of the excitons and that of the electrons. The motivation of the author is on the one hand to show the influence of these dimensionless numbers on the diffusion lengths of the charge carriers and on the other hand their influence and that of the diffusion lengths on the total photocurrent density of the carriers. Therefore, he studied the effects of the mean temperature and those of the mobility ratio on the total density of the photocurrent. In order to carry out such work, the author opted for the finite volume method combined with an iterative line-by-line relaxation method of the Gauss-Seidel type as a method of solving his physical problem.
{"title":"Excitons Diffusion Length, Tree Dimensionless Numbers and Mean Temperature Dependence of Semiconductor Performance Including Excitons","authors":"M. Faye, O. Ngom, S. Ndiaye, C. Mbow, B. Ba","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200902.11","url":null,"abstract":"The author, taking into account the non-uniformity of dissociation, the recombination of excitons in the depletion region, as well as the variability of the coefficients as a function of temperature, used dimensional analysis. Thus, by grouping together the physical parameters, dependent and independent variables, he generates dimensionless numbers. Among the latter, we have the ratio between the diffusion time and the lifetime of the charge carriers (Fourier number); the ratio between the imposed heat flux and that thermal conduction (heating factor) and the ratio between the mobility of the excitons and that of the electrons. The motivation of the author is on the one hand to show the influence of these dimensionless numbers on the diffusion lengths of the charge carriers and on the other hand their influence and that of the diffusion lengths on the total photocurrent density of the carriers. Therefore, he studied the effects of the mean temperature and those of the mobility ratio on the total density of the photocurrent. In order to carry out such work, the author opted for the finite volume method combined with an iterative line-by-line relaxation method of the Gauss-Seidel type as a method of solving his physical problem.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88854129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-07DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.13
P. Franze, G. Schneider, C. Zängle, M. Pfeffer, S. Kaskel
Front-end manufacturing of power semiconductor devices requires numerous different processes and materials. To control the complexity of fully automated 300 mm manufacturing lines, which typically utilize closed wafer containers, so called FOUPs (Front Opening Unified Pod), a systematic FOUP management concept is mandatory. This concept has to fulfill the quality targets in terms of organic and inorganic contaminants to assure the highest yield level of the semiconductor products. The focus of this study is to understand the behavior of airborne molecular contaminations (AMC) and to define strategies to prevent yield loss driven by AMC. The first step was to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the AMC level within the different process steps of a selected power technology. Sampling and analysis procedures based on laser spectroscopy, measurements of electrical conductivity and mass spectrometry systems were used to understand the AMC level of the investigated components. A special automated research platform to analyze the gas phase in the FOUPs was used within the 300 mm high volume power semiconductor fab at Infineon Technologies Dresden. A pronounced dependence of the investigated component level on the different production steps was found. First offline root cause analyses due to contaminations of FOUPs with boron were performed using mass spectrometry, and the air filter systems used within the 300 mm cleanroom could be identified as a second source for boron contaminations. Other special experiments investigated the time dependency of the AMC level in the FOUP atmospheres. With this work, Infineon Dresden has established methods and strategies to prevent AMC-caused yield losses.
{"title":"Investigation of the Airborne Molecular Contamination Behavior in 300 mm Semiconductor Front - End Manufacturing","authors":"P. Franze, G. Schneider, C. Zängle, M. Pfeffer, S. Kaskel","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.13","url":null,"abstract":"Front-end manufacturing of power semiconductor devices requires numerous different processes and materials. To control the complexity of fully automated 300 mm manufacturing lines, which typically utilize closed wafer containers, so called FOUPs (Front Opening Unified Pod), a systematic FOUP management concept is mandatory. This concept has to fulfill the quality targets in terms of organic and inorganic contaminants to assure the highest yield level of the semiconductor products. The focus of this study is to understand the behavior of airborne molecular contaminations (AMC) and to define strategies to prevent yield loss driven by AMC. The first step was to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of the AMC level within the different process steps of a selected power technology. Sampling and analysis procedures based on laser spectroscopy, measurements of electrical conductivity and mass spectrometry systems were used to understand the AMC level of the investigated components. A special automated research platform to analyze the gas phase in the FOUPs was used within the 300 mm high volume power semiconductor fab at Infineon Technologies Dresden. A pronounced dependence of the investigated component level on the different production steps was found. First offline root cause analyses due to contaminations of FOUPs with boron were performed using mass spectrometry, and the air filter systems used within the 300 mm cleanroom could be identified as a second source for boron contaminations. Other special experiments investigated the time dependency of the AMC level in the FOUP atmospheres. With this work, Infineon Dresden has established methods and strategies to prevent AMC-caused yield losses.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90865726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.12
Z. Yaşar, R. Haber
In this current paper, oxygen content of a fine particle size SiC (H. C. Starck UF 25 Silicon Carbide) and coarser particle size SiC (Saint Gobain Silicon Carbide) were modified by using different concentrations of HF for etching. Fully dense silicon carbide ceramics (>99% th. density) were produced by the spark plasma sintering technique at 1950 °C under an applied pressure of 50 MPa for 5 min hold with boron carbide and carbon addition. Archimedes method, scanning electron microscopy, and the ultrasound analysis were used to examined density, microstructure, elastic (E), shear (G), and bulk (K) moduli of dense silicon carbide ceramics to investigate the effect of oxygen impurities on the densification and the properties of silicon carbide. The results showed that high oxygen content is detrimental to the final density of SPS silicon carbide. When the oxygen content increased from 0.60 to 5.92 wt.%, the relative density decreased from 99.99% to 96%. For both SiC powders, by increasing the etching time, the grain size of SiC decreased. It means that the high oxygen caused grain growth. Ultrasound analysis results showed that the high oxygen content affected the elastic properties. SiC samples with the high oxygen content had a lower elastic moduli, shear moduli and bulk moduli. It was clear that increasing the oxygen content decreased the elastic properties.
{"title":"Effect of Acid Etching Time and Concentration on Oxygen Content of Powder on the Microstructure and Elastic Properties of Silicon Carbide Densified by SPS","authors":"Z. Yaşar, R. Haber","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this current paper, oxygen content of a fine particle size SiC (H. C. Starck UF 25 Silicon Carbide) and coarser particle size SiC (Saint Gobain Silicon Carbide) were modified by using different concentrations of HF for etching. Fully dense silicon carbide ceramics (>99% th. density) were produced by the spark plasma sintering technique at 1950 °C under an applied pressure of 50 MPa for 5 min hold with boron carbide and carbon addition. Archimedes method, scanning electron microscopy, and the ultrasound analysis were used to examined density, microstructure, elastic (E), shear (G), and bulk (K) moduli of dense silicon carbide ceramics to investigate the effect of oxygen impurities on the densification and the properties of silicon carbide. The results showed that high oxygen content is detrimental to the final density of SPS silicon carbide. When the oxygen content increased from 0.60 to 5.92 wt.%, the relative density decreased from 99.99% to 96%. For both SiC powders, by increasing the etching time, the grain size of SiC decreased. It means that the high oxygen caused grain growth. Ultrasound analysis results showed that the high oxygen content affected the elastic properties. SiC samples with the high oxygen content had a lower elastic moduli, shear moduli and bulk moduli. It was clear that increasing the oxygen content decreased the elastic properties.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87165617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-03DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.11
L. Yinglong, He Lizi, Z. Ling
In this study, pure aluminum particles were successfully consolidated to fully dense bulk material by back pressure equal channel angular pressing (BE-ECAP) at room temperature, the evolutions of microstructure and densification mechanism were systematically investigated using an FEI-TECNAI G20 transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating at 200kV, FEI field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and hardness testing. The results indicated that the strong bulk materials from particles were successfully produced. After 4 BE-ECAP passes, the present samples show finer grains with the average grain size of ~10μm, the density of the sample was considerably higher compared to those of the materials that had undergone ECAP without back pressure, and was approach to the theoretical density of pure Al. This was related to the combination of hydrostatic pressure, shear deformation and strain accumulation. The mechanisms of grain refinement was the dislocation generated inside grains moves towards the grain boundary continuously, and accumulates, tangles annihilates at the grain boundaries, which resulting in the grains continuously fragmented and refined.
{"title":"Back Pressure Equal Channel Angular Pressing of Consolidate Pure Al Particles","authors":"L. Yinglong, He Lizi, Z. Ling","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20200901.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, pure aluminum particles were successfully consolidated to fully dense bulk material by back pressure equal channel angular pressing (BE-ECAP) at room temperature, the evolutions of microstructure and densification mechanism were systematically investigated using an FEI-TECNAI G20 transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating at 200kV, FEI field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and hardness testing. The results indicated that the strong bulk materials from particles were successfully produced. After 4 BE-ECAP passes, the present samples show finer grains with the average grain size of ~10μm, the density of the sample was considerably higher compared to those of the materials that had undergone ECAP without back pressure, and was approach to the theoretical density of pure Al. This was related to the combination of hydrostatic pressure, shear deformation and strain accumulation. The mechanisms of grain refinement was the dislocation generated inside grains moves towards the grain boundary continuously, and accumulates, tangles annihilates at the grain boundaries, which resulting in the grains continuously fragmented and refined.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77903028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.17
Trachevskyi Viacheslav, Kartel Mykola, S. Yurii, Zhuravskyi Serhii, W. Bo
In the elements of aviation structures of large size and low rigidity rubber thermal protective coatings are used, which do not collapse when the structure is deformed. The use of rubber for supersonic aircraft and spacecraft is limited due to high requirements for heat and frost resistance of materials, as well as to their stability under the conditions of radiation and in a vacuum. Therefore, the development of new rubber with improved characteristics is an urgent problem. Multiwall carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials known and have extremely high values of Young's modulus. Carbon nanotube aspect ratio of length to diameter is more than 103; this distinguishes it from other nanoparticles. New composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as additives were studied intensively during the last decade. Composites are characterized by extremely high specific strength properties, electrical and thermal conductivity. The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the performance characteristics of rubbers based on nitrile-butadiene was studied with various methods of their preliminary treatment and introduction into the composition of rubbers. It was shown that the introduction of 0.5-1.0 wt. % сarbon nanotubes into elastomers of different chemical structures leads to an increase in their physic mechanical characteristics, wear resistance and aging resistance, which significantly increases the service life of such products.
{"title":"Modification of Specialty Rubbers by Carbon Nanomaterials","authors":"Trachevskyi Viacheslav, Kartel Mykola, S. Yurii, Zhuravskyi Serhii, W. Bo","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.17","url":null,"abstract":"In the elements of aviation structures of large size and low rigidity rubber thermal protective coatings are used, which do not collapse when the structure is deformed. The use of rubber for supersonic aircraft and spacecraft is limited due to high requirements for heat and frost resistance of materials, as well as to their stability under the conditions of radiation and in a vacuum. Therefore, the development of new rubber with improved characteristics is an urgent problem. Multiwall carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials known and have extremely high values of Young's modulus. Carbon nanotube aspect ratio of length to diameter is more than 103; this distinguishes it from other nanoparticles. New composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as additives were studied intensively during the last decade. Composites are characterized by extremely high specific strength properties, electrical and thermal conductivity. The effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the performance characteristics of rubbers based on nitrile-butadiene was studied with various methods of their preliminary treatment and introduction into the composition of rubbers. It was shown that the introduction of 0.5-1.0 wt. % сarbon nanotubes into elastomers of different chemical structures leads to an increase in their physic mechanical characteristics, wear resistance and aging resistance, which significantly increases the service life of such products.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89539926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.16
S. Yurii, Grebel’na Yulia, Strelchuk Victor, Dovbeshko Galyna, Zhuravskyi Serhii, Makhno Stanislav, W. Bo, Kartel Mykola
It is given the description of expanded graphite (EG) as a cluster-assembled nanoscale system. It is shown that in the structure of EG there are both extended defects formed by the convolution of one or more graphene layers and orientation defects - disclination. The strength characteristics of EG compacted materials can be controlled by changing the parameters of the production process in a limited interval (the ratio of the amount of oxidizing agent, intercalant, with natural dispersed graphite, its particle size). The procedure for treating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MW CNTs) with a solution of potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid was carried out according to the known technology of oxidation of natural graphite in order to obtain expandable graphite. It provides for the use of sulfuric acid as an intercalating agent and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as an oxidizing agent. The aqueous dispersion of oxidized MW CNTs is stable over time: the average particle size is 50 nm; two fractions - from 20 to 100 nm, amount - 99.9%, mass - 10%; from 250 to 500 nm and amount of 0.1%, mass - 90%; high polydispersity ranges from 0.35-0.4, that is, the particles are quite close to the spherical shape. Modification of CNTs by oxygen simultaneously with anodic oxidation of natural dispersed graphite allowed for the first time to create a carbon-carbon composite "EG – MW CNTs" with enhanced physical and mechanical characteristics without additional use of binders.
{"title":"Carbon-Carbon Composition “Expanded Graphite – Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes”","authors":"S. Yurii, Grebel’na Yulia, Strelchuk Victor, Dovbeshko Galyna, Zhuravskyi Serhii, Makhno Stanislav, W. Bo, Kartel Mykola","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.16","url":null,"abstract":"It is given the description of expanded graphite (EG) as a cluster-assembled nanoscale system. It is shown that in the structure of EG there are both extended defects formed by the convolution of one or more graphene layers and orientation defects - disclination. The strength characteristics of EG compacted materials can be controlled by changing the parameters of the production process in a limited interval (the ratio of the amount of oxidizing agent, intercalant, with natural dispersed graphite, its particle size). The procedure for treating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MW CNTs) with a solution of potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid was carried out according to the known technology of oxidation of natural graphite in order to obtain expandable graphite. It provides for the use of sulfuric acid as an intercalating agent and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as an oxidizing agent. The aqueous dispersion of oxidized MW CNTs is stable over time: the average particle size is 50 nm; two fractions - from 20 to 100 nm, amount - 99.9%, mass - 10%; from 250 to 500 nm and amount of 0.1%, mass - 90%; high polydispersity ranges from 0.35-0.4, that is, the particles are quite close to the spherical shape. Modification of CNTs by oxygen simultaneously with anodic oxidation of natural dispersed graphite allowed for the first time to create a carbon-carbon composite \"EG – MW CNTs\" with enhanced physical and mechanical characteristics without additional use of binders.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87351377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.15
Karachevtseva Liudmyla, Kartel Mykola, W. Bo, Lytvynenko Oleg, Onyshchenko Volodymyr, S. Yurii, Trachevskyi Viacheslav
We analyzed “semiconductor” model of the “polymer-CNTs” composite strengthening at 300 K and low (0.1-0.5) wt% CNTs concentration. Carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials known and have extremely high values of Young's modulus. We investigated influence of vibration bonds on polymer crystallization and strengthening in composite films of polyethylenimine, polyamide, polypropylene and rubber with multiwall carbon nanotubes. IR absorbance maxima we evaluated after formation of composite “polyethylenimine-carbon nanotube” in the spectral area of the sp3 hybridization bonds at the frequency of primary amino groups of polyethylenimine. High IR absorption in the spectral area of sp3 hybridization bonds of polypropylene, polyamide-6 with carbon nanotubes is determined by γω(CН) and γω(CH2) vibrations. We measured IR reflectance maxima of composite “rubber-carbon nanotube” in the spectral area of CH valence and deformation vibrations. The IR peak dependence on the carbon nanotube content corresponds to 1D Gaussian curve for the diffusion equation in the electric field between electrons of nanotubes and protons in polymer according to “semiconductor” model of the composite structuring. For our case of the long-acting hundreds nanometer interactions, the polymer crystallization depends on sp3 C-C bonds organization in the intrinsic electric field according to the semiconductor n-p model. Tensile strength for polyamide-6 composites at 0.25% CNTs increases 1.7 times and tensile deformation – 2.3 times.
{"title":"“Semiconductor” Model of the “Polymer-CNTs” Composite Strengthening","authors":"Karachevtseva Liudmyla, Kartel Mykola, W. Bo, Lytvynenko Oleg, Onyshchenko Volodymyr, S. Yurii, Trachevskyi Viacheslav","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.15","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed “semiconductor” model of the “polymer-CNTs” composite strengthening at 300 K and low (0.1-0.5) wt% CNTs concentration. Carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials known and have extremely high values of Young's modulus. We investigated influence of vibration bonds on polymer crystallization and strengthening in composite films of polyethylenimine, polyamide, polypropylene and rubber with multiwall carbon nanotubes. IR absorbance maxima we evaluated after formation of composite “polyethylenimine-carbon nanotube” in the spectral area of the sp3 hybridization bonds at the frequency of primary amino groups of polyethylenimine. High IR absorption in the spectral area of sp3 hybridization bonds of polypropylene, polyamide-6 with carbon nanotubes is determined by γω(CН) and γω(CH2) vibrations. We measured IR reflectance maxima of composite “rubber-carbon nanotube” in the spectral area of CH valence and deformation vibrations. The IR peak dependence on the carbon nanotube content corresponds to 1D Gaussian curve for the diffusion equation in the electric field between electrons of nanotubes and protons in polymer according to “semiconductor” model of the composite structuring. For our case of the long-acting hundreds nanometer interactions, the polymer crystallization depends on sp3 C-C bonds organization in the intrinsic electric field according to the semiconductor n-p model. Tensile strength for polyamide-6 composites at 0.25% CNTs increases 1.7 times and tensile deformation – 2.3 times.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88941947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-03DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.14
Kartel Mykola, G. Vita, W. Bo, Mukalo Yevgen, Kozakevych Roman, Nikolaichuk Alina
The process of obtaining of new biosorbents from apricot seed shells by oxidative-organosolvent processing in "acetic acid - hydrogen peroxide" medium has been studied. The structural and sorption properties of the materials obtained using physical and chemical methods were investigated. The effect of the reactants ratio in solution, as well as the duration of the modification process on the yield, content of cellulose, lignin, and mineral components and on sorption properties of the products was studied. The dependence between the mineral content and the adsorption pore volume was shown. The positive effect of hydrogen peroxide application in the process of modifying of plant waste on cellulose content was estimated. Increasing the duration of modification increases the contribution of oxidative transformation of lignin into soluble products and decreases the yield of the lignocelluloses’ materials. The regularities of sorption of marker of low molecular weight toxins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on obtained products were investigated. It has been found that the highest sorption capacity of obtained lignocelluloses’ sorbents towards methylene blue and Sodium Diclofenac corresponds to the samples with polysaccharide content 60%. It has been also found that the sorption equilibrium occurs within 120 min of contact. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of application of such lignocelluloses’ carriers in the production of prolonged action drugs.
{"title":"Preparation and Properties of Biosorbents on the Base of Fruit Seed Shell","authors":"Kartel Mykola, G. Vita, W. Bo, Mukalo Yevgen, Kozakevych Roman, Nikolaichuk Alina","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.14","url":null,"abstract":"The process of obtaining of new biosorbents from apricot seed shells by oxidative-organosolvent processing in \"acetic acid - hydrogen peroxide\" medium has been studied. The structural and sorption properties of the materials obtained using physical and chemical methods were investigated. The effect of the reactants ratio in solution, as well as the duration of the modification process on the yield, content of cellulose, lignin, and mineral components and on sorption properties of the products was studied. The dependence between the mineral content and the adsorption pore volume was shown. The positive effect of hydrogen peroxide application in the process of modifying of plant waste on cellulose content was estimated. Increasing the duration of modification increases the contribution of oxidative transformation of lignin into soluble products and decreases the yield of the lignocelluloses’ materials. The regularities of sorption of marker of low molecular weight toxins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on obtained products were investigated. It has been found that the highest sorption capacity of obtained lignocelluloses’ sorbents towards methylene blue and Sodium Diclofenac corresponds to the samples with polysaccharide content 60%. It has been also found that the sorption equilibrium occurs within 120 min of contact. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of application of such lignocelluloses’ carriers in the production of prolonged action drugs.","PeriodicalId":14116,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Materials Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84147680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-02DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMSA.20190806.13
M. Sadiq, P. Kalaignan
As the global concerns in the development of human civilization, the scientific and technological issues of energy utilization and environment protection are currently facing challenges. Nowadays, enormous energy demands of the world are mainly met by the non-renewable and environmental unfriendly fossil fuels. To replace the conventional energy platform, a pursuit of renewable and clean energy sources and carriers, including hydrogen storage, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors. Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. Herein, we report novel RGO-ZnWO4-Fe3O4 electrodes material can be synthesized using one step microwave irradiation technique and reported as an electrode material for supercapacitors applications. The surface morphology, chemical composition and electronic structure of the RGO-ZnWO4-Fe3O4 electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The electrochemical performance of the RGO-ZnWO4-Fe3O4 electrodes has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The result reveals that a specific capacitance of 480 F/g, an energy density of 15 Wh/kg and power density of 1719.5 W/kg is observed over RGO-ZnWO4-Fe3O4 electrodes materials. The cost effective electrodes materials of RGO-ZnWO4-Fe3O4 can be useful for future electrochemical energy storage device applications.
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