Journal of food protection最新文献_第7页

Evaluation of a Coinoculation Method for Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on Whole and Broken Almonds Exposed to Dry Heat 干热下整粒杏仁和碎粒杏仁肠道沙门氏菌和粪肠球菌NRRL B-2354共接种方法的研究

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100644

Yucen Xie , Christopher Theofel , Vanessa Lieberman , Linda J. Harris

Traditional laboratory-based pathogen-surrogate comparison studies often involve inoculating each organism onto separate samples, which can subsequently introduce variability due to differences in food microenvironments and processing conditions. Coinoculating pathogens and surrogates onto the same sample minimizes this variability by subjecting both microorganisms to identical conditions. This study evaluated a coinoculation method for comparing the thermal resistance of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium on whole and broken almonds exposed to 168 °C for up to 12 min. Selective media were validated for accurate differentiation and enumeration of coinoculated wild-type or rifampin-resistant Salmonella and E. faecium on almonds. The media reliably distinguished and quantified each organism, with no cross-recovery observed. Reductions in Salmonella were not significantly different between wild-type and rifampin-resistant strains, nor between CHROMagar Salmonella and tryptic soy agar supplemented with rifampin at 50 μg/mL (P > 0.05). E. faecium demonstrated similar or greater thermal resistance compared to coinoculated Salmonella, supporting its use as a surrogate during dry heat treatment of almonds. While no significant difference in Salmonella reduction was observed between whole and broken almonds, greater reductions of E. faecium were observed on broken almonds, suggesting that almond structure may influence microbial thermal responses in a species-dependent manner. The findings support the utility of coinoculation for laboratory-based pathogen-surrogate comparison studies.

传统的基于实验室的病原体替代物比较研究通常涉及将每种生物接种到单独的样品上，这可能随后由于食品微环境和加工条件的差异而引入变异。将病原体和代物共同接种到同一样品上，使两种微生物处于相同的条件下，从而最大限度地减少了这种可变性。本研究采用共接种的方法，比较了整粒杏仁和碎粒杏仁在168°C下加热12 min后，肠道沙门氏菌和屎肠球菌的耐热性。选择培养基对杏仁上共接种的野生型或耐利福平沙门氏菌和粪肠杆菌进行了准确的鉴别和计数。培养基可靠地区分和量化了每种生物，没有观察到交叉恢复。50 μg/mL添加利福平的CHROMagar沙门氏菌与色浆大豆琼脂菌对沙门氏菌的减少量无显著差异（P < 0.05）。与共接种的沙门氏菌相比，粪杆菌表现出类似或更大的耐热性，支持其作为杏仁干热处理的替代品。虽然整个杏仁和碎杏仁中沙门氏菌的减少量没有显著差异，但碎杏仁中粪肠杆菌的减少量更大，这表明杏仁的结构可能以一种依赖的方式影响微生物的热反应。研究结果支持共接种在实验室病原体-替代物比较研究中的效用。

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引用次数: 0

Eugenol as a Seed Treatment for Controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Seeds Under Controlled Environmental Agriculture 丁香酚对环境农业条件下罗勒种子中大肠杆菌O157:H7和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的防治作用

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100643

Liliana Avaroma , Angela M. Walla , Ronny Barrera , Leslie D. Thompson , Catherine Simpson

Recent foodborne outbreaks linked to basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) highlight the urgent need for effective intervention strategies covering the entire production cycle from seed to harvest. Foodborne pathogens, particularly E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, pose significant public health risks when associated with fresh produce. Seeds serve as a primary vector for pathogen transmission, with contamination often originating from irrigation water, manure, or cross-contamination during handling. Traditional seed disinfection methods, such as chlorine-based treatments and hydrogen peroxide, have limited efficacy in reducing pathogens while maintaining seed viability. Eugenol has been shown to be an effective foodborne pathogen intervention in a variety of produce types. This study investigates the potential of eugenol (0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%), a phenolic monoterpenoid, as a seed treatment to control E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium and quality parameters on basil seeds over 14 days. All eugenol concentrations reduced pathogen loads by 4–5 log CFU/g at hr 0. However, antimicrobial efficacy declined significantly over time, with regrowth observed by 48 hrs, resulting in microbial levels not significantly different from the untreated control (p > 0.05). The 0.5% eugenol treatment consistently minimized negative impacts on germination rates (p > 0.05) and biomass (p < 0.05), offering the best balance between microbial control and plant health. These results underscore eugenol’s potential as a short-term surface disinfectant for basil seeds and emphasize the need for combined strategies to sustain long-term efficacy.

最近与罗勒（Ocimum basilicum L.）有关的食源性暴发突出表明迫切需要有效的干预策略，涵盖从种子到收获的整个生产周期。食源性病原体，特别是大肠杆菌O157:H7和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，在与新鲜农产品相关联时构成重大公共卫生风险。种子是病原体传播的主要媒介，其污染通常来自灌溉用水、粪便或处理过程中的交叉污染。传统的种子消毒方法，如氯基处理和过氧化氢，在减少病原体的同时保持种子活力方面效果有限。丁香酚已被证明是一种有效的食源性病原体干预多种农产品类型。研究了酚类单萜类化合物丁香酚（0.5%、0.75%、1.0%）作为控制大肠杆菌O157:H7和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的种子处理的潜力，以及对罗勒种子14 d的质量参数。在hr 0时，所有丁香酚浓度均可使病原体负荷降低4-5 log CFU/g。然而，随着时间的推移，抗菌效果显著下降，在48小时后观察到再生，导致微生物水平与未处理的对照组无显著差异（p > 0.05）。0.5%丁香酚处理对发芽率（p < 0.05）和生物量的负面影响持续最小化（p < 0.05），提供了微生物控制和植物健康之间的最佳平衡。这些结果强调了丁香酚作为罗勒种子短期表面消毒剂的潜力，并强调了维持长期功效的综合策略的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on the Recovery of Peanut, Milk, and Gluten Residue from Environmental Swabs 贮存时间和温度对环境棉签中花生、牛奶和面筋渣回收的影响。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100645

Jessica Humphrey, Shyamali Jayasena, Steve L. Taylor, Joseph L. Baumert

Food companies utilize environmental swabs in production facilities to validate cleaning procedures and ensure food products and food contact surfaces contain no detectable residues of unintentional food allergens. When swabs are sent to third−party laboratories as part of cleaning validation trials, the current recommendation is to ship swabs on ice with same-day shipping. However, with unforeseen delays, the temperature and duration of storage exert unknown effects on the recovery of allergen residues from swabs. The recovery of three allergenic food residues (peanut, milk, gluten) from Neogen Environmental Swabs following storage at specified temperatures and times was evaluated. Extracts of 25, 50, and 100 ppm (mg/L) peanut flour, nonfat dry milk (NFDM), and gluten (an additional 10 ppm (mg/L) spike was included for gluten) were prepared and spiked onto the swabs that were then stored at room temperature, 37 °C, 4 °C, and −20 °C for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. Subsequently, swabs were tested using two commercial ELISA methods (Neogen Veratox® and Morinaga) for each allergenic food. Higher and more stable recovery was obtained throughout the 14-day period across all three allergenic foods when tested using the Morinaga kits by comparison to the Veratox kits. For peanut and milk recovery from swabs analyzed using the Veratox kit, the greatest decrease in recovery was observed from day 0 to day 1. Gluten−spiked swabs tested with the Veratox kit did not demonstrate significant variability in recovery over time. Overall, higher recoveries were observed when swabs were stored at lower temperatures. These results indicate that swabs should be transported and stored at 4 °C or −20 °C until analysis. However, these results are limited to the Neogen Environmental Swabs and the ELISA kits evaluated in the current study. Further evaluation of additional protein targets, ELISA kits, and swab types is warranted to determine if these results are consistent for alternate targets, extractions, and swab types.

食品公司在生产设施中使用环境棉签来验证清洁程序，并确保食品和食品接触表面不含可检测到的无意中食物过敏原残留。当拭子作为清洁验证试验的一部分被送到第三方实验室时，目前的建议是用冰块运输拭子，当天发货。然而，由于不可预见的延迟，储存的温度和持续时间对拭子中过敏原残留物的回收产生未知的影响。在规定的温度和时间下，从Neogen环境拭子中回收三种致敏性食物残留物（花生、牛奶、麸质）进行了评估。制备25、50和100 ppm （mg/L）花生面粉、脱脂干牛奶（NFDM）和谷蛋白（谷蛋白包括额外的10 ppm （mg/L）穗）的提取物，并将其添加到拭子上，然后在室温、37°C、4°C和-20°C下保存0、1、3、5、7、10和14天。随后，使用两种商用ELISA方法（Neogen Veratox®和Morinaga）对每个致敏食物进行拭子测试。与Veratox试剂盒相比，使用森永试剂盒对所有三种致敏性食物进行了14天的测试，获得了更高和更稳定的恢复。对于使用Veratox试剂盒分析的棉签中花生和牛奶的回收率，从第0天到第1天观察到回收率的最大下降。用Veratox试剂盒测试的麸质刺拭子在恢复过程中没有表现出显著的变化。总的来说，当拭子在较低的温度下储存时，观察到更高的回收率。这些结果表明，拭子应在4°C或-20°C下运输和储存，直到分析。然而，这些结果仅限于在当前研究中评估的Neogen环境拭子和ELISA试剂盒。进一步评估其他蛋白靶点、ELISA试剂盒和拭子类型是必要的，以确定这些结果是否与替代靶点、提取和拭子类型一致。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal and Environmental Drivers for Survival of Escherichia coli in Florida Soils Amended with Heat-Treated Poultry Pellets and Composted Poultry Litter 经热处理家禽颗粒和堆肥家禽垃圾处理的佛罗里达州土壤中大肠杆菌存活的时间和环境驱动因素

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100639

Harsimran Kaur Kapoor , Charles Bency Appolon , Cameron A. Bardsley , Karuna Kharel , Keith R. Schneider , Manan Sharma , Aditya Kumar Mishra , Govindaraj Dev Kumar , Alda F.A. Pires , Laurel L. Dunn , Abhinav Mishra

Previous studies have shown that field environmental conditions influence pathogen survival in the soils amended with biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAOs). To address this, a two-year completely randomized design field study in Florida was conducted with plots amended with heat-treated poultry pellets (HTPPs), composted poultry litter (PL), and unamended (UN), all inoculated with E. coli. Onion bulbs were transplanted into selected HTPP plots (O-HTPP) and field cured after harvesting. Soil samples were enumerated for E. coli on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 147 (harvest day), and 161 (after curing). The E. coli data were used to fit a linear mixed effect model (LME) with five weather variables: cumulative rainfall (cmrain₄), average air temperature (at60₁₂₃₄), relative humidity (RH₁₂₃₄), wind speed (W₁), soil temperature (ast₁). Overall, E. coli levels were 1.8 and 1.6 log₁₀CFU or MPN/g higher in HTPP than UN plots in Year 1 and Year 2. The LME for soil amendment plots identified weather parameters that significantly influenced E. coli survival; cmrain₄ and W₁ increased and decreased survival by 0.698 and 0.712 log₁₀CFU or MPN/g (p < 0.01), in Year 1. In the LME that compared plots with and without onions, W₁ significantly increased survival in soils by 0.504 log₁₀CFU or MPN/g (p < 0.05) in Year 1 (p < 0.05). These robust LME models (R²: 0.88–0.92) can predict the E. coli population in soils amended with poultry-litter−based amendments with or without onions. However, future studies will benefit from frequent samplings at later time points.

已有研究表明，野外环境条件会影响动物源性生物土壤改良剂（bsaao）改良土壤中病原菌的生存。为了解决这一问题，在佛罗里达州进行了一项为期两年的完全随机设计的实地研究，其中用热处理家禽颗粒（HTPP）、堆肥家禽垃圾（PL）和未改性（UN）进行了改良，均接种了大肠杆菌。洋葱鳞茎移栽到选定的HTPP地块（O-HTPP），收获后进行田间固化。分别在第0、1、3、7、14、28、56、84、112、140、147（采收日）、161（养护后）对土壤样品进行大肠杆菌检测。利用大肠杆菌数据与5个天气变量（累积降雨量（cmrain4）、平均气温（at601234）、相对湿度（RH1234）、风速（W1）、土壤温度（ast1））拟合线性混合效应模型（LME）。总体而言，在第一年和第二年，HTPP的大肠杆菌水平比联合国地块高1.8和1.6 log10CFU或MPN/g。土壤改良剂的LME鉴定出对大肠杆菌存活有显著影响的天气参数；cmrain4和W1分别提高和降低了0.698和0.712 log10CFU或MPN/g的存活率（p1显著提高了0.504 log10CFU或MPN/g (p2: 0.88-0.92)），可以预测在添加或不添加洋葱的家禽粪便改良土壤中大肠杆菌的数量。然而，未来的研究将受益于在以后的时间点频繁采样。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of Sanitation Practices on Microbial Dynamics in Meat Processing Environment 卫生措施对肉类加工环境中微生物动态的影响。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100647

Barun Yadav , Yi Fan , Scott Hrycauk , Tim McAllister , Claudia Narvaez-Bravo , Tyson Brown , Xianqin Yang

This study investigated the effects of a multistage sanitation process on the microbial populations associated with conveyor belts, drains, and air within a large commercial beef processing facility. Total aerobic counts in samples from conveyor belts, drain, and air increased after a pressurized warm water wash (P < 0.05), decreased after foaming and degreasing (P < 0.05), and were not affected (P > 0.05) by application of peracetic acid (500 ppm) or quat−based (200 ppm) no-rinse sanitizers at recommended in-use concentrations with a 5−min contact time. Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms counts on conveyor belts and drains largely followed the same pattern as those of total aerobic counts. However, the Enterobacteriaceae counts in air samples were below the detection limit (1 CFU/100 L). Escherichia coli were not recovered from belts before cleaning or after sanitation, but were detected only sporadically during sanitation. In drain samples where E. coli were recovered, counts were not affected by cleaning or sanitation steps. Sequencing results revealed that the microbial composition varied by different sampling trips. Overall, Acinetobacter was predominant throughout the sanitation process in conveyor belt, drain, and air samples, with overall relative abundance of 46.06%, 51.18%, and 55.83%, respectively. Prediction models based on sequencing data indicated that the drain surface was a significant contributor to the initial microbiota on conveyor belts, but was replaced by air at the step of pressurized water washing.

本研究调查了多阶段卫生过程对大型商业牛肉加工设施内传送带、排水沟和空气中微生物种群的影响。使用过氧乙酸或quat基无冲洗消毒剂以使用浓度、接触时间5分钟进行加压温水洗涤后，传送带、排水管和空气中样品的总有氧计数增加（P0.05）。肠杆菌科和大肠菌群在传送带和排水沟上的计数基本上遵循与总有氧计数相同的模式。空气样品中肠杆菌科细菌计数低于检测限（1 CFU/1000 L）。清洗前或卫生后未检出大肠杆菌，但在卫生过程中偶有检出。在回收大肠杆菌的下水道样本中，计数不受清洁或卫生步骤的影响。测序结果显示，不同采样行程的微生物组成不同。总体而言，输送带、排水和空气样本在整个卫生过程中均以不动杆菌为主，总体相对丰度分别为46.06%、51.18%和55.83%。基于测序数据的预测模型表明，排水表面是输送带上初始微生物群的重要贡献者，但在加压水洗涤步骤中被空气所取代。

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引用次数: 0

Milk Safety in Rwanda: Examining Practices, Microbial Contamination, and Antibiotic Residues Along the Milk Value Chain 卢旺达的牛奶安全：检查牛奶价值链上的做法、微生物污染和抗生素残留。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100641

Eugene Niyonzima , Kizito Nishimwe , Armitra Jackson-Davis , Janvier Mugisha , David Mugabo , Sylvie Nkundizanye , Theogene Ndayishimye , Olivier Kamana , Anselme Shyaka , Lamin S. Kassama

Milk is widely recognized as a vital source of animal protein; however, it can also act as a conduit for foodborne infections. This study evaluated the microbiological quality and prevalence of antibiotic residues in raw cow milk along Rwanda’s dairy value chain, including farms, milk transporters, milk collection centers (MCCs), and retail outlets. The research was conducted across four major milk sheds (regions) in Rwanda: Gicumbi, Gishwati, Nyagatare, and Nyanza. A total of 144 dairy farmers, 70 milk transporters, 12 MCCs, and 46 retail points were randomly selected. Data on milk production and handling practices were gathered using a structured questionnaire, and 390 milk samples were analyzed for hygiene indicator bacteria, Salmonella, and antibiotic residues. Milk was found to be transported from farms to MCCs without refrigeration. At the farm level, microbial counts for Total Mesophilic Bacteria (6.10 ± 0.08 log CFU/mL), Total Coliforms (4.85 ± 0.09 log CFU/mL), and Escherichia coli (3.79 ± 0.09 log CFU/mL) exceeded national safety thresholds. Contamination levels increased during transportation and peaked at MCCs, where the Total Mesophilic Count (TMC) reached 6.97 ± 0.14 log CFU/mL, and Salmonella was detected in 18% of samples. However, microbial quality improved at the retail level, likely due to boiling practices. Antibiotic residues were present in 48.5% of milk samples. Tetracyclines were the most frequently detected (40.0%), followed by Streptomycin (6.2%) and β-lactams (2.3%). Additionally, 95.8% of Salmonella isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 54.2% exhibited multidrug resistance. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to enhance on-farm hygiene, establish cold chain systems for milk transportation, and implement routine screening for antibiotic residues throughout the dairy value chain.

牛奶被广泛认为是动物蛋白的重要来源；然而，它也可以作为食源性感染的渠道。本研究评估了卢旺达乳制品价值链上（包括农场、牛奶运输商、牛奶收集中心和零售店）生牛奶中抗生素残留的微生物质量和流行程度。这项研究是在卢旺达的四个主要牛奶棚（地区）进行的：Gicumbi、Gishwati、Nyagatare和Nyanza。随机抽取了144个奶农、70个牛奶运输商、12个mcc和46个零售点。采用结构化问卷收集了牛奶生产和处理方法的数据，并对390份牛奶样本进行了卫生指标细菌、沙门氏菌和抗生素残留分析。牛奶被发现在没有冷藏的情况下从农场运往监控中心。在养殖场水平，总中温细菌（6.10 ± 0.08 log CFU/mL）、总大肠菌群（4.85 ± 0.09 log CFU/mL）和大肠杆菌（3.79 ± 0.09 log CFU/mL）的微生物计数均超过国家安全阈值。污染水平在运输过程中增加，在mcs处达到峰值，总中温细菌计数（TMC）达到6.97 ± 0.14 log CFU/mL， 18%的样品检测到沙门氏菌。然而，在零售水平上，微生物质量得到改善，可能是由于煮沸的做法。48.5%的牛奶样本中存在抗生素残留。以四环素类药物检出率最高（40.0%），其次为链霉素（6.2%）和β-内酰胺类药物（2.3%）。此外，95.8%的沙门氏菌分离株对至少一种抗生素耐药，54.2%表现出多药耐药。这些研究结果强调，迫切需要有针对性的干预措施，以加强农场卫生，建立牛奶运输的冷链系统，并在整个乳制品价值链中实施抗生素残留的常规筛查。

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引用次数: 0

Surveillance of Salmonella in Cull Boar, Sow, and Gilt Lymph Nodes and Tonsils from Six Cull Hog Processing Facilities in the United States 美国6个扑杀猪加工厂中野猪、母猪和后备母猪淋巴结和扁桃体沙门氏菌的监测。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100642

Sirui Zhang , Reagan L. Brashears , Mindy M. Brashears , Marcos X. Sanchez , Sara E. Gragg

Salmonella is associated with the environment, gastrointestinal tract, and lymph nodes (LNs) of pigs. Contamination in LNs of cull hogs may lead to contamination of carcasses, sausages, and other pork products. To better understand the public health risks of contaminated lymphatic tissues, a cross-sectional analysis of Salmonella in the LNs and tonsils of cull hogs processed at six facilities across two regions of the United States during different seasons was conducted. A total of 3,824 samples from 560 carcasses were included in this study. From each carcass, six LNs (axillary [ALN], mesenteric [MLN], subiliac [SLN], tracheobronchial [TLN], superficial inguinal [SILN], and prescapular [PLN]), and tonsils were collected. The BAX® System Real-Time Salmonella Assay and BAX®-System-SalQuant® methods were used to detect and estimate Salmonella concentration in samples, respectively. Salmonella prevalence was 12.3% overall, 36.9% in tonsils, 29.7% in MLNs, 8.2% in SILNs, 2.5% in PLNs, 4.5% in TLNs, 2.0% in ALNs, and 0.7% in SLNs. Salmonella prevalence was greatest for tonsils in the summer/fall (42.6%), though season was not significant (P = 0.1132). For MLNs, Salmonella prevalence in spring (35.2%) and summer/fall (32.5%) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than winter (18.3%). Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SILNs during winter (19.2%) than spring (0.5%) and summer/fall (2.2%) in the eastern region. Of the 70 MLNs that were enumerable, estimated concentration (log Salmonella cells/sample) was greatest (P < 0.05) during winter (2.8) in comparison to summer/fall (1.8) and spring (0.7) in the eastern region. At the carcass level, 332 (59.3%) harbored Salmonella in one or more samples, and prevalence did not vary by season (P = 0.1495) or region (P = 0.8669). These data suggest that seasonal factors impact Salmonella contamination in specific lymph nodes and can be used by the industry for risk assessment and Salmonella mitigation strategies.

沙门氏菌与猪的环境、胃肠道和淋巴结（LNs）有关。扑杀猪体内的毒素可能会导致尸体、香肠和其他猪肉产品受到污染。为了更好地了解受污染淋巴组织的公共卫生风险，对美国两个地区六个设施在不同季节处理的屠宰猪的扁桃体和淋巴结中的沙门氏菌进行了横断面分析。本研究共收集了560只动物尸体的3824份样本。每具胴体取6个淋巴结（腋窝[ALN]、肠系膜[MLN]、髂下[SLN]、气管支气管[TLN]、腹股沟浅[SILN]、肩胛前[PLN]）和扁桃体。分别采用BAX®System Real-Time Salmonella Assay和BAX®-System-SalQuant®方法检测和估计样品中的沙门氏菌浓度。总体沙门氏菌患病率为12.3%，扁桃体为36.9%，mln为29.7%，siln为8.2%，pln为2.5%，tln为4.5%，aln为2.0%，sln为0.7%。夏秋季扁桃体沙门氏菌感染率最高（42.6%），季节差异不显著（P=0.1132）。春季（35.2%）和夏秋季（32.5%）沙门菌的流行率显著高于同期(P

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引用次数: 0

Sporulation and implications for composting food waste 产孢及其对食物垃圾堆肥的影响。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100633

Muriel Lepesteur, Carina Dexter, Yujing Zhang, Aleksandra Kusljic

Well−managed composting is generally a safe method for processing organic wastes and generating a product that has beneficial uses. However, there is uncertainty regarding the safety of composts produced from high-risk organic wastes. High-risk organic wastes are wastes that may contain contaminants (biological, physical, or chemical) that render the waste difficult to process and are likely to pose unacceptable residual risks after suboptimal processing. In this article, we examine the environmental stressors present during the composting process and how they impact the fate of spore-forming bacteria. For example, promoting the sporulation of spore-forming bacteria early in the composting process by maintaining a steady but slow rise in temperature may increase their removal.

As a result, the composting process could be optimized to maximize the removal of pathogenic spore-forming bacteria otherwise likely to survive the composting process. A hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is proposed that utilizes the timing of pathogen inactivation, as well as a multibarrier approach to ensure that inactivation during composting does not rely on a single operational parameter. This is a systematic and flexible approach which could offer composters a practicable and efficient system to reduce spore-forming bacteria as more high-risk organic wastes are diverted from landfills to be composted.

管理良好的堆肥通常是处理有机废物和产生有益用途的产品的安全方法。然而，从高风险有机废物中生产的堆肥的安全性存在不确定性。高风险有机废物是指可能含有污染物（生物的、物理的或化学的）的废物，这些污染物使废物难以处理，并且在不理想的处理后可能造成不可接受的残余风险。在这篇文章中，我们研究了堆肥过程中存在的环境压力因素以及它们如何影响孢子形成细菌的命运。例如，在堆肥过程的早期，通过保持稳定但缓慢的温度上升来促进孢子形成细菌的产孢，可能会增加它们的去除。因此，堆肥过程可以优化，以最大限度地去除病原孢子形成细菌，否则可能在堆肥过程中存活。提出了危害分析和关键控制点（HACCP），利用病原体灭活的时间，以及多屏障方法来确保堆肥过程中的灭活不仅仅依赖于单个操作参数。这是一种系统和灵活的方法，可以为堆肥者提供一个切实可行和有效的系统，以减少形成孢子的细菌，因为更多的高风险有机废物从填埋场转移到堆肥中。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid Detection and Fast Induction of Viable but Nonculturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae 活的但不可培养的副溶血性弧菌和霍乱弧菌的快速检测和快速诱导。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100623

Eleonora Di Salvo , Christopher Zeidler , Tim Bastian Schille , Patrick Mikuni-Mester , Thomas Alter , Stephan Huehn-Lindenbein , Susanne Fleischmann

Vibrio (V.) species, such as V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae, are commonly associated with foodborne infections and are frequently detected in seafood worldwide. Unfavorable environmental conditions and process-related factors can induce a shift from culturable Vibrio cells into viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells.

Conventional culture-based detection methods (ISO 21872-1:2023-06) cannot detect bacteria in the VBNC state, even though these cells remain metabolically active and pathogenic due to the expression of toxin−encoding genes. This study aimed to develop a detection method using viable quantitative PCR (vqPCR) to identify viable cells, including those in VBNC state. In parallel, a relatively rapid protocol for inducing the VBNC state to generate VBNC cell controls was established.

The established vqPCR assays included a preliminary step to inhibit dead bacterial cells using a proprietary DNA intercalating dye (Reagent D) in combination with the detection of long gene fragments of groEL (510 bp) for V. parahaemolyticus and ompW (588 bp) for V. cholerae using previously published primers. These assays demonstrated a high sensitivity, detecting as low as 20 fg DNA = 3.5 V. parahaemolyticus cells and 30 fg DNA = 6.9 V. cholerae cells. An induction of Vibrio VBNC cells of ≈ 6.5 Log10 cells/ml was successfully achieved within one hour from an initial 7.3 Log10 viable Vibrio cells/ml by treating the cells with a solution containing 0.5 or 1.0% Lutensol A03 and 0.2 M ammonium carbonate.

The results showed that the established vqPCR methods were able to detect V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae in up to 50% (2.6 to 4.2 Log10 cells/g) and 56% (2.8 to 5.2 Log10 cells/g) of retail samples, respectively, that were initially false-negative in culture-based tests.

The use of vqPCR assays along with culture-based tests can significantly enhance the seafood safety assessment by enabling the detection of VBNC cells of the most important foodborne Vibrio pathogens. In addition, the induction assay can be used for a rapid production of VBNC cells to standardize and validate such detection methods.

弧菌种类，如副溶血性弧菌和霍乱弧菌，通常与食源性感染有关，在世界各地的海产品中经常检测到。不利的环境条件和工艺相关因素可诱导可培养弧菌细胞向可存活但不可培养的（VBNC）细胞转变。传统的基于培养的检测方法（ISO 21872-1:2023-06）无法检测出处于VBNC状态的细菌，即使这些细胞由于毒素编码基因的表达而保持代谢活性和致病性。本研究旨在建立一种活菌定量PCR （vqPCR）检测方法，用于鉴定包括VBNC状态在内的活菌细胞。同时，建立了一种相对快速的诱导VBNC状态生成VBNC细胞对照的方法。建立的vqPCR检测包括使用专有的DNA插入染料（试剂D）抑制死亡细菌细胞的初步步骤，结合使用先前发表的引物检测副溶血性弧菌的groEL （510 bp）长基因片段和霍乱弧菌的ompW （588 bp）长基因片段。这些检测显示出高灵敏度，可检测低至20 fg DNA = 3.5 v的副溶血性细胞和30 fg DNA = 6.9 v的霍乱细胞。用含有0.5或1.0% Lutensol A03和0.2 M碳酸铵的溶液处理细胞，在1小时内成功地从7.3 Log10个活弧菌细胞/ml诱导出了≈6.5 Log10个细胞/ml的VBNC弧菌细胞。结果表明，所建立的vqPCR方法能够分别在高达50% （2.6 ~ 4.2 Log10细胞/g）和56% （2.8 ~ 5.2 Log10细胞/g）的零售样品中检测到副溶血性弧菌和霍乱弧菌，这些样品最初在基于培养的测试中呈假阴性。利用vqPCR检测和基于培养的检测可以检测最重要的食源性弧菌病原体的VBNC细胞，从而显著提高海产品的安全性评估。此外，诱导试验可用于快速生产VBNC细胞，以标准化和验证此类检测方法。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence and Genomic Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Beef and Farm Samples in Korea 韩国零售牛肉和农场样品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的流行和基因组特征。

IF 2.8 4区农林科学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Journal of food protection

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100640

Jiyon Chu , Jeong-Ih Shin , Mi Ru Lee , Yeun-Jun Chung , Kun Taek Park , Seung-Hyun Jung

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major foodborne pathogen that can persist in food-processing environments and is responsible for listeriosis outbreaks. In this study, a total of 445 samples were collected from the beef supply chain, including 205 samples from cattle farms and 240 from retail markets across South Korea. Notably, 22 Lm isolates were exclusively recovered from retail beef samples, suggesting that contamination likely occurred during postfarm processing. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the isolates belonged to lineage I (36.4%) and lineage II (63.6%), with CC9 being the most frequently identified clonal complex. Lineage I included hypervirulent clones such as CC3, CC87, and CC224, which harbored LIPI-3 or LIPI-4 and a full-length inlA gene, consistent with high virulence potential. Notably, the CC224 strains shared several molecular features with the Korean outbreak strain (sublineage, resistance gene, and a premature stop codon [PMSC] mutation in the llsX gene), although they were not closely genetically related. In contrast, all CC9 isolates harbored inlA PMSC mutations, which are associated with attenuated virulence. Virulence and stress-related genetic elements exhibited lineage-specific patterns, with SSI-2, internalin genes (inlG and inlL), and virulence factors (ami and comK) predominantly found in lineage II. All isolates remained susceptible to most antibiotics; however, tetracycline resistance was observed in a subset (n = 4, 18.2%). Our findings demonstrate the coexistence of hypervirulent and stress-adapted subtypes in beef products and underscore the need for continuous genomic surveillance and enhanced hygiene measures during meat processing and distribution to mitigate public health risks.

单核细胞增生李斯特菌（Lm）是一种主要的食源性病原体，可在食品加工环境中持续存在，是李斯特菌病暴发的原因。在这项研究中，总共从牛肉供应链中收集了445个样本，其中包括来自养牛场的205个样本和来自韩国零售市场的240个样本。值得注意的是，仅从零售牛肉样本中回收了22株Lm分离株，这表明污染可能发生在农场后加工过程中。全基因组测序结果显示，分离株分别属于谱系I（36.4%）和谱系II(63.6%)，其中CC9是最常见的克隆复合体。谱系1包括高毒力克隆，如CC3、CC87和CC224，其中含有LIPI-3或LIPI-4和全长inlA基因，与高毒力潜力一致。值得注意的是，CC224株与韩国爆发株具有几个分子特征（亚谱系、抗性基因和llsX基因的过早终止密码子[PMSC]突变），尽管它们在遗传上并不密切相关。相比之下，所有CC9分离株都携带la PMSC突变，这与毒性减弱有关。毒力和应激相关遗传因子表现出谱系特异性模式，SSI-2、内毒素基因（inlG和inlL）和毒力因子（ami和comK）主要存在于谱系II中。所有分离株仍对大多数抗生素敏感；然而，在一个亚群中观察到四环素耐药（n = 4,18.2%）。我们的研究结果表明，在牛肉产品中存在高毒力亚型和应激适应亚型，并强调需要在肉类加工和分销过程中进行持续的基因组监测和加强卫生措施，以减轻公共卫生风险。

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引用次数: 0