Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221117161033
N. Pal, N. Das, C. Paul, M. Maitra
Laccase (Benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase; E.C.1.10.3.2), a multicopper oxidase that is a known lignin-degrading enzyme, can catalyse an ample array of substrates, from phenolic, non-phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, diamines, heterocyclic compounds to organic/inorganic metal compounds etc., bestowed they have not too high redox potentials. Despite many laccase-producing organisms like bacteria, insects, plants, and animals, white rot filamentous fungi are the best producers of this enzyme. In the presence of laccase, pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, etc.) of various chemical compositions (organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates, pyrethrin & pyrethroids etc.) are oxidized into the water with collateral reduction of four electrons of molecular oxygen with various efficiencies. Bioremediation efficiency can be increased in the presence of various natural or synthetic mediators, viz. ABTS, violuric acid, 1- hydroxy benzotriazole, vanillin, syringaldehyde, PEG, etc. Immobilized laccase on various supporting materials increased the enzyme's stability, reliability, and reusability for continuous application, particularly for industrial processes. The present review discusses the structure, catalytic cycle, general mechanism of oxidation, and various scopes and challenges of pesticide degradation by this multifaceted biocatalyst which could lead to a green sustainable environment.
{"title":"Laccase-assisted bioremediation of pesticides: Scope and challenges","authors":"N. Pal, N. Das, C. Paul, M. Maitra","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221117161033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221117161033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Laccase (Benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase; E.C.1.10.3.2), a multicopper oxidase that is a known lignin-degrading enzyme, can catalyse an ample array of substrates, from phenolic, non-phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, diamines, heterocyclic compounds to organic/inorganic metal compounds etc., bestowed they have not too high redox potentials. Despite many laccase-producing organisms like bacteria, insects, plants, and animals, white rot filamentous fungi are the best producers of this enzyme. In the presence of laccase, pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, etc.) of various chemical compositions (organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates, pyrethrin & pyrethroids etc.) are oxidized into the water with collateral reduction of four electrons of molecular oxygen with various efficiencies. Bioremediation efficiency can be increased in the presence of various natural or synthetic mediators, viz. ABTS, violuric acid, 1- hydroxy benzotriazole, vanillin, syringaldehyde, PEG, etc. Immobilized laccase on various supporting materials increased the enzyme's stability, reliability, and reusability for continuous application, particularly for industrial processes. The present review discusses the structure, catalytic cycle, general mechanism of oxidation, and various scopes and challenges of pesticide degradation by this multifaceted biocatalyst which could lead to a green sustainable environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45713733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221116163819
M. Gupta, Sharol Sebastian
The extension of carbon chains, known as homologation, is one of the most fundamental operations of organic synthesis. One and two-carbon homologation reactions are of immense importance because they can be used for synthesizing members of a homologous series by iterative operations. Homologation reactions produce higher analogues of the same functional group, whereas homologation-functional group interconversion (FGI) generates higher analogues with a change in functionality. This general synthesis strategy may be counted for a number of reasons, such as higher accessibility to the successive homologs, a chance for the introduction of additional functionality, or solely to create a regular series of homologs. The advantages of homologation reactions could be measured by the efficiency, technical simplicity, and regio- and/or stereo-selectivity of the overall operations in a synthetic plan. Homologation reactions constitute powerful and versatile tools for preparative chemistry which uses different concepts underpinning the use of homologating reagents in addition to their applications in organic synthesis. A compilation and comparison of diverse methods available for homologation cum functional group interconversion will empower synthetic chemists to undertake studies that require a series of analogues. In this review, we have categorized and summarized such methods and synthetic applications of one and two-carbon homologation-functionalization of various functional groups in organic synthesis.
{"title":"An overview of One and Two Carbon Homologation and Homologation-Functional Group Interconversion Reactions in Organic Synthesis","authors":"M. Gupta, Sharol Sebastian","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221116163819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221116163819","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The extension of carbon chains, known as homologation, is one of the most fundamental operations of organic synthesis. One and two-carbon homologation reactions are of immense importance because they can be used for synthesizing members of a homologous series by iterative operations. Homologation reactions produce higher analogues of the same functional group, whereas homologation-functional group interconversion (FGI) generates higher analogues with a change in functionality. This general synthesis strategy may be counted for a number of reasons, such as higher accessibility to the successive homologs, a chance for the introduction of additional functionality, or solely to create a regular series of homologs. The advantages of homologation reactions could be measured by the efficiency, technical simplicity, and regio- and/or stereo-selectivity of the overall operations in a synthetic plan. Homologation reactions constitute powerful and versatile tools for preparative chemistry which uses different concepts underpinning the use of homologating reagents in addition to their applications in organic synthesis. A compilation and comparison of diverse methods available for homologation cum functional group interconversion will empower synthetic chemists to undertake studies that require a series of analogues. In this review, we have categorized and summarized such methods and synthetic applications of one and two-carbon homologation-functionalization of various functional groups in organic synthesis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47879512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221104110606
M. Gouda, A. Abu‐Hashem, T. A. Ameen, M. A. Salem
Quinoline and pyrimidine are well-known moieties, which appear in various natural and synthetic products. Furthermore, quinoline-pyrimidine-inspired hybrids are known to have several biological properties. In addition, many pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolinone ring systems, specifically concerning medicinal chemistry, have been reported over the past decade. This review depicts the synthesis of pyrimido[4, 5-b] quinolones (PyQs4,5-b) through 6-aminopyrimidin-4-(thi)one derivatives. The preparation of PyQs4,5-b was clarified through the following chemical reactions: Vilsmeier-Haack formylation, Hantzsch-like reaction, and one-pot three-component reaction.
{"title":"Synthesis of pyrimido [4, 5-b] quinolones from 6-Aminopyrimidin-4-(thi)one derivatives","authors":"M. Gouda, A. Abu‐Hashem, T. A. Ameen, M. A. Salem","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221104110606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221104110606","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Quinoline and pyrimidine are well-known moieties, which appear in various natural and synthetic products. Furthermore, quinoline-pyrimidine-inspired hybrids are known to have several biological properties. In addition, many pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolinone ring systems, specifically concerning medicinal chemistry, have been reported over the past decade. This review depicts the synthesis of pyrimido[4, 5-b] quinolones (PyQs4,5-b) through 6-aminopyrimidin-4-(thi)one derivatives. The preparation of PyQs4,5-b was clarified through the following chemical reactions: Vilsmeier-Haack formylation, Hantzsch-like reaction, and one-pot three-component reaction.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48463252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221104140632
Ana P. M. Tavares, Flávia F. Magalhães, Ana F. Pereira, Raquel O. Cristóvão, Rita A. M. Barros, J. Faria, Cláudia G. Silva, M. Freire
According to the European Environment Agency, the textile industry is responsible for 20% of global water pollution due to dyeing and finishing products, thus facing severe environmental challenges. It is essential to design more biocompatible and sustainable treatment processes capable of removing dyes from industrial wastewater to fight this environmental hazard. Chemical industries must change traditional chemical-based concepts to more environmentally friendly and greener processes to remove pollutants, including dyes. Enzymatic bioremediation is a smart tool and a promising alternative for environmental pollutant degradation. The use of enzymes in dye decolourization makes the process a green and clean alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, enzyme-mediated biocatalysis decreases the formation of toxic by-products compared to chemical reactions. The most used enzyme for the decolourization of dyes is laccase. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase found in diverse organisms such as fungi. It promotes the oxidation of phenolic compounds and has a wide range of substrate specificity, making it a promising enzyme for removing different dyes used by the textile industry, including recalcitrant aromatic dyes. The present article gives a comprehensive revision of textile dye decolourization, its types, recent developments in laccase-mediated dye bioremediation technologies, the mechanism of biocatalysis, and their limitations and challenges. Emphasis on the chemical pathways of laccase reaction mechanisms for dye bioremediation processes is also provided. In addition, a brief overview of textile industries and the respective traditional treatment processes for textile wastewater is also presented.
{"title":"Recent Developments and Challenges in the Application of Fungal Laccase for the Biodegradation of Textile Dye Pollutants","authors":"Ana P. M. Tavares, Flávia F. Magalhães, Ana F. Pereira, Raquel O. Cristóvão, Rita A. M. Barros, J. Faria, Cláudia G. Silva, M. Freire","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221104140632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221104140632","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000According to the European Environment Agency, the textile industry is responsible for 20% of global water pollution due to dyeing and finishing products, thus facing severe environmental challenges. It is essential to design more biocompatible and sustainable treatment processes capable of removing dyes from industrial wastewater to fight this environmental hazard. Chemical industries must change traditional chemical-based concepts to more environmentally friendly and greener processes to remove pollutants, including dyes. Enzymatic bioremediation is a smart tool and a promising alternative for environmental pollutant degradation. The use of enzymes in dye decolourization makes the process a green and clean alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Moreover, enzyme-mediated biocatalysis decreases the formation of toxic by-products compared to chemical reactions. The most used enzyme for the decolourization of dyes is laccase. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase found in diverse organisms such as fungi. It promotes the oxidation of phenolic compounds and has a wide range of substrate specificity, making it a promising enzyme for removing different dyes used by the textile industry, including recalcitrant aromatic dyes. The present article gives a comprehensive revision of textile dye decolourization, its types, recent developments in laccase-mediated dye bioremediation technologies, the mechanism of biocatalysis, and their limitations and challenges. Emphasis on the chemical pathways of laccase reaction mechanisms for dye bioremediation processes is also provided. In addition, a brief overview of textile industries and the respective traditional treatment processes for textile wastewater is also presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43128087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.2174/2352096516666221101145135
V. Dhayalan
Formyl-selective deuteration of aldehydes is one of the important synthetic methods in the field of medicinal chemistry. Aldehyde-d is often used as an important building block for pharmaceutical and drug synthesis due to its versatile reactivity and applicability. Due to the recent interest and development in the use of deuterated pharma drugs, there is an urgent need for simple and practical synthetic methods that are effective in producing a broad range of highly deuterated (up to 99% D) functionalized aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and alkenyl aldehyde moieties. Organocatalytic processes mediated by NHC have recently been used to achieve selective deuterium labelling processes; this system is frequently used to analyze drug distribution, metabolism, absorption, and excretion (ADME). Moreover, deuterated pharmaceutical compounds are designed to develop therapeutic effectiveness and reduce significant side effects and toxicity by increasing the half-life of the isotope drug response. Remarkably, in 2019-2022, NHC-mediated various catalytic approaches have been dramatically developed. One such method is a practical and mild synthesis of functionalized deuterated aldehydes, drug molecules, therapeutic agents, small and complex natural products, and their analogues using a green method in the presence of water-d as a cheap reagent. These modern methods prepared deuterated drug scaffolds such as 3-formyl rifamycin, midecamycin, menthol, ibuprofen, naproxen, etc. In this concern, we could provide a succinct description of the NHC-organocatalyzed modern synthetic strategies, as well as a mild greener approach for the functional group-selective deuterium isotopic labeling of various formyl compounds using commercially available deuterium sources (D2O and CD3OD).
{"title":"Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Methods for the Synthesis of Deuterated Aldehydes","authors":"V. Dhayalan","doi":"10.2174/2352096516666221101145135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2352096516666221101145135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Formyl-selective deuteration of aldehydes is one of the important synthetic methods in the field of medicinal chemistry. Aldehyde-d is often used as an important building block for pharmaceutical and drug synthesis due to its versatile reactivity and applicability. Due to the recent interest and development in the use of deuterated pharma drugs, there is an urgent need for simple and practical synthetic methods that are effective in producing a broad range of highly deuterated (up to 99% D) functionalized aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and alkenyl aldehyde moieties. Organocatalytic processes mediated by NHC have recently been used to achieve selective deuterium labelling processes; this system is frequently used to analyze drug distribution, metabolism, absorption, and excretion (ADME). Moreover, deuterated pharmaceutical compounds are designed to develop therapeutic effectiveness and reduce significant side effects and toxicity by increasing the half-life of the isotope drug response. Remarkably, in 2019-2022, NHC-mediated various catalytic approaches have been dramatically developed. One such method is a practical and mild synthesis of functionalized deuterated aldehydes, drug molecules, therapeutic agents, small and complex natural products, and their analogues using a green method in the presence of water-d as a cheap reagent. These modern methods prepared deuterated drug scaffolds such as 3-formyl rifamycin, midecamycin, menthol, ibuprofen, naproxen, etc. In this concern, we could provide a succinct description of the NHC-organocatalyzed modern synthetic strategies, as well as a mild greener approach for the functional group-selective deuterium isotopic labeling of various formyl compounds using commercially available deuterium sources (D2O and CD3OD).\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42716546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221031100542
P. Kaur, V. Arora
Serious and lethal infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Numerous anti-microbial agents have been developed during last few decades for treating these infectious diseases, but these are still expanding worldwide over. Moreover, microorganisms are developing resistance against commercially available medicines. So, antimicrobial resistance is expanding as the most serious health threat particularly in developing countries due to easier availability of anti-microbial drugs. So, scarcity of effective antibiotics is suggesting the pressing demand of new anti-microbial agents. Modern drug discovery regarded heterocyclic compounds as its heart due to their striking structural characteristics. Pyrazole is considered as significant heterocyclic nucleus in modern drug development. This review brings a considerable summary regarding derivatives of pyrazole developed over last decade for their anti-microbial action along with docking studies carrying an expectation that it will be beneficial for medicinal chemists working in anti-microbial drug development.
{"title":"Pyrazole as an anti-microbial scaffold: A comprehensive review","authors":"P. Kaur, V. Arora","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221031100542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221031100542","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Serious and lethal infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Numerous anti-microbial agents have been developed during last few decades for treating these infectious diseases, but these are still expanding worldwide over. Moreover, microorganisms are developing resistance against commercially available medicines. So, antimicrobial resistance is expanding as the most serious health threat particularly in developing countries due to easier availability of anti-microbial drugs. So, scarcity of effective antibiotics is suggesting the pressing demand of new anti-microbial agents. Modern drug discovery regarded heterocyclic compounds as its heart due to their striking structural characteristics. Pyrazole is considered as significant heterocyclic nucleus in modern drug development. This review brings a considerable summary regarding derivatives of pyrazole developed over last decade for their anti-microbial action along with docking studies carrying an expectation that it will be beneficial for medicinal chemists working in anti-microbial drug development.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48518386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-26DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221026162904
N. Son
Acronychia is a genus of the medicinal plants that was used traditionally to treat various ailments such as cough, asthma, sores, ulcers, itchy skin, fever, and rheumatism. Acronychia plants have a wide range of distribution, but they are mostly native to India, Siri Lanka, Australia, and Indochina. Since the 1950s Acronychia plants have been extensively used in phytochemical research and pharmacological examinations. The goal of this study is to structurally compile almost secondary metabolites from the title plants, as well as coverage of full information on their biomedical actions. Phytochemical profile of this genus is associated with the appearances of various chemical classes, including principal compounds type acetophloroglucinols and alkaloids, as well as other types coumarins, mono-phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, lignans, xanthenes, and tocopherols. More than one hundred thirty secondary metabolites were isolated, to date. Naturally occurring acetophloroglucinols represented in both monomers and dimers, and most of them were new in nature. Phytochemical research based on GC-MS identification showed that Acronychia plants should be suitable for cosmeceutical field and food chemistry due to the high content of volatiles. Acronychia extracts are safe in uses, and they are increasingly exploited within pharmacological assays. In agreement with traditional properties, crude plant extracts, fractions, and their isolated compounds are well-known for antimicrobial, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiprotozal, antiarrhythmic, antinociceptive, antihistamine, and allelopathic activities, especially in terms of cytotoxicity. To aid the further studies of these medicinal plants, a sustainable use program should be established.
{"title":"Genus Acronychia: An Extensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities","authors":"N. Son","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221026162904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221026162904","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Acronychia is a genus of the medicinal plants that was used traditionally to treat various ailments such as cough, asthma, sores, ulcers, itchy skin, fever, and rheumatism. Acronychia plants have a wide range of distribution, but they are mostly native to India, Siri Lanka, Australia, and Indochina. Since the 1950s Acronychia plants have been extensively used in phytochemical research and pharmacological examinations.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The goal of this study is to structurally compile almost secondary metabolites from the title plants, as well as coverage of full information on their biomedical actions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Phytochemical profile of this genus is associated with the appearances of various chemical classes, including principal compounds type acetophloroglucinols and alkaloids, as well as other types coumarins, mono-phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, lignans, xanthenes, and tocopherols. More than one hundred thirty secondary metabolites were isolated, to date. Naturally occurring acetophloroglucinols represented in both monomers and dimers, and most of them were new in nature. Phytochemical research based on GC-MS identification showed that Acronychia plants should be suitable for cosmeceutical field and food chemistry due to the high content of volatiles. Acronychia extracts are safe in uses, and they are increasingly exploited within pharmacological assays. In agreement with traditional properties, crude plant extracts, fractions, and their isolated compounds are well-known for antimicrobial, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiprotozal, antiarrhythmic, antinociceptive, antihistamine, and allelopathic activities, especially in terms of cytotoxicity. To aid the further studies of these medicinal plants, a sustainable use program should be established.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46541240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-21DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221021104906
Dr. Ravi Varala, M. M. Alam, Vittal Seema, Narsimhaswamy Dubasi, Mohan Kurra
Based on the type of metal or non-metal catalyst used, the authors of this paper have clearly highlighted the different applications of air stable, commercially viable, and environmentally friendly polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in organic synthesis or other allied reactions. The importance of PMHS was emphasised for the particular organic transformation's success. In addition to its well-known use as a reducing agent, it has also been demonstrated in a variety of other applications, including ring cleavage, the cotton industry, functional material for microfluidic chips, and the dehydroaromatization of bio-oils. The article tries to compile the most noteworthy cases of highly successful PMHS catalysis over the past two decades or so.
{"title":"Applications of Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in Organic Synthesis-Covering up to March 2022","authors":"Dr. Ravi Varala, M. M. Alam, Vittal Seema, Narsimhaswamy Dubasi, Mohan Kurra","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221021104906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221021104906","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Based on the type of metal or non-metal catalyst used, the authors of this paper have clearly highlighted the different applications of air stable, commercially viable, and environmentally friendly polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in organic synthesis or other allied reactions. The importance of PMHS was emphasised for the particular organic transformation's success. In addition to its well-known use as a reducing agent, it has also been demonstrated in a variety of other applications, including ring cleavage, the cotton industry, functional material for microfluidic chips, and the dehydroaromatization of bio-oils. The article tries to compile the most noteworthy cases of highly successful PMHS catalysis over the past two decades or so.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48295944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.2174/1570193x20666221018090845
M. F. Mohammat, Nor Asma Umais Mohammad Saufi, Ummu Umairah M. Hatta, F. N. A. A. Rashid
Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria continues to contribute unacceptably high rates of sickness and death. Natural product compounds have long been recognized as one of the valuable natural remedy resources with promising structural motif pools for the development of first-line drugs. Resistance to conventional treatments such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the causal agent, the Plasmodium parasite, is a major concern in malaria treatment and prevention globally. Given the parasites' resistance to several current treatment regimens, innovative antimalarial chemotherapeutic medicines derived from tetramic acid alkaloids are desperately needed. In this review, new and old antimalarial alkaloids identified and reported recently from 2017 to 2021 are presented. Several compounds with promising antimalarial activity are identified from several subclasses of alkaloids. It is hoped that this review report will inspire future research into the toxicity and in vivo efficacy of the compounds, to exploit this intriguing compound as antimalarial drugs.
{"title":"Alkaloids as Antimalarial Compounds: A Review of Recent Studies","authors":"M. F. Mohammat, Nor Asma Umais Mohammad Saufi, Ummu Umairah M. Hatta, F. N. A. A. Rashid","doi":"10.2174/1570193x20666221018090845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x20666221018090845","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria continues to contribute unacceptably high rates of sickness and death. Natural product compounds have long been recognized as one of the valuable natural remedy resources with promising structural motif pools for the development of first-line drugs. Resistance to conventional treatments such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the causal agent, the Plasmodium parasite, is a major concern in malaria treatment and prevention globally. Given the parasites' resistance to several current treatment regimens, innovative antimalarial chemotherapeutic medicines derived from tetramic acid alkaloids are desperately needed. In this review, new and old antimalarial alkaloids identified and reported recently from 2017 to 2021 are presented. Several compounds with promising antimalarial activity are identified from several subclasses of alkaloids. It is hoped that this review report will inspire future research into the toxicity and in vivo efficacy of the compounds, to exploit this intriguing compound as antimalarial drugs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42990249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.2174/1570193x19666220929114415
Cai Zhang
Among various emerging organofluorine molecules, gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates are attractive building blocks and less used in organic reactions. This review article is concerned with recent advances in the organic reactions using gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates in recent years. We discussed the reactions of gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates with aldehydes, amines, imines, amides, boronic acids, aryl halides, etc. or addition, reduction, substitution and intramolecular 1,3-sulfonyl migration of gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates in nine approaches. The synthetic strategies described in this review provided diversely substituted fluorinated molecules.
{"title":"Chemistry of gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates","authors":"Cai Zhang","doi":"10.2174/1570193x19666220929114415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570193x19666220929114415","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Among various emerging organofluorine molecules, gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates are attractive building blocks and less used in organic reactions. This review article is concerned with recent advances in the organic reactions using gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates in recent years. We discussed the reactions of gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates with aldehydes, amines, imines, amides, boronic acids, aryl halides, etc. or addition, reduction, substitution and intramolecular 1,3-sulfonyl migration of gem-difluorovinyl sulfonates in nine approaches. The synthetic strategies described in this review provided diversely substituted fluorinated molecules.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18632,"journal":{"name":"Mini-reviews in Organic Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45052850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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