Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01562-4
Oliver Graydon
{"title":"Refractive index engineering makes skin transparent","authors":"Oliver Graydon","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01562-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01562-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1136-1136"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01557-1
Nikolay I. Zheludev
Photonics can play a pivotal role in bringing time crystals to the domain of optical ‘timetronics’ — an information and data technology that relies on the unique functionalities of this sophisticated yet esoteric state of matter.
{"title":"Time crystals for photonics and timetronics","authors":"Nikolay I. Zheludev","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01557-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01557-1","url":null,"abstract":"Photonics can play a pivotal role in bringing time crystals to the domain of optical ‘timetronics’ — an information and data technology that relies on the unique functionalities of this sophisticated yet esoteric state of matter.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1123-1125"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01559-z
Giampaolo Pitruzzello
Nature Photonics spoke with Hatice Altug, from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Thomas Krauss, from the University of York, and Malini Olivo from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) about optical biosensors and their prospects and challenges for clinical translation.
{"title":"Optical biosensors towards the clinic","authors":"Giampaolo Pitruzzello","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01559-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01559-z","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Photonics spoke with Hatice Altug, from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Thomas Krauss, from the University of York, and Malini Olivo from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) about optical biosensors and their prospects and challenges for clinical translation.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1126-1128"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01554-4
Stepan Bulanov
The interaction of electrons and photons lies at the very foundation of quantum electrodynamics. However, if an electron is able to scatter off several hundred photons, provided by a high-power laser, new physical phenomena come into play. This might pave a way for future light sources and photon–photon colliders.
{"title":"Light–matter interactions driven by lasers at highest intensities","authors":"Stepan Bulanov","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01554-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01554-4","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of electrons and photons lies at the very foundation of quantum electrodynamics. However, if an electron is able to scatter off several hundred photons, provided by a high-power laser, new physical phenomena come into play. This might pave a way for future light sources and photon–photon colliders.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1131-1132"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01558-0
Ye Zhang, David D. Xu, Ibrahim Tanriover, Wenjie Zhou, Yuanwei Li, Rafael López-Arteaga, Koray Aydin, Chad A. Mirkin
Atomic and molecular structure inversion symmetry breaking in naturally occurring crystals dictate their physical properties including nonlinear optical (NLO) effects, piezo- or ferroelectricity, and non-reciprocal charge transport behaviour. With metamaterials composed of nanoscale building blocks (that is, meta-atoms), the spatial inversion symmetry violation on planar surfaces leads to spin-controlled photonics as well as NLO metasurfaces. Synthetically, low-symmetry 3D metacrystals can be synthesized, but NLO behaviour has not been identified so far (for example, harmonic generations). Herein we show how DNA-mediated assembly of octahedron-shaped plasmonic gold nanocrystals can be used to design and deliberately synthesize non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric colloidal crystals. Importantly, while the centrosymmetric structures do not exhibit substantial second-harmonic generation, the non-centrosymmetric crystals do—a consequence of the asymmetric distribution of localized electric fields in plasmonic hotspots. Moreover, this non-centrosymmetric NLO metacrystal represents a 3D NLO metamaterial being developed via a bottom-up approach, exhibiting a maximum second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 10−9 to surpass the efficiencies observed in the majority of plasmonic 2D metasurfaces. Finally, the DNA-loading density on the particle building blocks can be used to toggle between the centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric phases. Researchers use a DNA-mediated approach for the programmable assembly of octahedron-shaped plasmonic gold nanocrystals into nonlinear optical metacrystals. A maximum second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 10−9 is demonstrated.
天然晶体中的原子和分子结构反转对称性破坏决定了它们的物理特性，包括非线性光学（NLO）效应、压电性或铁电性以及非互易电荷传输行为。对于由纳米级构件（即元原子）组成的超材料，平面上的空间反转对称性违反会导致自旋控制光子学和 NLO 超表面。低对称性三维元晶体可以合成，但至今尚未发现 NLO 行为（例如谐波发生）。在此，我们展示了如何利用 DNA 介导的八面体形质子金纳米晶体组装来设计和有意合成非中心对称和中心对称胶体晶体。重要的是，虽然中心对称结构不会产生大量二次谐波，但非中心对称晶体却能产生二次谐波--这是等离子热点局部电场分布不对称的结果。此外，这种非中心对称 NLO 超晶体代表了一种通过自下而上方法开发的三维 NLO 超材料，其最大二次谐波发生转换效率为 10-9，超过了在大多数等离子体二维超表面中观察到的效率。最后，粒子构件上的 DNA 负载密度可用于在中心对称和非中心对称相之间切换。
{"title":"Nonlinear optical colloidal metacrystals","authors":"Ye Zhang, David D. Xu, Ibrahim Tanriover, Wenjie Zhou, Yuanwei Li, Rafael López-Arteaga, Koray Aydin, Chad A. Mirkin","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01558-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01558-0","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic and molecular structure inversion symmetry breaking in naturally occurring crystals dictate their physical properties including nonlinear optical (NLO) effects, piezo- or ferroelectricity, and non-reciprocal charge transport behaviour. With metamaterials composed of nanoscale building blocks (that is, meta-atoms), the spatial inversion symmetry violation on planar surfaces leads to spin-controlled photonics as well as NLO metasurfaces. Synthetically, low-symmetry 3D metacrystals can be synthesized, but NLO behaviour has not been identified so far (for example, harmonic generations). Herein we show how DNA-mediated assembly of octahedron-shaped plasmonic gold nanocrystals can be used to design and deliberately synthesize non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric colloidal crystals. Importantly, while the centrosymmetric structures do not exhibit substantial second-harmonic generation, the non-centrosymmetric crystals do—a consequence of the asymmetric distribution of localized electric fields in plasmonic hotspots. Moreover, this non-centrosymmetric NLO metacrystal represents a 3D NLO metamaterial being developed via a bottom-up approach, exhibiting a maximum second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 10−9 to surpass the efficiencies observed in the majority of plasmonic 2D metasurfaces. Finally, the DNA-loading density on the particle building blocks can be used to toggle between the centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric phases. Researchers use a DNA-mediated approach for the programmable assembly of octahedron-shaped plasmonic gold nanocrystals into nonlinear optical metacrystals. A maximum second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 10−9 is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"20-27"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01553-5
Daria Smirnova, Alexander B. Khanikaev
A nonlinear optical response to a new form of light, dubbed chiral topological light owing to its local chirality and global topological characteristics, is enabling unprecedented enantiosensitivity and robustness of chiro-optical spectroscopies as a result of structured light–matter interactions at deep subwavelength scales.
{"title":"Twisted topological light illuminates molecular chirality","authors":"Daria Smirnova, Alexander B. Khanikaev","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01553-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01553-5","url":null,"abstract":"A nonlinear optical response to a new form of light, dubbed chiral topological light owing to its local chirality and global topological characteristics, is enabling unprecedented enantiosensitivity and robustness of chiro-optical spectroscopies as a result of structured light–matter interactions at deep subwavelength scales.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1133-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01547-3
Nikhil Pramanik, Sunchao Huang, Ruihuan Duan, Qingwei Zhai, Michael Go, Chris Boothroyd, Zheng Liu, Liang Jie Wong
Water-window X-rays are crucial in medical and biological applications, enabling the natural-contrast imaging of biological cells without external staining. However, water-window X-ray sources with bespoke photon energies—needed in high-contrast imaging—remain challenging to obtain, except at large synchrotron facilities. Here we address this challenge by demonstrating tabletop, water-window X-ray generation from free-electron-driven van der Waals materials, enabling the continuous tuning of photon energies across the entire water-window regime. Additionally, we present a truly predictive theoretical framework combining first-principles electromagnetism with Monte Carlo simulations to accurately predict the photon flux and brightness in absolute quantities. We obtain fundamental scaling laws for the tunable photon flux, matching the experimental results and providing a way to design powerful emitters based on free-electron-driven quantum materials. We show that we can potentially achieve photon fluxes needed for imaging and spectroscopy applications (over 108 photons s–1 on the sample—verified by our framework based on our experimentally achieved fluxes of about 103 photons s–1 using ~50 nA current). Importantly, our theory highlights the critical role played by the large mean free paths and interlayer atomic spacings unique to van der Waals structures, showing the latter’s advantages over other materials in generating water-window X-rays. Tabletop, water-window X-rays are generated using free-electron-driven van der Waals materials. The X-ray energy from the source can be tuned across the water window, and the established fundamental scaling laws for the tunable photon flux may enable the design of powerful emitters based on free-electron-driven quantum materials.
水窗 X 射线在医疗和生物应用中至关重要，它可以在不进行外部染色的情况下对生物细胞进行自然对比成像。然而，除了大型同步加速器设施外，要获得高对比度成像所需的定制光子能量的水窗 X 射线源仍然很困难。为了应对这一挑战，我们在这里展示了由自由电子驱动的范德瓦耳斯材料产生的台式水窗 X 射线，从而实现了在整个水窗系统中对光子能量的持续调整。此外，我们还提出了一个真正具有预测性的理论框架，将第一原理电磁学与蒙特卡罗模拟相结合，以准确预测光子通量和亮度的绝对量。我们获得了可调光子通量的基本缩放定律，与实验结果相吻合，为设计基于自由电子驱动量子材料的强大发射器提供了方法。我们的研究表明，我们有可能实现成像和光谱学应用所需的光子通量（在样品上超过 108 光子 s-1--我们的框架根据使用 ~50 nA 电流实现的约 103 光子 s-1 的实验通量进行了验证）。重要的是，我们的理论强调了范德华结构特有的大平均自由路径和层间原子间距所发挥的关键作用，显示了后者在产生水窗 X 射线方面优于其他材料的优势。
{"title":"Fundamental scaling laws of water-window X-rays from free-electron-driven van der Waals structures","authors":"Nikhil Pramanik, Sunchao Huang, Ruihuan Duan, Qingwei Zhai, Michael Go, Chris Boothroyd, Zheng Liu, Liang Jie Wong","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01547-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01547-3","url":null,"abstract":"Water-window X-rays are crucial in medical and biological applications, enabling the natural-contrast imaging of biological cells without external staining. However, water-window X-ray sources with bespoke photon energies—needed in high-contrast imaging—remain challenging to obtain, except at large synchrotron facilities. Here we address this challenge by demonstrating tabletop, water-window X-ray generation from free-electron-driven van der Waals materials, enabling the continuous tuning of photon energies across the entire water-window regime. Additionally, we present a truly predictive theoretical framework combining first-principles electromagnetism with Monte Carlo simulations to accurately predict the photon flux and brightness in absolute quantities. We obtain fundamental scaling laws for the tunable photon flux, matching the experimental results and providing a way to design powerful emitters based on free-electron-driven quantum materials. We show that we can potentially achieve photon fluxes needed for imaging and spectroscopy applications (over 108 photons s–1 on the sample—verified by our framework based on our experimentally achieved fluxes of about 103 photons s–1 using ~50 nA current). Importantly, our theory highlights the critical role played by the large mean free paths and interlayer atomic spacings unique to van der Waals structures, showing the latter’s advantages over other materials in generating water-window X-rays. Tabletop, water-window X-rays are generated using free-electron-driven van der Waals materials. The X-ray energy from the source can be tuned across the water window, and the established fundamental scaling laws for the tunable photon flux may enable the design of powerful emitters based on free-electron-driven quantum materials.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1203-1211"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01541-9
Xin Zhang, Shengfan Wu, Hong Zhang, Alex K. Y. Jen, Yiqiang Zhan, Junhao Chu
Considerable efforts are being made to advance inverted (p–i–n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several passivation and insulation strategies have effectively been applied to reduce non-radiative recombination, a notorious issue for PSCs. Consequently, the performance of inverted PSCs has begun to rival those of regular (n–i–p) PSCs, with power conversion efficiency (PCE) values above 26%. The efficiency of tandem solar cells containing an inverted PSC as a subcell has also grown rapidly, reaching >33%. This Review discusses the origin of non-radiative recombinations in PSCs and recent progress in reducing them. We review how innovative device configurations, perovskite composition and interfacial engineering contribute to the high efficiency and long-term operational stability of inverted PSCs. We aim to provide readers with important insights into materials chemistry, physical processing and device configurations to further improve perovskite-based photovoltaics. The authors review recent advances in inverted perovskite solar cells, with a focus on non-radiative recombination processes and how to reduce them for highly efficient and stable devices.
{"title":"Advances in inverted perovskite solar cells","authors":"Xin Zhang, Shengfan Wu, Hong Zhang, Alex K. Y. Jen, Yiqiang Zhan, Junhao Chu","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01541-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01541-9","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable efforts are being made to advance inverted (p–i–n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several passivation and insulation strategies have effectively been applied to reduce non-radiative recombination, a notorious issue for PSCs. Consequently, the performance of inverted PSCs has begun to rival those of regular (n–i–p) PSCs, with power conversion efficiency (PCE) values above 26%. The efficiency of tandem solar cells containing an inverted PSC as a subcell has also grown rapidly, reaching >33%. This Review discusses the origin of non-radiative recombinations in PSCs and recent progress in reducing them. We review how innovative device configurations, perovskite composition and interfacial engineering contribute to the high efficiency and long-term operational stability of inverted PSCs. We aim to provide readers with important insights into materials chemistry, physical processing and device configurations to further improve perovskite-based photovoltaics. The authors review recent advances in inverted perovskite solar cells, with a focus on non-radiative recombination processes and how to reduce them for highly efficient and stable devices.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 12","pages":"1243-1253"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01549-1
Paolo Pintus, Mario Dumont, Vivswan Shah, Toshiya Murai, Yuya Shoji, Duanni Huang, Galan Moody, John E. Bowers, Nathan Youngblood
Processing information in the optical domain promises advantages in both speed and energy efficiency over existing digital hardware for a variety of emerging applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. A typical approach to photonic processing is to multiply a rapidly changing optical input vector with a matrix of fixed optical weights. However, encoding these weights on-chip using an array of photonic memory cells is currently limited by a wide range of material- and device-level issues, such as the programming speed, extinction ratio and endurance, among others. Here we propose a new approach to encoding optical weights for in-memory photonic computing using magneto-optic memory cells comprising heterogeneously integrated cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) on silicon micro-ring resonators. We show that leveraging the non-reciprocal phase shift in such magneto-optic materials offers several key advantages over existing architectures, providing a fast (1 ns), efficient (143 fJ per bit) and robust (2.4 billion programming cycles) platform for on-chip optical processing. Researchers demonstrate optical weights for in-memory photonic computing using magneto-optic memory cells comprising Ce:YIG on silicon micro-ring resonators. Non-reciprocal phase shift provides a fast, efficient and robust integrated optical processing platform.
{"title":"Integrated non-reciprocal magneto-optics with ultra-high endurance for photonic in-memory computing","authors":"Paolo Pintus, Mario Dumont, Vivswan Shah, Toshiya Murai, Yuya Shoji, Duanni Huang, Galan Moody, John E. Bowers, Nathan Youngblood","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01549-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01549-1","url":null,"abstract":"Processing information in the optical domain promises advantages in both speed and energy efficiency over existing digital hardware for a variety of emerging applications in artificial intelligence and machine learning. A typical approach to photonic processing is to multiply a rapidly changing optical input vector with a matrix of fixed optical weights. However, encoding these weights on-chip using an array of photonic memory cells is currently limited by a wide range of material- and device-level issues, such as the programming speed, extinction ratio and endurance, among others. Here we propose a new approach to encoding optical weights for in-memory photonic computing using magneto-optic memory cells comprising heterogeneously integrated cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) on silicon micro-ring resonators. We show that leveraging the non-reciprocal phase shift in such magneto-optic materials offers several key advantages over existing architectures, providing a fast (1 ns), efficient (143 fJ per bit) and robust (2.4 billion programming cycles) platform for on-chip optical processing. Researchers demonstrate optical weights for in-memory photonic computing using magneto-optic memory cells comprising Ce:YIG on silicon micro-ring resonators. Non-reciprocal phase shift provides a fast, efficient and robust integrated optical processing platform.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"54-62"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01549-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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