Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01548-2
Anchit Srivastava, Andreas Herbst, Mahdi M. Bidhendi, Max Kieker, Francesco Tani, Hanieh Fattahi
Measuring transient optical fields is pivotal not only for understanding ultrafast phenomena but also for the quantitative detection of various molecular species in a sample. Here we demonstrate near-petahertz electric field detection of a few femtosecond pulses with 200 attosecond temporal resolution and subfemtojoule detection sensitivity. By field-resolved detection of the impulsively excited molecules in the liquid phase, termed femtosecond fieldoscopy, we demonstrate temporal isolation of the response of the target molecules from those of the environment and the excitation pulse. In a proof-of-concept analysis of aqueous and liquid samples, we demonstrate field-sensitive detection of combination bands of 4.13 μmol ethanol for the first time. This method expands the scope of aqueous sample analysis to higher detection sensitivity and dynamic range, while the simultaneous direct measurements of phase and intensity information pave the path towards high-resolution biological spectro-microscopy. Near-petahertz electric field detection of few-femtosecond pulses with a temporal resolution of 200 attoseconds and subfemtojoule sensitivity is experimentally demonstrated, paving the path towards high-resolution biological spectro-microscopy.
{"title":"Near-petahertz fieldoscopy of liquid","authors":"Anchit Srivastava, Andreas Herbst, Mahdi M. Bidhendi, Max Kieker, Francesco Tani, Hanieh Fattahi","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01548-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01548-2","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring transient optical fields is pivotal not only for understanding ultrafast phenomena but also for the quantitative detection of various molecular species in a sample. Here we demonstrate near-petahertz electric field detection of a few femtosecond pulses with 200 attosecond temporal resolution and subfemtojoule detection sensitivity. By field-resolved detection of the impulsively excited molecules in the liquid phase, termed femtosecond fieldoscopy, we demonstrate temporal isolation of the response of the target molecules from those of the environment and the excitation pulse. In a proof-of-concept analysis of aqueous and liquid samples, we demonstrate field-sensitive detection of combination bands of 4.13 μmol ethanol for the first time. This method expands the scope of aqueous sample analysis to higher detection sensitivity and dynamic range, while the simultaneous direct measurements of phase and intensity information pave the path towards high-resolution biological spectro-microscopy. Near-petahertz electric field detection of few-femtosecond pulses with a temporal resolution of 200 attoseconds and subfemtojoule sensitivity is experimentally demonstrated, paving the path towards high-resolution biological spectro-microscopy.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 12","pages":"1320-1326"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01548-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01537-5
Michael P. Nielsen, Andreas Pusch, Phoebe M. Pearce, Muhammad H. Sazzad, Peter J. Reece, Martin A. Green, Nicholas J. Ekins-Daukes
Power can be generated from radiative exchange between two bodies with different temperatures—from the radiative cooling of the Earth’s surface into space, for example. Thermoradiative diodes are low-bandgap optoelectronic devices in which the occupancies of the valence and conduction bands are established through radiative exchange with the external environment. A warm diode viewing cold surroundings will spontaneously develop a reverse electrical bias, which, combined with the recombination current from the radiative imbalance, generates electrical power. Here we review the operating principles of the thermoradiative diode in both the radiative limit and in the presence of non-radiative processes. We discuss some present limitations and opportunities for improved performance together with potential applications such as night-sky power generation and waste-heat recovery. This article reviews the concept of using thermoradiative diodes for power conversion, and discusses potential applications such as night-sky power generation and waste-heat recovery.
{"title":"Semiconductor thermoradiative power conversion","authors":"Michael P. Nielsen, Andreas Pusch, Phoebe M. Pearce, Muhammad H. Sazzad, Peter J. Reece, Martin A. Green, Nicholas J. Ekins-Daukes","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01537-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01537-5","url":null,"abstract":"Power can be generated from radiative exchange between two bodies with different temperatures—from the radiative cooling of the Earth’s surface into space, for example. Thermoradiative diodes are low-bandgap optoelectronic devices in which the occupancies of the valence and conduction bands are established through radiative exchange with the external environment. A warm diode viewing cold surroundings will spontaneously develop a reverse electrical bias, which, combined with the recombination current from the radiative imbalance, generates electrical power. Here we review the operating principles of the thermoradiative diode in both the radiative limit and in the presence of non-radiative processes. We discuss some present limitations and opportunities for improved performance together with potential applications such as night-sky power generation and waste-heat recovery. This article reviews the concept of using thermoradiative diodes for power conversion, and discusses potential applications such as night-sky power generation and waste-heat recovery.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1137-1146"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01544-6
Omri Haim, Jeremy Boger-Lombard, Ori Katz
Optical imaging through scattering media is important in a variety of fields ranging from microscopy to autonomous vehicles. Although advanced wavefront shaping techniques have offered several breakthroughs in the past decade, current techniques still require a known guide star and a high-resolution spatial light modulator or a very large number of measurements and are limited in their correction field of view. Here we introduce a guide-star-free, non-invasive approach that can correct more than 190,000 scattered modes using only 25 incoherently compounded, holographically measured, scattered light fields, obtained under unknown random illuminations. This is achieved by computationally emulating an image-guided wavefront shaping experiment, where several virtual spatial light modulators are simultaneously optimized to maximize the reconstructed image quality. Our method shifts the burden from the physical hardware to a digital, naturally parallelizable computational optimization, leveraging state-of-the-art automatic differentiation tools. We demonstrate the flexibility and generality of this framework by applying it to imaging through various complex samples and imaging modalities, including epi-illumination, anisoplanatic multi-conjugate correction of highly scattering layers, lensless endoscopy in multicore fibres and acousto-optic tomography. The presented approach offers high versatility, effectiveness and generality for fast, non-invasive imaging in diverse applications. Guide-star-free imaging through turbid media is achieved by computational back-projection and averaging of as few as 25 holographically measured scattered fields under a random unknown illumination.
{"title":"Image-guided computational holographic wavefront shaping","authors":"Omri Haim, Jeremy Boger-Lombard, Ori Katz","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01544-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01544-6","url":null,"abstract":"Optical imaging through scattering media is important in a variety of fields ranging from microscopy to autonomous vehicles. Although advanced wavefront shaping techniques have offered several breakthroughs in the past decade, current techniques still require a known guide star and a high-resolution spatial light modulator or a very large number of measurements and are limited in their correction field of view. Here we introduce a guide-star-free, non-invasive approach that can correct more than 190,000 scattered modes using only 25 incoherently compounded, holographically measured, scattered light fields, obtained under unknown random illuminations. This is achieved by computationally emulating an image-guided wavefront shaping experiment, where several virtual spatial light modulators are simultaneously optimized to maximize the reconstructed image quality. Our method shifts the burden from the physical hardware to a digital, naturally parallelizable computational optimization, leveraging state-of-the-art automatic differentiation tools. We demonstrate the flexibility and generality of this framework by applying it to imaging through various complex samples and imaging modalities, including epi-illumination, anisoplanatic multi-conjugate correction of highly scattering layers, lensless endoscopy in multicore fibres and acousto-optic tomography. The presented approach offers high versatility, effectiveness and generality for fast, non-invasive imaging in diverse applications. Guide-star-free imaging through turbid media is achieved by computational back-projection and averaging of as few as 25 holographically measured scattered fields under a random unknown illumination.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"44-53"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01551-7
Feng Feng, Yibo Liu, Ke Zhang, Hang Yang, Byung-Ryool Hyun, Ke Xu, Hoi-Sing Kwok, Zhaojun Liu
Developing aluminium gallium nitride deep-ultraviolet (UVC) micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) with sufficient power has been a challenge, which particularly limits these devices to various applications. However, advanced fabrication processes have been developed to enable the demonstration of highly efficient 270 nm UVC micro-LEDs and large-format UVC micro-LED displays with high resolution for maskless photolithography. Optical and electrical characterizations were performed on UVC micro-LEDs with sizes ranging from 3 µm to 100 μm to evaluate these emerging devices. The 3 μm device achieved a record-high peak external quantum efficiency of 5.7% and a maximum brightness of 396 W cm–2. Moreover, 2,540 pixels per inch parallel-connected UVC micro-LED arrays featuring rear-side reflection layers exhibited emission uniformity and collimation. UVC micro-LED displays, with a resolution of 320 × 140, were explicitly designed for maskless photolithography applications utilizing a customized integrated circuit driver for optimal performance. The UVC micro-LEDs and UVC micro-displays provide sufficient doses to fully expose the photoresist film within seconds, owing to their enhanced current spreading uniformity, improved heat dispersion and superior light extraction efficiency. This work may open a path to maskless photolithography, potentially leading to revolutionary developments in the semiconductor industry. Deep-ultraviolet micro-light-emitting diodes based on aluminium gallium nitride are fabricated for maskless photolithography. The peak wavelength is 270 nm, and the 3 μm device achieved a peak external quantum efficiency of 5.7% and a maximum brightness of 396 W cm–2.
开发具有足够功率的氮化镓铝深紫外（UVC）微型发光二极管（micro-LED）一直是一项挑战，这尤其限制了这些设备的各种应用。不过，先进的制造工艺已经开发出来，能够展示高效的 270 纳米 UVC 微型发光二极管和具有高分辨率的大尺寸 UVC 微型发光二极管显示器，适用于无掩模光刻技术。为评估这些新兴器件，对尺寸从 3 μm 到 100 μm 的 UVC 微型 LED 进行了光学和电学表征。3 μm 器件的峰值外部量子效率达到了创纪录的 5.7%，最大亮度为 396 W cm-2。此外，每英寸 2,540 像素平行连接的 UVC 微型 LED 阵列具有后侧反射层，显示出发射均匀性和准直性。UVC 微型 LED 显示屏的分辨率为 320 × 140，是专为无掩模光刻应用而设计的，利用定制的集成电路驱动器实现了最佳性能。由于 UVC 微型 LED 和 UVC 微型显示器具有更强的电流传播均匀性、更好的热分散性和更高的光萃取效率，因此能在几秒钟内提供足够的剂量使光刻胶薄膜完全曝光。这项研究为无掩模光刻技术开辟了一条道路，有可能为半导体行业带来革命性的发展。
{"title":"High-power AlGaN deep-ultraviolet micro-light-emitting diode displays for maskless photolithography","authors":"Feng Feng, Yibo Liu, Ke Zhang, Hang Yang, Byung-Ryool Hyun, Ke Xu, Hoi-Sing Kwok, Zhaojun Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01551-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01551-7","url":null,"abstract":"Developing aluminium gallium nitride deep-ultraviolet (UVC) micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) with sufficient power has been a challenge, which particularly limits these devices to various applications. However, advanced fabrication processes have been developed to enable the demonstration of highly efficient 270 nm UVC micro-LEDs and large-format UVC micro-LED displays with high resolution for maskless photolithography. Optical and electrical characterizations were performed on UVC micro-LEDs with sizes ranging from 3 µm to 100 μm to evaluate these emerging devices. The 3 μm device achieved a record-high peak external quantum efficiency of 5.7% and a maximum brightness of 396 W cm–2. Moreover, 2,540 pixels per inch parallel-connected UVC micro-LED arrays featuring rear-side reflection layers exhibited emission uniformity and collimation. UVC micro-LED displays, with a resolution of 320 × 140, were explicitly designed for maskless photolithography applications utilizing a customized integrated circuit driver for optimal performance. The UVC micro-LEDs and UVC micro-displays provide sufficient doses to fully expose the photoresist film within seconds, owing to their enhanced current spreading uniformity, improved heat dispersion and superior light extraction efficiency. This work may open a path to maskless photolithography, potentially leading to revolutionary developments in the semiconductor industry. Deep-ultraviolet micro-light-emitting diodes based on aluminium gallium nitride are fabricated for maskless photolithography. The peak wavelength is 270 nm, and the 3 μm device achieved a peak external quantum efficiency of 5.7% and a maximum brightness of 396 W cm–2.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01551-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01539-3
Alexander D. White, Geun Ho Ahn, Richard Luhtaru, Joel Guo, Theodore J. Morin, Abhi Saxena, Lin Chang, Arka Majumdar, Kasper Van Gasse, John E. Bowers, Jelena Vučković
Rapid progress in photonics has led to an explosion of integrated devices that promise to deliver the same performance as table-top technology at the nanoscale, heralding the next generation of optical communications, sensing and metrology, and quantum technologies. However, the challenge of co-integrating the multiple components of high-performance laser systems has left application of these nanoscale devices thwarted by bulky laser sources that are orders of magnitude larger than the devices themselves. Here we show that the two main components for high-performance lasers—noise reduction and isolation—can be sourced simultaneously from a single, passive, CMOS-compatible nanophotonic device, eliminating the need to combine incompatible technologies. To realize this, we take advantage of both the long photon lifetime and the non-reciprocal Kerr nonlinearity of a high-quality-factor silicon nitride ring resonator to self-injection lock a semiconductor laser chip while also providing isolation. We also identify a previously unappreciated power regime limitation of current on-chip laser architectures, which our system overcomes. Using our device, which we term a unified laser stabilizer, we demonstrate an on-chip integrated laser system with built-in isolation and noise reduction that operates with turnkey reliability. This approach departs from efforts to directly miniaturize and integrate traditional laser system components and serves to bridge the gap to fully integrated optical technologies. Both laser stabilization and isolation are demonstrated simultaneously by using Kerr nonlinearity in a high-Q silicon nitride ring resonator to self-injection lock a distributed-feedback laser, bringing on-chip lasers closer to real-world fully integrated applications.
{"title":"Unified laser stabilization and isolation on a silicon chip","authors":"Alexander D. White, Geun Ho Ahn, Richard Luhtaru, Joel Guo, Theodore J. Morin, Abhi Saxena, Lin Chang, Arka Majumdar, Kasper Van Gasse, John E. Bowers, Jelena Vučković","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01539-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01539-3","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid progress in photonics has led to an explosion of integrated devices that promise to deliver the same performance as table-top technology at the nanoscale, heralding the next generation of optical communications, sensing and metrology, and quantum technologies. However, the challenge of co-integrating the multiple components of high-performance laser systems has left application of these nanoscale devices thwarted by bulky laser sources that are orders of magnitude larger than the devices themselves. Here we show that the two main components for high-performance lasers—noise reduction and isolation—can be sourced simultaneously from a single, passive, CMOS-compatible nanophotonic device, eliminating the need to combine incompatible technologies. To realize this, we take advantage of both the long photon lifetime and the non-reciprocal Kerr nonlinearity of a high-quality-factor silicon nitride ring resonator to self-injection lock a semiconductor laser chip while also providing isolation. We also identify a previously unappreciated power regime limitation of current on-chip laser architectures, which our system overcomes. Using our device, which we term a unified laser stabilizer, we demonstrate an on-chip integrated laser system with built-in isolation and noise reduction that operates with turnkey reliability. This approach departs from efforts to directly miniaturize and integrate traditional laser system components and serves to bridge the gap to fully integrated optical technologies. Both laser stabilization and isolation are demonstrated simultaneously by using Kerr nonlinearity in a high-Q silicon nitride ring resonator to self-injection lock a distributed-feedback laser, bringing on-chip lasers closer to real-world fully integrated applications.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 12","pages":"1305-1311"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01546-4
Monika Monika, Farzam Nosrati, Agnes George, Stefania Sciara, Riza Fazili, André Luiz Marques Muniz, Arstan Bisianov, Rosario Lo Franco, William J. Munro, Mario Chemnitz, Ulf Peschel, Roberto Morandotti
Quantum walks on photonic platforms represent a physics-rich framework for quantum measurements, simulations and universal computing. Dynamic reconfigurability of photonic circuitry is key to controlling the walk and retrieving its full operation potential. Universal quantum processing schemes based on time-bin encoding in gated fibre loops have been proposed but not demonstrated yet, mainly due to gate inefficiencies. Here we present a scalable quantum processor based on the discrete-time quantum walk of time-bin-entangled photon pairs on synthetic temporal photonic lattices implemented on a coupled fibre-loop system. We utilize this scheme to path-optimize quantum state operations, including the generation of two- and four-level time-bin entanglement and the respective two-photon interference. The design of the programmable temporal photonic lattice enabled us to control the dynamic of the walk, leading to an increase in the coincidence counts and quantum interference measurements without recurring to post-selection. Our results show how temporal synthetic dimensions can pave the way towards efficient quantum information processing, including quantum phase estimation, Boson sampling and the realization of topological phases of matter for high-dimensional quantum systems in a cost-effective, scalable and robust fibre-based setup. A scalable quantum processor based on the discrete-time quantum walk of time-bin-entangled photon pairs on synthetic temporal photonic lattices is realized on a fibre-coupled loop system. Key fundamental quantum operations are demonstrated.
{"title":"Quantum state processing through controllable synthetic temporal photonic lattices","authors":"Monika Monika, Farzam Nosrati, Agnes George, Stefania Sciara, Riza Fazili, André Luiz Marques Muniz, Arstan Bisianov, Rosario Lo Franco, William J. Munro, Mario Chemnitz, Ulf Peschel, Roberto Morandotti","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01546-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01546-4","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum walks on photonic platforms represent a physics-rich framework for quantum measurements, simulations and universal computing. Dynamic reconfigurability of photonic circuitry is key to controlling the walk and retrieving its full operation potential. Universal quantum processing schemes based on time-bin encoding in gated fibre loops have been proposed but not demonstrated yet, mainly due to gate inefficiencies. Here we present a scalable quantum processor based on the discrete-time quantum walk of time-bin-entangled photon pairs on synthetic temporal photonic lattices implemented on a coupled fibre-loop system. We utilize this scheme to path-optimize quantum state operations, including the generation of two- and four-level time-bin entanglement and the respective two-photon interference. The design of the programmable temporal photonic lattice enabled us to control the dynamic of the walk, leading to an increase in the coincidence counts and quantum interference measurements without recurring to post-selection. Our results show how temporal synthetic dimensions can pave the way towards efficient quantum information processing, including quantum phase estimation, Boson sampling and the realization of topological phases of matter for high-dimensional quantum systems in a cost-effective, scalable and robust fibre-based setup. A scalable quantum processor based on the discrete-time quantum walk of time-bin-entangled photon pairs on synthetic temporal photonic lattices is realized on a fibre-coupled loop system. Key fundamental quantum operations are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01546-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Van der Waals engineering serves as a powerful tool to tailor material properties and design excitonic devices. Here we report quantum-entangled photon pair generation through van der Waals engineering with two-dimensional materials. We align two van der Waals thin layers perpendicular to each other, yielding polarization-entangled photon pairs through the interference of biphoton emission in the two flakes. The polarization-entangled state is measured with a fidelity up to 86 ± 0.7%. The compatibility of van der Waals engineering with on-chip photonics opens new possibilities for entangled photon source integration at the subwavelength scale. Polarization-entangled photon pairs are generated from two perpendicularly aligned two-dimensional crystals of NbOCl2. The polarization-entangled state is measured with a fidelity up to 86%. The measured count rate normalized to pump power and interaction length is 472 Hz mW−1 mm−1.
{"title":"Van der Waals engineering for quantum-entangled photon generation","authors":"Leevi Kallioniemi, Xiaodan Lyu, Ruihua He, Abdullah Rasmita, Ruihuan Duan, Zheng Liu, Weibo Gao","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01545-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01545-5","url":null,"abstract":"Van der Waals engineering serves as a powerful tool to tailor material properties and design excitonic devices. Here we report quantum-entangled photon pair generation through van der Waals engineering with two-dimensional materials. We align two van der Waals thin layers perpendicular to each other, yielding polarization-entangled photon pairs through the interference of biphoton emission in the two flakes. The polarization-entangled state is measured with a fidelity up to 86 ± 0.7%. The compatibility of van der Waals engineering with on-chip photonics opens new possibilities for entangled photon source integration at the subwavelength scale. Polarization-entangled photon pairs are generated from two perpendicularly aligned two-dimensional crystals of NbOCl2. The polarization-entangled state is measured with a fidelity up to 86%. The measured count rate normalized to pump power and interaction length is 472 Hz mW−1 mm−1.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 2","pages":"142-148"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01550-8
Mohammad Mirzaie, Calin Ioan Hojbota, Do Yeon Kim, Vishwa Bandhu Pathak, Tae Gyu Pak, Chul Min Kim, Hwang Woon Lee, Jin Woo Yoon, Seong Ku Lee, Yong Joo Rhee, Marija Vranic, Óscar Amaro, Ki Yong Kim, Jae Hee Sung, Chang Hee Nam
Light–matter interactions driven by ultrahigh-intensity lasers have great potential to uncover the physics associated with quantum electrodynamics (QED) processes occurring in neutron stars and black holes. The Compton scattering between an ultra-relativistic electron beam and an intense laser can reveal a new interaction regime, known as strong-field QED. Here we present an experimental demonstration of nonlinear Compton scattering in a strong laser field, in which a laser-accelerated multi-gigaelectronvolt electron scatters off hundreds of laser photons and converts them into a single gamma-ray photon with several-hundred-megaelectronvolt energy. Along with particle-in-cell (PIC)-QED simulations and analytical calculations, our experimental measurement of gamma-ray spectra verifies the occurrence of Compton scattering in the strongly nonlinear regime, paving the road to examine nonlinear Breit–Wheeler pair production and QED cascades. Researchers demonstrate nonlinear Compton scattering in a strong laser field, in which a laser-accelerated multi-GeV electron scatters off hundreds of laser photons and converts them into a single gamma-ray photon with several-hundred-MeV energy.
由超高强度激光驱动的光物质相互作用在揭示与中子星和黑洞中发生的量子电动力学（QED）过程相关的物理学方面具有巨大潜力。超相对论电子束与高强度激光之间的康普顿散射可以揭示一种新的相互作用机制，即所谓的强场 QED。在这里，我们展示了在强激光场中的非线性康普顿散射实验，在该实验中，激光加速的数百万电子伏特的电子散射掉数百个激光光子，并将它们转换成一个具有数亿电子伏特能量的伽马射线光子。通过粒子在胞（PIC）-QED 模拟和分析计算，我们对伽马射线光谱的实验测量验证了康普顿散射在强非线性状态下的发生，为研究非线性布赖特-维勒对产生和 QED 级联铺平了道路。
{"title":"All-optical nonlinear Compton scattering performed with a multi-petawatt laser","authors":"Mohammad Mirzaie, Calin Ioan Hojbota, Do Yeon Kim, Vishwa Bandhu Pathak, Tae Gyu Pak, Chul Min Kim, Hwang Woon Lee, Jin Woo Yoon, Seong Ku Lee, Yong Joo Rhee, Marija Vranic, Óscar Amaro, Ki Yong Kim, Jae Hee Sung, Chang Hee Nam","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01550-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01550-8","url":null,"abstract":"Light–matter interactions driven by ultrahigh-intensity lasers have great potential to uncover the physics associated with quantum electrodynamics (QED) processes occurring in neutron stars and black holes. The Compton scattering between an ultra-relativistic electron beam and an intense laser can reveal a new interaction regime, known as strong-field QED. Here we present an experimental demonstration of nonlinear Compton scattering in a strong laser field, in which a laser-accelerated multi-gigaelectronvolt electron scatters off hundreds of laser photons and converts them into a single gamma-ray photon with several-hundred-megaelectronvolt energy. Along with particle-in-cell (PIC)-QED simulations and analytical calculations, our experimental measurement of gamma-ray spectra verifies the occurrence of Compton scattering in the strongly nonlinear regime, paving the road to examine nonlinear Breit–Wheeler pair production and QED cascades. Researchers demonstrate nonlinear Compton scattering in a strong laser field, in which a laser-accelerated multi-GeV electron scatters off hundreds of laser photons and converts them into a single gamma-ray photon with several-hundred-MeV energy.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1212-1217"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01543-7
Xia Liu, Ben Shi, Yue Gao, Shitai Zhu, Qinglong Yan, Xiaoguo Liu, Jiye Shi, Qian Li, Lihua Wang, Jiang Li, Chunchang Zhao, He Tian, Itamar Willner, Ying Zhu, Chunhai Fan
Cancer imaging approaching single-cell levels is highly desirable for studying in vivo cell migration and cancer metastasis. However, current imaging probes struggle to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, deep-tissue penetration and tissue specificity. Here we report size- and shape-resolved fluorescent DNA framework (FDF) dots with tail emission in the second near-infrared window (1,000–1,700 nm, NIR-II), which enable near-single-cell-level, tumour-targeting deep-tissue (~1 cm) NIR-II imaging in tumour-bearing mouse models. The construction of DNA frameworks with embedded hydrophobic nanocavity results in the non-covalent encapsulation of a designed NIR-Ib (900–1,000 nm) probe (dye Sq964). The FDF dots exhibit high water solubility, brightness and photostability. We find that the stable tumour retention of FDF dots with enhanced signal intensity arises from their shape-dependent accumulation in tumour cells. FDF-dot-based cancer imaging reveals in vivo sensitivity down to ~40 tumour cells, high tumour-to-normal tissue ratios up to ~26 and long-term imaging over 11 days. We also demonstrate NIR-II-image-guided breast cancer surgery with the complete excision of metastases with a minimum size of ~53 μm (~20 cells). Fluorescent DNA framework dots, consisting of a hydrophobic nanocavity containing a near-infrared-emitting dye, enable precise tumour imaging with sensitivity down to a few tens of cells in mouse models.
接近单细胞水平的癌症成像对于研究体内细胞迁移和癌症转移非常理想。然而，目前的成像探针很难同时实现高灵敏度、深层组织穿透性和组织特异性。在此，我们报告了在第二个近红外窗口（1000-1700 nm，NIR-II）具有尾发射的尺寸和形状分辨荧光 DNA 框架（FDF）点，它能在肿瘤小鼠模型中实现近单细胞水平、肿瘤靶向深组织（约 1 cm）NIR-II 成像。通过构建内嵌疏水性纳米空腔的 DNA 框架，可非共价地封装设计的近红外-Ib（900-1000 纳米）探针（染料 Sq964）。FDF 点阵具有很高的水溶性、亮度和光稳定性。我们发现，FDF点能在肿瘤细胞中稳定存留并增强信号强度，是因为它们在肿瘤细胞中的积聚与形状有关。基于 FDF 点阵的癌症成像显示了低至 ~40 个肿瘤细胞的体内灵敏度、高至 ~26 的肿瘤与正常组织比率以及超过 11 天的长期成像。我们还展示了近红外-II成像引导的乳腺癌手术，可完全切除最小尺寸约为53微米（约20个细胞）的转移瘤。
{"title":"Ultrabright near-infrared fluorescent DNA frameworks for near-single-cell cancer imaging","authors":"Xia Liu, Ben Shi, Yue Gao, Shitai Zhu, Qinglong Yan, Xiaoguo Liu, Jiye Shi, Qian Li, Lihua Wang, Jiang Li, Chunchang Zhao, He Tian, Itamar Willner, Ying Zhu, Chunhai Fan","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01543-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01543-7","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer imaging approaching single-cell levels is highly desirable for studying in vivo cell migration and cancer metastasis. However, current imaging probes struggle to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, deep-tissue penetration and tissue specificity. Here we report size- and shape-resolved fluorescent DNA framework (FDF) dots with tail emission in the second near-infrared window (1,000–1,700 nm, NIR-II), which enable near-single-cell-level, tumour-targeting deep-tissue (~1 cm) NIR-II imaging in tumour-bearing mouse models. The construction of DNA frameworks with embedded hydrophobic nanocavity results in the non-covalent encapsulation of a designed NIR-Ib (900–1,000 nm) probe (dye Sq964). The FDF dots exhibit high water solubility, brightness and photostability. We find that the stable tumour retention of FDF dots with enhanced signal intensity arises from their shape-dependent accumulation in tumour cells. FDF-dot-based cancer imaging reveals in vivo sensitivity down to ~40 tumour cells, high tumour-to-normal tissue ratios up to ~26 and long-term imaging over 11 days. We also demonstrate NIR-II-image-guided breast cancer surgery with the complete excision of metastases with a minimum size of ~53 μm (~20 cells). Fluorescent DNA framework dots, consisting of a hydrophobic nanocavity containing a near-infrared-emitting dye, enable precise tumour imaging with sensitivity down to a few tens of cells in mouse models.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"19 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manipulating the electronic structure of organic functional materials by through-space conjugation (TSC) to achieve desirable photophysical properties has been a long-standing research focus. Although the working mechanisms of TSC have been demonstrated, the roles that the intrinsic molecular skeleton and extrinsic aggregates play remain unclear. Here four trinaphthylmethanol isomers and four trinaphthylmethane (TNM) isomers with varying connecting sites of naphthalene were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were systematically investigated. The strength of TSC was found to rise from 222-TNM to 111-TNM with the increased number of 1-naphthalene units. In particular, 111-TNM was found to support efficient long-wavelength clusteroluminescence with an absolute quantum yield of 55%. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the inherent attribute of robust intramolecular interactions within individual molecules is fundamental for ultrastrong TSC, and intermolecular interactions play an auxiliary role in fortifying and stabilizing intramolecular interactions. This work reveals the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for manipulating TSC and provides a reliable strategy for constructing non-conjugated luminogens with efficient clusteroluminescence. Efficient organic emitters of ultraviolet light are realized by the use of isomers that exhibit strong through-space conjugation.
{"title":"Efficient organic emitters enabled by ultrastrong through-space conjugation","authors":"Qingyang Xu, Jianyu Zhang, Jing Zhi Sun, Haoke Zhang, Ben Zhong Tang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01527-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01527-7","url":null,"abstract":"Manipulating the electronic structure of organic functional materials by through-space conjugation (TSC) to achieve desirable photophysical properties has been a long-standing research focus. Although the working mechanisms of TSC have been demonstrated, the roles that the intrinsic molecular skeleton and extrinsic aggregates play remain unclear. Here four trinaphthylmethanol isomers and four trinaphthylmethane (TNM) isomers with varying connecting sites of naphthalene were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were systematically investigated. The strength of TSC was found to rise from 222-TNM to 111-TNM with the increased number of 1-naphthalene units. In particular, 111-TNM was found to support efficient long-wavelength clusteroluminescence with an absolute quantum yield of 55%. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the inherent attribute of robust intramolecular interactions within individual molecules is fundamental for ultrastrong TSC, and intermolecular interactions play an auxiliary role in fortifying and stabilizing intramolecular interactions. This work reveals the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for manipulating TSC and provides a reliable strategy for constructing non-conjugated luminogens with efficient clusteroluminescence. Efficient organic emitters of ultraviolet light are realized by the use of isomers that exhibit strong through-space conjugation.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1185-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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