Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.004
Barbara Dusak, Mengqi Liu, Stavaniya Ghosh, Birger Lindberg Møller
Nitric oxide (NO) is in the Pantheon of plant signal molecules and hormones controlling plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental challenges. The route of NO biosynthesis in plants has remained enigmatic. Previous studies have shown the ability of peroxidases to utilize oximes for production of NO. Peroxidases are widely spread and highly expressed in plant tissues. What then is the identity of the pathway signature enzyme(s) offering tight, spatio-temporal regulation of NO production to effectuate its specific signal functions? And what are the key selection criteria to be fulfilled for genes and enzymes operating at the global level in an oxidative pathway for NO production in plants? Convergently evolved CYP79s and N-OX FMOs catalyze conversion of different amino acids into oximes. In this Perspective, we delineate how these oxygenases fine-tune spatio-temporal formation of the oximes as committed substrates for peroxidase catalyzed NO production. Based on the spatio-temporal location of the CYP79s and N-OX FMOs present in a specific plant species, NO formation in its different meristematic tissues is catalyzed by CYP79s, N-OX FMOs, or by their operation in conjunction. The oxime-based NO production is accompanied by formation of stoichiometric amounts of a diagnostic specific aldehyde detectable by GLC/LC-MS. When oximes derived from tryptophan, tyrosine, or phenylalanine are substrates for NO production, the different aldehydes formed may be oxidized to auxins. The outlined oxidative route for NO production in plants explains observations difficult to interpret in previous plant signal and hormone studies. FMOs may also contribute to NO-formation in animals.
{"title":"Biosynthesis of nitric oxide in plants: An oxidative pathway orchestrated by the interplay of CYP79s, N-OX FMOs, and peroxidases","authors":"Barbara Dusak, Mengqi Liu, Stavaniya Ghosh, Birger Lindberg Møller","doi":"10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"Nitric oxide (NO) is in the Pantheon of plant signal molecules and hormones controlling plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental challenges. The route of NO biosynthesis in plants has remained enigmatic. Previous studies have shown the ability of peroxidases to utilize oximes for production of NO. Peroxidases are widely spread and highly expressed in plant tissues. What then is the identity of the pathway signature enzyme(s) offering tight, spatio-temporal regulation of NO production to effectuate its specific signal functions? And what are the key selection criteria to be fulfilled for genes and enzymes operating at the global level in an oxidative pathway for NO production in plants? Convergently evolved CYP79s and N-OX FMOs catalyze conversion of different amino acids into oximes. In this Perspective, we delineate how these oxygenases fine-tune spatio-temporal formation of the oximes as committed substrates for peroxidase catalyzed NO production. Based on the spatio-temporal location of the CYP79s and N-OX FMOs present in a specific plant species, NO formation in its different meristematic tissues is catalyzed by CYP79s, N-OX FMOs, or by their operation in conjunction. The oxime-based NO production is accompanied by formation of stoichiometric amounts of a diagnostic specific aldehyde detectable by GLC/LC-MS. When oximes derived from tryptophan, tyrosine, or phenylalanine are substrates for NO production, the different aldehydes formed may be oxidized to auxins. The outlined oxidative route for NO production in plants explains observations difficult to interpret in previous plant signal and hormone studies. FMOs may also contribute to NO-formation in animals.","PeriodicalId":19012,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant","volume":"1208 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spatiotemporal regulation of polar auxin transport, mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, enables plants to coordinate developmental programs with environmental cues. Here we identify SnRK2.5, an abscisic acid (ABA)-independent member of the SNF1-related protein kinase family, as a key regulator linking osmotic stress signaling to the modulation of auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Osmotic stress-activated SnRK2.5 directly phosphorylates PIN2 at Ser237 and Ser259. Genetic and cell biological analyses demonstrate that these phosphorylation events govern PIN2 vesicular trafficking, vacuolar targeting, and transport activity. Mutating these phosphorylation sites impairs PIN2-dependent auxin redistribution, thereby compromising root tropic responses and reducing osmotic stress tolerance. Our findings reveal a regulatory mechanism whereby SnRK2.5-mediated phosphorylation of PIN2 dynamically adjusts auxin flux to optimize plant growth in response to water availability, uncovering a critical adaptive strategy in plants.
由PIN- formed （PIN）外排载体介导的极性生长素运输的时空调节，使植物能够根据环境线索协调发育程序。本研究发现SnRK2.5是snf1相关蛋白激酶家族中一个不依赖ABA的成员，是拟南芥渗透胁迫信号与生长素运输调节之间的关键调节因子。渗透胁迫激活的SnRK2.5直接磷酸化PIN2的Ser237和Ser259。遗传和细胞生物学分析表明，这些磷酸化事件控制着PIN2的囊泡运输、液泡靶向和运输活性。这些磷酸化位点的突变会损害依赖pin2的生长素再分配，从而损害向根反应并降低渗透胁迫耐受性。我们的研究结果揭示了snrk2.5介导的PIN2磷酸化动态调节生长素通量以优化植物生长以响应水分供应的调控机制，揭示了植物的关键适应策略。
{"title":"SnRK2.5-mediated phosphorylation of PIN2 links osmotic stress signaling with auxin-dependent root adaptive growth in Arabidopsis","authors":"Shujuan Zhang, Zilong Cui, Yu Gao, Qi Liao, Wenyan Li, Siqi Yuan, Zhuomeng Li, Xinwen Zhang, Kai Ding, Wenjing Zhang, Like Shen, Jörg Kudla, Wenhua Zhang, Jing Zhang, Qun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"The spatiotemporal regulation of polar auxin transport, mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, enables plants to coordinate developmental programs with environmental cues. Here we identify SnRK2.5, an abscisic acid (ABA)-independent member of the SNF1-related protein kinase family, as a key regulator linking osmotic stress signaling to the modulation of auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Osmotic stress-activated SnRK2.5 directly phosphorylates PIN2 at Ser237 and Ser259. Genetic and cell biological analyses demonstrate that these phosphorylation events govern PIN2 vesicular trafficking, vacuolar targeting, and transport activity. Mutating these phosphorylation sites impairs PIN2-dependent auxin redistribution, thereby compromising root tropic responses and reducing osmotic stress tolerance. Our findings reveal a regulatory mechanism whereby SnRK2.5-mediated phosphorylation of PIN2 dynamically adjusts auxin flux to optimize plant growth in response to water availability, uncovering a critical adaptive strategy in plants.","PeriodicalId":19012,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.001
Lei Guo, Muzi Li, Xi Luo, Tianlong He, Ning Ma, Shaojun Tang, Zhongchi Liu
The strawberry axillary-meristem can develop into a branch crown (a flowering shoot) or a stolon (a horizontal stem that produces daughter plants), with gibberellin promoting stolon fate. Despite its importance for plant architecture, asexual reproduction, and perennial growth, the regulatory mechanism governing this fate decision remains poorly understood. We found that the juvenile-to-adult transition of the axillary-meristem is marked by induction of GA20ox4 expression and the onset of stolon formation. RNA-sequencing of staged meristems identified the zinc-finger protein ZFP6, which is strongly co-expressed with GA20ox4. CRISPR knockout of ZFP6 abolished GA20ox4 expression and eliminated stolon formation, a phenotype rescued by exogenous gibberellin, demonstrating that ZFP6 acts to activate gibberellin biosynthesis and promote stolon formation. Genetic analysis of mutants in the red-light receptor PhyB, together with mutants in gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling, further revealed that red light and PhyB promote axillary-meristem maturation-a previously unrecognized developmental stage that precedes fate determination. Together, these findings illuminate how developmental stage and environmental cues converge to regulate axillary-meristem maturation and fate determination and identify a stage-specific regulator controlling the switch to stolon formation.
{"title":"Integrative regulation of axillary meristem maturation and stolon fate determination in strawberry by light, gibberellin, and ZFP6","authors":"Lei Guo, Muzi Li, Xi Luo, Tianlong He, Ning Ma, Shaojun Tang, Zhongchi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"The strawberry axillary-meristem can develop into a branch crown (a flowering shoot) or a stolon (a horizontal stem that produces daughter plants), with gibberellin promoting stolon fate. Despite its importance for plant architecture, asexual reproduction, and perennial growth, the regulatory mechanism governing this fate decision remains poorly understood. We found that the juvenile-to-adult transition of the axillary-meristem is marked by induction of GA20ox4 expression and the onset of stolon formation. RNA-sequencing of staged meristems identified the zinc-finger protein ZFP6, which is strongly co-expressed with GA20ox4. CRISPR knockout of ZFP6 abolished GA20ox4 expression and eliminated stolon formation, a phenotype rescued by exogenous gibberellin, demonstrating that ZFP6 acts to activate gibberellin biosynthesis and promote stolon formation. Genetic analysis of mutants in the red-light receptor PhyB, together with mutants in gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling, further revealed that red light and PhyB promote axillary-meristem maturation-a previously unrecognized developmental stage that precedes fate determination. Together, these findings illuminate how developmental stage and environmental cues converge to regulate axillary-meristem maturation and fate determination and identify a stage-specific regulator controlling the switch to stolon formation.","PeriodicalId":19012,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2025.09.010
Francisco M Gámez-Arjona, José M Pardo, Francisco J Quintero
{"title":"How sodium gets sequestered in the vacuoles of salinized plants?","authors":"Francisco M Gámez-Arjona, José M Pardo, Francisco J Quintero","doi":"10.1016/j.molp.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.molp.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19012,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant","volume":" ","pages":"2045-2047"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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