BACKGROUNDInsecticide application is necessary to control navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) in California tree nuts. Coverage is problematic because of height, and application timing can be problematic due to logistical challenges combined with grower reaction time. Bioassays using contact toxicity were conducted to characterize both spray coverage and the duration of control for air application for a period of 14-28 days, and contrast air application with ground sprays.RESULTSGround application caused higher mortality than air application at a critical height of 3.7-4.3 m, and its duration of control was superior, based on higher mortality at 21 days. In one study, the mortality resulting from ground application remained constant at 89% for 21 days, whereas the average mortality for air application fell to 62%, although this was still satisfactory. There was a rapid decline in contact toxicity between 4 and 7 days after application by air. The mortality observed with air application did not depend on the water volume used because there was no difference between 93.5 L ha-1 and 280.6 L ha-1.CONCLUSIONThe focus of this study on contact toxicity is the first step toward establishing a baseline for this route of exposure in tree nuts, and additional baselines are needed for adulticidal and ovi-larvicidal activity. Air application was capable of providing high initial mortality but its duration needs to be extended. Improving coverage and application timing will become more important as California phases out the use of synthetic insecticides and makes the transition to insecticides solely dependent on ingestion toxicity. Published 2026. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
背景在加利福尼亚树坚果中应用杀虫剂防治脐橙虫是必要的。由于高度的原因，覆盖范围存在问题，并且由于后勤挑战和种植者的反应时间，应用时机可能存在问题。使用接触毒性进行生物测定，以表征喷雾覆盖范围和空气施用的控制时间，为期14-28天，并将空气施用与地面施用进行对比。结果在临界高度为3.7 ~ 4.3 m时，地面施药死亡率高于空中施药，且施药时间以21 d死亡率较高为优势。在一项研究中，地面施用造成的死亡率在21天内保持在89%不变，而空中施用的平均死亡率下降到62%，尽管这仍然令人满意。空气施药后4 ~ 7天，接触毒性迅速下降。使用空气时观察到的死亡率与使用的水量无关，因为93.5 L ha-1和280.6 L ha-1之间没有差异。结论本研究的重点是接触毒性，这是建立这一接触途径的基线的第一步，还需要进一步研究杀成虫和杀卵活性的基线。空中施用能够提供高的初始死亡率，但其持续时间需要延长。随着加州逐步停止使用合成杀虫剂，转而使用完全取决于摄入毒性的杀虫剂，改善覆盖范围和施用时间将变得更加重要。2026年出版。这篇文章是美国政府的作品，在美国属于公有领域。
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