Grain shape and tiller angle are two important agronomic traits influencing grain yield and quality in rice. Herein, we map-based cloned a grain shape gene GLW9 (Grain Length and Width on chromosome 9), which encodes a DNA binding with one finger (DOF) family transcription factor OsDOF25. GLW9 positively regulates grain length and negatively regulates grain width, consequently improving grain length-to-width ratio and appearance quality. GLW9 binds to the EXPA6 promotor to upregulate its expression, thereby positively regulating cell expansion and grain shape. On the other hand, GLW9 directly upregulates the expression of OsPIN1b to reduce tiller angle. This study elucidates the mechanism by which GLW9 coordinately regulates grain shape and tiller angle, providing theoretical reference and gene resources for the improvement of grain shape and tiller angle in rice.
{"title":"A DOF transcription factor GLW9/OsDOF25 regulates grain shape and tiller angle in rice","authors":"Huan Shi, Pingbo Li, Peng Yun, Yun Zhu, Hao Zhou, Lu Wang, Bian Wu, Yipei Wang, Guangming Lou, Qin Huang, Guanjun Gao, Qinglu Zhang, Junxiao Chen, Jinbo Li, Jinghua Xiao, Aiqing You, Yuqing He","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70064","url":null,"abstract":"Grain shape and tiller angle are two important agronomic traits influencing grain yield and quality in rice. Herein, we map-based cloned a grain shape gene <i>GLW9</i> (<i>Grain Length and Width on chromosome 9</i>), which encodes a DNA binding with one finger (DOF) family transcription factor OsDOF25. <i>GLW9</i> positively regulates grain length and negatively regulates grain width, consequently improving grain length-to-width ratio and appearance quality. GLW9 binds to the <i>EXPA6</i> promotor to upregulate its expression, thereby positively regulating cell expansion and grain shape. On the other hand, GLW9 directly upregulates the expression of <i>OsPIN1b</i> to reduce tiller angle. This study elucidates the mechanism by which <i>GLW9</i> coordinately regulates grain shape and tiller angle, providing theoretical reference and gene resources for the improvement of grain shape and tiller angle in rice.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teach plants to fish based on CRISPR‐Cas system self‐evolution","authors":"Xuhui Ma, Liqing Miao, Xiaoqing Liu","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genic-cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) due to interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes is a well-known phenomenon in some Solanum spp. hybrids, but genes involved are not known. In this study, the chondriomes of two isonuclear male-fertile and sterile somatic hybrids (SH9A and SH9B, respectively) between the common potato (S. tuberosum Group Tuberosum, tbr) and the wild species S. commersonii were sequenced and compared to those of parental species to identify mitochondrial genes involved in the expression of male sterility. A putative novel gene (orf125) was found only in tbr and in male-sterile hybrids. Physical or functional deletion of orf125 by mtDNA editing in SH9B and its allotopic expression in SH9A clearly demonstrated that orf125 affects male fertility. Besides knockout mutants induced by mitoTALEN and DddA-derived cytosine base editing, specific orf125 missense mutations generated by the latter approach also induced reversion to male fertility in edited SH9B plants, prompting further studies on ORF125 structure–function relationship. The organization of the mitochondrial genome region implicated in CMS was found to be conserved across all common potato accessions, while an identical copy of tbr orf125 was detected in accessions belonging to the S. berthaultii species complex (ber). Such findings corroborate the hypothesis that ber accessions with T/β cytoplasm outcrossed as female with Andean potato, giving rise to the differentiation of the Chilean potato, and highlight the origin of mitochondrial factors contributing to genic-cytoplasmic male sterility in some tuber-bearing Solanum hybrids. Our results contribute to the development of innovative breeding approaches in potato.
{"title":"Mitochondrial gene editing and allotopic expression unveil the role of orf125 in the induction of male fertility in some Solanum spp. hybrids and in the evolution of the common potato","authors":"Rachele Tamburino, Nunzio D'Agostino, Gaetano Aufiero, Alessandro Nicolia, Angelo Facchiano, Deborah Giordano, Lorenza Sannino, Rosa Paparo, Shin-Ichi Arimura, Nunzia Scotti, Teodoro Cardi","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70012","url":null,"abstract":"Genic-cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) due to interactions between nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes is a well-known phenomenon in some <i>Solanum</i> spp. hybrids, but genes involved are not known. In this study, the chondriomes of two isonuclear male-fertile and sterile somatic hybrids (SH9A and SH9B, respectively) between the common potato (<i>S. tuberosum</i> Group <i>Tuberosum</i>, <i>tbr</i>) and the wild species <i>S. commersonii</i> were sequenced and compared to those of parental species to identify mitochondrial genes involved in the expression of male sterility. A putative novel gene (<i>orf125</i>) was found only in <i>tbr</i> and in male-sterile hybrids. Physical or functional deletion of <i>orf125</i> by mtDNA editing in SH9B and its allotopic expression in SH9A clearly demonstrated that <i>orf125</i> affects male fertility. Besides knockout mutants induced by mitoTALEN and DddA-derived cytosine base editing, specific <i>orf125</i> missense mutations generated by the latter approach also induced reversion to male fertility in edited SH9B plants, prompting further studies on ORF125 structure–function relationship. The organization of the mitochondrial genome region implicated in CMS was found to be conserved across all common potato accessions, while an identical copy of <i>tbr orf125</i> was detected in accessions belonging to the <i>S. berthaultii</i> species complex (<i>ber</i>). Such findings corroborate the hypothesis that <i>ber</i> accessions with T/β cytoplasm outcrossed as female with Andean potato, giving rise to the differentiation of the Chilean potato, and highlight the origin of mitochondrial factors contributing to genic-cytoplasmic male sterility in some tuber-bearing <i>Solanum</i> hybrids. Our results contribute to the development of innovative breeding approaches in potato.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sunok Moon, Yang-Seok Lee, Jose Gutierrez-Marcos, Ki-Hong Jung
Rice serves as a staple food for approximately half of the world's population, and enhanced yields from hybrid rice play a crucial role in ensuring food security and augmenting incomes. However, the annual purchase and high cost of hybrid seeds hinder widespread hybrid rice adoption. In this review, we discuss hybrid seed production strategies based on molecular mechanisms along with biotechnological techniques employed for production and future prospects. Male-sterile lines are pivotal in hybrid seed production, with ongoing developments markedly advancing this process. Initially, cytoplasmic male-sterile lines facilitated three-line hybrid seed production. Subsequent innovations, including environmentally responsive gene-based and biotechnology-driven male-sterile lines, enabled two-line hybrid rice production. Ongoing research is focusing on implementing a one-line hybrid seed production method using apomixis, driving innovation in hybrid seed production. Overall, advancements in male-sterile lines and synthetic apomixis present promising avenues for improving the efficiency and sustainability of hybrid rice production. These developments highlight the critical need for continued research and concerted efforts to address global food security challenges.
{"title":"Advancements in hybrid rice production: improvements in male sterility and synthetic apomixis for sustainable agriculture","authors":"Sunok Moon, Yang-Seok Lee, Jose Gutierrez-Marcos, Ki-Hong Jung","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70057","url":null,"abstract":"Rice serves as a staple food for approximately half of the world's population, and enhanced yields from hybrid rice play a crucial role in ensuring food security and augmenting incomes. However, the annual purchase and high cost of hybrid seeds hinder widespread hybrid rice adoption. In this review, we discuss hybrid seed production strategies based on molecular mechanisms along with biotechnological techniques employed for production and future prospects. Male-sterile lines are pivotal in hybrid seed production, with ongoing developments markedly advancing this process. Initially, cytoplasmic male-sterile lines facilitated three-line hybrid seed production. Subsequent innovations, including environmentally responsive gene-based and biotechnology-driven male-sterile lines, enabled two-line hybrid rice production. Ongoing research is focusing on implementing a one-line hybrid seed production method using apomixis, driving innovation in hybrid seed production. Overall, advancements in male-sterile lines and synthetic apomixis present promising avenues for improving the efficiency and sustainability of hybrid rice production. These developments highlight the critical need for continued research and concerted efforts to address global food security challenges.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiancheng Xu, Yongmei Li, Xing Liu, Xue Yang, Zhejun Huang, Jianfeng Xing, Cuili Liang, Junyi Li, Yingchao Tan, Shengmin Zhang, Jiyan Qi, De Ye, Zhonghua Li, Jie Cao, Chaorong Tang, Kaiye Liu
Rubber particles (RPs) are specialized organelles for the biosynthesis and storage of natural rubber in rubber-producing plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and development of RPs remain unclear. In this study, two latex-specific cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), TkCPT1 and TkCPT2, were identified in Taraxacum kok-saghyz, with almost identical orthologues retained across other Taraxacum species. For the first time, Tkcpt1 single and Tkcpt1/2 double mutants were successfully generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Rubber biosynthesis was significantly depressed in Tkcpt1 mutants and completely blocked in Tkcpt1/2 mutants. The absence of RPs in the Tkcpt1/2 was confirmed using oil red O and Nile red staining, high-speed centrifugal stratification, cryo-SEM and TEM on fresh latex or laticifer cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that, in the latex of Tkcpt1/2, rubber biosynthesis was blocked at the protein level, while metabolomic profiling indicated an enrichment of lipids and terpenoids. Furthermore, knockout of TkCPTL1, a latex-specific CPT-like gene that encodes a rubber transferase activator, resulted in outright disruption of rubber biosynthesis and RP ontogeny, a phenotype similar to that of Tkcpt1/2 mutants. These findings indicate that rubber biosynthesis is a driving force for the biogenesis and development of RPs, providing new insights into rubber production mechanisms.
{"title":"Rubber biosynthesis drives the biogenesis and development of rubber particles, the rubber-producing organelles","authors":"Tiancheng Xu, Yongmei Li, Xing Liu, Xue Yang, Zhejun Huang, Jianfeng Xing, Cuili Liang, Junyi Li, Yingchao Tan, Shengmin Zhang, Jiyan Qi, De Ye, Zhonghua Li, Jie Cao, Chaorong Tang, Kaiye Liu","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70052","url":null,"abstract":"Rubber particles (RPs) are specialized organelles for the biosynthesis and storage of natural rubber in rubber-producing plants. However, the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and development of RPs remain unclear. In this study, two latex-specific <i>cis</i>-prenyltransferases (CPTs), TkCPT1 and TkCPT2, were identified in <i>Taraxacum kok-saghyz</i>, with almost identical orthologues retained across other <i>Taraxacum</i> species. For the first time, <i>Tkcpt1</i> single and <i>Tkcpt1/2</i> double mutants were successfully generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Rubber biosynthesis was significantly depressed in <i>Tkcpt1</i> mutants and completely blocked in <i>Tkcpt1/2</i> mutants. The absence of RPs in the <i>Tkcpt1/2</i> was confirmed using oil red O and Nile red staining, high-speed centrifugal stratification, cryo-SEM and TEM on fresh latex or laticifer cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that, in the latex of <i>Tkcpt1/</i>2, rubber biosynthesis was blocked at the protein level, while metabolomic profiling indicated an enrichment of lipids and terpenoids. Furthermore, knockout of <i>TkCPTL1</i>, a latex-specific <i>CPT-like</i> gene that encodes a rubber transferase activator, resulted in outright disruption of rubber biosynthesis and RP ontogeny, a phenotype similar to that of <i>Tkcpt1/2</i> mutants. These findings indicate that rubber biosynthesis is a driving force for the biogenesis and development of RPs, providing new insights into rubber production mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Feng, Jia-Lu Liu, Nan Sun, Zi-Qi Zhou, Zhi-Yuan Yang, Hui Lv, Cheng Yao, Jin-Ping Zou, Shu-Ping Zhao, Peng Wu, Liang-Jun Li
Releasing large quantities of volatiles is a defense strategy used by plants to resist herbivore attack. Oenanthe javanica, a perennial herb of the Apiaceae family, has a distinctive aroma due to volatile terpenoid accumulation. At present, the complete genome and genetic characteristics of volatile terpenoids in O. javanica remain largely unclear. Here, the telomere-to-telomere genome of O. javanica, with a size of 1012.13 Mb and a contig N50 of 49.55 Mb, was established by combining multiple sequencing technologies. Comparative genome analysis revealed that O. javanica experienced a recent species-specific whole-genome duplication event during the evolutionary process. Numerous gene family expansions were significantly enriched in the terpenoid biosynthesis process, monoterpenoid, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, which resulted in abundant volatile substance accumulation in O. javanica. The volatile terpenoids of O. javanica showed repellent effects on herbivores. Terpenoid biosynthesis was activated by wounding signals under exogenous stimuli. The TPS gene family was significantly expanded in O. javanica compared to those in other species, and the members (OjTPS1, OjTPS3, OjTPS4, OjTPS5, OjTPS7, OjTPS16, OjTPS18, OjTPS30 and OjTPS58) responsible for different terpenoid biosynthesis were functionally characterized. These results reveal the genome evolution and molecular characteristics of volatile terpenoids in the process of plant–herbivore interactions. This study also provides genomic resources for genetic and molecular biology research on O. javanica and other plants.
{"title":"Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly reveals insights into the adaptive evolution of herbivore-defense mediated by volatile terpenoids in Oenanthe javanica","authors":"Kai Feng, Jia-Lu Liu, Nan Sun, Zi-Qi Zhou, Zhi-Yuan Yang, Hui Lv, Cheng Yao, Jin-Ping Zou, Shu-Ping Zhao, Peng Wu, Liang-Jun Li","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70062","url":null,"abstract":"Releasing large quantities of volatiles is a defense strategy used by plants to resist herbivore attack. <i>Oenanthe javanica</i>, a perennial herb of the Apiaceae family, has a distinctive aroma due to volatile terpenoid accumulation. At present, the complete genome and genetic characteristics of volatile terpenoids in <i>O. javanica</i> remain largely unclear. Here, the telomere-to-telomere genome of <i>O. javanica</i>, with a size of 1012.13 Mb and a contig N50 of 49.55 Mb, was established by combining multiple sequencing technologies. Comparative genome analysis revealed that <i>O. javanica</i> experienced a recent species-specific whole-genome duplication event during the evolutionary process. Numerous gene family expansions were significantly enriched in the terpenoid biosynthesis process, monoterpenoid, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, which resulted in abundant volatile substance accumulation in <i>O. javanica.</i> The volatile terpenoids of <i>O. javanica</i> showed repellent effects on herbivores. Terpenoid biosynthesis was activated by wounding signals under exogenous stimuli. The TPS gene family was significantly expanded in <i>O. javanica</i> compared to those in other species, and the members (<i>OjTPS1</i>, <i>OjTPS3</i>, <i>OjTPS4</i>, <i>OjTPS5</i>, <i>OjTPS7</i>, <i>OjTPS16</i>, <i>OjTPS18</i>, <i>OjTPS30</i> and <i>OjTPS58</i>) responsible for different terpenoid biosynthesis were functionally characterized. These results reveal the genome evolution and molecular characteristics of volatile terpenoids in the process of plant–herbivore interactions. This study also provides genomic resources for genetic and molecular biology research on <i>O. javanica</i> and other plants.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Feng, Muhammad Azhar Hussain, Yan Zhao, Yuning Wang, Yuyan Song, Yaxin Li, Hongtao Gao, Yan Jing, Keheng Xu, Wenping Zhang, Yonggang Zhou, Haiyan Li
Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. However, salt stress poses a major challenge to soybean growth and productivity. Therefore, unravelling the complex mechanisms governing salt tolerance in soybean is imperative for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant varieties to improve yield. Maintaining intracellular Na+/K+ homeostasis is one of the key factors for plant salt tolerance. Although some salt tolerance mechanisms involving Na+ exclusion have been well identified in plants, few studies have been conducted on how K+ influx controls soybean salt tolerance. Here, we characterized the function of soybean K+ channel gene GmAKT1 and identified GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex, which modulated GmAKT1-mediated K+ uptake under salt stress. Functional studies found that soybean lines GmAKT1 overexpressing increased K+ content and promoted salt tolerance, while CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of GmAKT1 soybean lines decreased the K+ content and showed salt sensitivity. Furthermore, we identified that GmCIPK6 interacted with GmAKT1 and GmCBL9 interacted with GmCIPK6. In addition, Mn2+-Phos-tag assays proved that GmCIPK6 could phosphorylate GmAKT1. This collaborative activation of the GmCBL9-GmCIPK6-GmAKT1 module promoted K+ influx and enhanced soybean salt tolerance. Our findings reveal a new molecular mechanism in soybeans under salt stress and provide insights for cultivating new salt-tolerant soybean varieties by molecular breeding.
{"title":"GmAKT1-mediated K+ absorption positively modulates soybean salt tolerance by GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex","authors":"Chen Feng, Muhammad Azhar Hussain, Yan Zhao, Yuning Wang, Yuyan Song, Yaxin Li, Hongtao Gao, Yan Jing, Keheng Xu, Wenping Zhang, Yonggang Zhou, Haiyan Li","doi":"10.1111/pbi.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70042","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world. However, salt stress poses a major challenge to soybean growth and productivity. Therefore, unravelling the complex mechanisms governing salt tolerance in soybean is imperative for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant varieties to improve yield. Maintaining intracellular Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> homeostasis is one of the key factors for plant salt tolerance. Although some salt tolerance mechanisms involving Na<sup>+</sup> exclusion have been well identified in plants, few studies have been conducted on how K<sup>+</sup> influx controls soybean salt tolerance. Here, we characterized the function of soybean K<sup>+</sup> channel gene <i>GmAKT1</i> and identified GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex, which modulated GmAKT1-mediated K<sup>+</sup> uptake under salt stress. Functional studies found that soybean lines <i>GmAKT1</i> overexpressing increased K<sup>+</sup> content and promoted salt tolerance, while CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of <i>GmAKT1</i> soybean lines decreased the K<sup>+</sup> content and showed salt sensitivity. Furthermore, we identified that GmCIPK6 interacted with GmAKT1 and GmCBL9 interacted with GmCIPK6. In addition, Mn<sup>2+</sup>-Phos-tag assays proved that GmCIPK6 could phosphorylate GmAKT1. This collaborative activation of the GmCBL9-GmCIPK6-GmAKT1 module promoted K<sup>+</sup> influx and enhanced soybean salt tolerance. Our findings reveal a new molecular mechanism in soybeans under salt stress and provide insights for cultivating new salt-tolerant soybean varieties by molecular breeding.","PeriodicalId":221,"journal":{"name":"Plant Biotechnology Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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