Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v7i2.147
Elstonsius Banjo, S. Fitriasih, Eva Achjany Zulfa
Maladministration and state financial losses have been the basis of the Criminal Court of Corruption’s decision to punish the defendant. Judges' decisions are often based on proven objective facts while subjective facts, including the "intentions" of offenders, are often disregarded even though the principle of criminal responsibility presupposes both objective and subjective aspects as a basis sentencing defendant. As a result, the enforcement of corruption in Indonesia has become a long-standing and polemic issue of justice. This study examines how "intention" is the main element used to determine whether the defendant is guilty under Article 2 and Article 3 of the "PTPK Law" in the Indonesian Corruption Court. The analysis is based on the theory of Criminal Responsibility through the "analytical and critical approach" in which its aim is to avoid "liability without fault" and to ensure that "committed intentionally" is the main element used in decision making regarding corruptor sentencing. Abstrak: Maladministrasi dan perhitungan riil kerugian keuangan negara telah menjadi dasar Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi untuk memidana terdakwa sesuai Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 UU PTPK. Keputusan hakim lebih membuktikan/mempertimbangkan fakta objektif daripada fakta subjektif atau "niat jahat" pelaku atas perbuatan yang dilakukan. Padahal asas pertanggungjawaban pidana mensyaratkan unsur objektif dan subjektif sebagai dasar pengadilan untuk menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa. Akibatnya, penegakan hukum kasus korupsi di Indonesia menjadi polemik keadilan yang berkepanjangan, terutama terhadap seseorang yang telah dipidana bersalah. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana “niat jahat" pelaku menjadi unsur utama untuk menyatakan kesalahan atas tindak pidana korupsi pada Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 “UU PTPK” di Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia. Analisis didasarkan pada asas dan teori Kesalahan melalui “pendekatan analitis-kritis”. Tujuannya untuk menghindari “pertanggunjawaban pidana tanpa kesalahan”, dan “melakukan dengan sengaja” adalah unsur utama untuk menyatakan kesalahan dan memidana pelaku.Kata Kunci: Maladministrasi, Kesengajaan, Pengadilan Korupsi, Keadilan
行政管理不善和国家财政损失是腐败刑事法院决定惩罚被告的依据。法官的判决往往基于已证实的客观事实,而主观事实,包括罪犯的“意图”,往往被忽视,尽管刑事责任原则以客观和主观两方面作为对被告量刑的基础。因此,印尼的腐败执法已成为一个长期存在的、引起争议的司法问题。本研究考察了“意图”是如何在印尼腐败法院根据“PTPK法”第2条和第3条确定被告是否有罪的主要因素。以刑事责任理论为基础,通过“分析批判”的方法进行分析,其目的是避免“无过错责任”,并确保“故意犯罪”是对腐败分子量刑决策的主要要素。摘要:Maladministrasi dan perhitungan riil kerugian keuangan negara telah menjadi dasar Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi untuk memidana terdakwa sesuai Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 UU PTPK。Keputusan hakim lebih membuktikan/mempertimbangkan fakta object daripada fakta subject ktif atau "niat jahat" pelaku atas perbuatan yang dilakukan。Padahal as pertanggungjawaban pidana mensyaratkan unsur object(客体)和subject(主体)sebagai dasar pengadilan untuk menjatuhkan pidana terhadap terdakwa。印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚,印度尼西亚。Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana“niat jahat”pelaku menjadi unsur utama untuk menyatakan kesalahan atas tindak pidana korupsi 2 dan Pasal 3“UU PTPK”di Pengadilan tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia。“分析学家-批评家”的意思是“分析学家-批评家”。Tujuannya untuk menghindari“pertanggunjawaban pidana tanpa kesalahan”,dan“melakukan dengan sengaja”adalah unsur utama untuk menyatakan kesalahan dan memidana pelaku。Kata Kunci: Maladministrasi, Kesengajaan, Pengadilan Korupsi, Keadilan
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Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v7i2.145
Oriola O. Oyewole
A large and growing body of literature has investigated victim participation at the International Criminal Court. Hence, an increasing body of published studies describes victims' role during victim participation and its evolution. However, literature is scarce on managing victims' rights and interests during sentencing and the impact of victims' involvement on sentencing decisions. For example, victims have interests in reparations, justice, truth and sentencing. The knowledge of restorative justice in criminal sentencing is important for an understanding of how victims navigate criminal trials, especially regarding their perceptions of the sentencing. Using a case analysis, this article critically examines the interaction of retributive and restorative justice vis-à-vis victims position during sentence hearings and reviews. Abstrak: Sejumlah besar literatur telah menyelidiki partisipasi korban di Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional. Oleh karena itu, semakin banyak penelitian yang diterbitkan menggambarkan peran korban selama partisipasi korban dan evolusinya. Namun, literatur tentang pengelolaan hak dan kepentingan korban selama hukuman dan dampak keterlibatan korban pada keputusan hukuman masih terbatas. Misalnya, korban memiliki kepentingan dalam reparasi, keadilan, kebenaran dan hukuman. Pengetahuan tentang keadilan restoratif dalam pemidanaan penting untuk memahami bagaimana korban menjalani persidangan pidana, terutama mengenai persepsi mereka tentang hukuman. Dengan menggunakan analisis kasus, artikel ini secara kritis mengkaji interaksi keadilan retributif dan restoratif vis-à-vis posisi korban selama pemeriksaan dan peninjauan hukuman. Kata Kunci: Hukuman Internasional, Pemidanaan, Reintegrasi, Korban, Pengurangan Hukuman, Keadilan Restoratif.
越来越多的文献调查了受害者在国际刑事法院的参与情况。因此,越来越多的已发表的研究描述了受害者在受害者参与过程中的作用及其演变。然而,在量刑过程中被害人权益的管理以及被害人参与对量刑决策的影响方面,文献较少。例如,受害者对赔偿、正义、真相和量刑都有兴趣。刑事判决中的恢复性司法知识对于了解受害者如何进行刑事审判,特别是关于他们对判决的看法是很重要的。通过案例分析,本文批判性地考察了报应性和恢复性司法与-à-vis受害者在判决听证会和复审中的地位之间的相互作用。[摘要]国际刑事犯罪组织。Oleh karena, semakin banyak penelitian yang diiterbitkan menggambarkan peran korban selama partisipasi korban dan evolusinya。Namun,文学tentang pengelolaan hak dan kepentingan and korban selama hukuman dan danpak keterlibatan korban pada keputusan hukuman masih terbatas。Misalnya, korban memiliki kepentingan dalam reparasi, keadilan, kebenaran和hukuman。Pengetahuan tentenkeadilan修复dalam pemidananpendiilan修复untuk mamhai bagaimana korban menjalani persidananpidana, terutama mengenai persepi mereka tentenan hukuman。登安蒙古纳坎分析kasus, artikel ini secara kritis蒙古纳坎的interakis keadilan的报复性和恢复性vis-à-vis posisi korban selama peremeriksaan和danpeninjauan hukuman。Kata Kunci: Hukuman international, Pemidanaan, Reintegrasi, Korban, Pengurangan Hukuman, keadiilan Restoratif。
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Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v7i1.125
Badri Hasan Sulaiman
Shia sect was born due to political factors that later developed into Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). The different perspectives on the Caliph of Ali ibn Abi Talib's position have led to several sectarianisms in Shia, from ordinary to extreme views, claiming that angel Gabriel sent wrong revelations to Muhammad instead of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Thus, not all of the Sects of Shia are misleading. The Shia’s teachings are contrary to the Aqeedah (creed) and thus should be watched to avoid the negative consequences. This article explores the Islamic law thought from the perception of Shia sects to get a clear point of view and prevent the misunderstanding of Shia sects in the Islamic society. Abstrak: Pada mulanya mazhab Syi'ah lahir karena faktor-faktor politis yang kemudian berkembang menjadi mazhab fiqh. Timbulnya berbagai macam aliran dalam mazhab Syiah dikarenakan perbedaan cara pandang terhadap kedudukan 'Ali. Dari pandangan biasa sampai pandangan yang sangat ekstrim hingga berpendapat bahwa Jibril salah menurunkan wahyu. Tidak semua mazhab Syi'ah menyimpang dari aqidah tetapi ada juga yang sesuai. Multitafsir ini harus dihargai sebagai suatu rahmah karena perbedaan yang membuat Islam menjadi besar. Untuk Syiah yang bertentangan dengan aqidah Islam selayaknya harus diwaspadai aqidahnya, untuk menghidari akibat negatif yang ditimbulkannya, karena hal ini akan berakibat negatif bagi masyarakat awam yang belum memahami Islam sepenuhnya. Kata Kunci: Mazhab, Syiah, Aliran Sesat
{"title":"THE ROLE OF THE SHIA SECT IN ISLAMIC LAW: DOES IT MAKE SENSE?","authors":"Badri Hasan Sulaiman","doi":"10.22373/petita.v7i1.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22373/petita.v7i1.125","url":null,"abstract":"Shia sect was born due to political factors that later developed into Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). The different perspectives on the Caliph of Ali ibn Abi Talib's position have led to several sectarianisms in Shia, from ordinary to extreme views, claiming that angel Gabriel sent wrong revelations to Muhammad instead of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Thus, not all of the Sects of Shia are misleading. The Shia’s teachings are contrary to the Aqeedah (creed) and thus should be watched to avoid the negative consequences. This article explores the Islamic law thought from the perception of Shia sects to get a clear point of view and prevent the misunderstanding of Shia sects in the Islamic society. \u0000Abstrak: Pada mulanya mazhab Syi'ah lahir karena faktor-faktor politis yang kemudian berkembang menjadi mazhab fiqh. Timbulnya berbagai macam aliran dalam mazhab Syiah dikarenakan perbedaan cara pandang terhadap kedudukan 'Ali. Dari pandangan biasa sampai pandangan yang sangat ekstrim hingga berpendapat bahwa Jibril salah menurunkan wahyu. Tidak semua mazhab Syi'ah menyimpang dari aqidah tetapi ada juga yang sesuai. Multitafsir ini harus dihargai sebagai suatu rahmah karena perbedaan yang membuat Islam menjadi besar. Untuk Syiah yang bertentangan dengan aqidah Islam selayaknya harus diwaspadai aqidahnya, untuk menghidari akibat negatif yang ditimbulkannya, karena hal ini akan berakibat negatif bagi masyarakat awam yang belum memahami Islam sepenuhnya. \u0000Kata Kunci: Mazhab, Syiah, Aliran Sesat","PeriodicalId":231408,"journal":{"name":"PETITA: JURNAL KAJIAN ILMU HUKUM DAN SYARIAH","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124843446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v7i1.122
Muchamad Ali Safa’at, Milda Istiqomah
This article discusses Critical Legal Studies (CLS) as the critical study of the law that opposes the doctrine of legal formalism. As a form of critical study, CLS not only accommodates Marxist legal ideas, but also liberalist-radical and postmodernist ones. This article has the objective to identify briefly the ideas contained within CLS from various legal experts, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as its context with the legal development in Indonesia. The utilized research method was the normative method for the investigation and analysis of the existence of legal doctrines. This article concludes with a critique of the law in Indonesia at present and how the ideas of CLS may be utilized as another radical alternative in solving legal problems in Indonesia. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas mengenai Critical Legal Studies (CLS) sebagai studi kritis hukum yang menentang doktrin formalisme hukum. Sebagai bentuk kajian kritis, CLS tidak hanya menampung ide-ide hukum Marxis, tetapi juga liberalis-radikal dan postmodernis. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara singkat gagasan-gagasan yang terkandung dalam CLS dari berbagai pakar hukum, kelebihan dan kekurangannya, serta konteksnya dengan perkembangan hukum di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode normatif untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis keberadaan doktrin-doktrin hukum. Artikel ini diakhiri dengan kritik terhadap hukum di Indonesia saat ini dan bagaimana gagasan CLS dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif radikal lain dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan hukum di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Studi Kritis Hukum, Doktrin Formalisme Hukum, Alternatif Radikal.
批判法学研究是一种反对法律形式主义的法律批判研究。CLS作为一种批判研究形式,既容纳了马克思主义的法律思想,也容纳了自由激进主义和后现代主义的法律思想。本文的目的是简要地确定各种法律专家的CLS中包含的想法,其优点和缺点,以及其与印度尼西亚法律发展的背景。所采用的研究方法是调查和分析法律学说存在性的规范性方法。本文最后对印度尼西亚目前的法律进行了批评,以及如何利用CLS的思想作为解决印度尼西亚法律问题的另一种激进选择。[摘要]批判性法学研究(CLS)是一种批判性的法学研究,是一种形式主义的法学研究。塞巴盖·本图克·卡吉安·克里蒂斯,CLS tidak - hanya menampuni -ide - hukum marx, tetapi juga自由主义-激进主义和后现代主义。Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara singkat gagasan-gagasan yang terkandung dalam CLS dari berbagai pakar hukum, kelebihan dan kekurangannya, serta konteksnya dengan perkembangan hukum di Indonesia。方法penelitian yang digunakan adalah方法normnormate untuk mengkaji dan menganalis keberadaan doktrin-doktrin hukum。Artikel ini diakhiri dengan kritik terhadap hukum di Indonesia(印尼);(印尼);(印尼);(印尼);(印尼);(印尼)Kata Kunci:研究Kritis Hukum, Doktrin formalism Hukum, alternative radical。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i2.119
Alma Qarnain, Nathalina Naibaho
Criminalization in Indonesia has changed its philosophy from "prison" to "correctional". Unfortunately, in practice, it has not much changed. Corrections still cannot be called rehabilitative because of problems such as overstaying, high recidivism rates, overcrowded, riots in prisons and jails, frequent prison escapes, narcotics transactions in prisons, to illegal levies. To overcome this, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights then came up with the idea of "Revitalization of the Correctional System", through Ministry of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 35 Year 2018. The revitalization prioritizes changes in the behavior of inmates and turn overcrowding as the opportunity to create superior human resources through four stages: super maximum security, maximum security, medium security, and minimum security. The method of the research is normative supported by interview and observation to confirm the data that the author got from the document research. To develop the correctional system in Indonesia, this research also use comparative studies with other countries in the penitentiary field. The result of the research concluded that the revitalization of the correctional facilities has not caused significant changes because there are several obstacles, so that structural and systemic changes are needed to help the success of this revitalization.
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Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i2.121
Badri Hasan Sulaiman, Muslem Abdullah
In the effort to implement special autonomy, various provinces in Indonesia are competing in the effort to increase the retribution of their respective regions. This has encouraged the provinces to make regulations (regulations) that can bring added value to their provinces. These regulations sometimes experience disharmony and out of sync with higher regulations, both in terms of the material and the technical aspects of their manufacture. This has resulted in an increasing number of local regulations being canceled or needing to be revised again after being tested by the Ministry of Home Affairs. To date, the Ministry of Home Affairs has evaluated at least 7500 local regulations from 2002 to June 2009, originating from all districts/cities and provinces in Indonesia. Of this number, almost half of the regional regulations were annulled because they contradicted the principles of the formation of local regulations. It is assumed that this number will continue to increase in line with the increasing legislative process in the regions.
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Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i2.118
Emmanuel C. OBIKWU
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples provides a reasonable template for remedying the perceived injustices indigenous groups assert that they face in post-colonial states. In certain cases, indigenous peoples have claimed that they entered into 'treaty relations' with European colonizing powers like the United Kingdom. Those 'treaties' or agreements gave them specific rights as a condition for the surrender of indigenous sovereignties to imperialists. The further argument is that the post-colonial state ought to recognize and preserve the rights encapsulated in those treaties. This article highlights some of these rights as enunciated by UNDRIP, especially the right of internal self-determination. It looks at the significance of 'historic treaties' especially highlighted in the case of Cameroon v Nigeria etc., a dispute decided by the International Court of Justice at The Hague. It looks at treaties made by traditional authorities in Southern Nigeria and cross-references those made by Native Americans of Canada. The British imperial Crown was at the centre of the jurisprudence of these historical treaties. The implication of those indigenous treaties and their current significance. It contends that the concept of indigenousness has been determined by European colonialism. The concept does not easily fit in with the African continent, especially south of the Sahara, where Africans see themselves as indigenous. To be Indigenous in the end will depend on degrees of indigeneity, identity, self-identification, and other factors. The indigenous rights people have received through UNDRIP presents a substantive case for their legitimation in the post-colonial state. To give effect to the right of internal self-determination of indigenous peoples, the Belgian Thesis and the repatriation proffered the measure of sovereign powers back to indigenous peoples and their traditional authorities – The Kings, Chiefs, and Elders that initially surrendered their sovereignties to the British imperial Crown. This is suggested as a way forward in such countries as Nigeria, where there are ongoing clamours for the constitutional restructuring of the country by non–state actors. Abstrak: Deklarasi PBB tentang Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat (The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples-UNDRIP) menyediakan kerangka yang masuk akal untuk memperbaiki ketidakadilan yang dirasakan oleh kelompok-kelompok adat di negara-negara pasca-kolonial. Dalam kasus tertentu, masyarakat adat mengklaim bahwa mereka melakukan 'perjanjian hubungan' dengan penjajah Eropa seperti Inggris. 'Perjanjian-perjanjian' atau kesepakatan-kesepakatan tersebut memberikan hak-hak khusus kepada masyarakat adat sebagai syarat penyerahan kedaulatan pribumi kepada kaum imperialis. Argumen lainnya adalah bahwa negara pasca-kolonial harus mengakui dan melestarikan hak-hak yang dirangkum dalam perjanjian-perjanjian tersebut. Artikel ini membahas beberapa hak-hak ini
《联合国土著人民权利宣言》为纠正土著群体声称他们在后殖民国家所面临的不公正现象提供了一个合理的模板。在某些情况下,土著人民声称他们与英国等欧洲殖民大国建立了“条约关系”。这些“条约”或协议赋予他们特定的权利,作为土著主权向帝国主义投降的条件。进一步的论点是,后殖民国家应该承认并维护这些条约中包含的权利。这条强调了开发计划署阐明的其中一些权利,特别是内部自决权。它着眼于“历史性条约”的重要性,特别是在喀麦隆诉尼日利亚等案件中,这是海牙国际法院裁决的一项争端。它研究了尼日利亚南部传统当局签订的条约,并交叉参考了加拿大印第安人签订的条约。英国皇室是这些历史条约的法理中心。这些土著条约的含义及其目前的意义。它认为,土著概念是由欧洲殖民主义决定的。这个概念并不容易适应非洲大陆,尤其是撒哈拉以南地区,那里的非洲人认为自己是土著。最终成为土著取决于土著的程度、身份、自我认同和其他因素。土著人民通过开发计划署获得的权利是在后殖民国家中其合法性的实质性理由。为了实现土著人民的内部自决权,比利时提纲和遣返将主权权力交还给土著人民和他们的传统权威——最初将主权移交给大英帝国的国王、酋长和长老。这被认为是尼日利亚等国家的前进道路,在这些国家,非国家行为体不断要求对该国进行宪法改革。摘要:《联合国土著人民权利宣言》(undrip) menyediakan kerangka yang masuk akal untuk memperbaiki ketidakadilan yang dirasakan oleh kelompok-kelompok Adat di negara-negara pasca-kolonial。Dalam kasus tertentu, masyarakat adat mengklaim bahwa mereka melakukan 'perjanjian hubungan' dengan penjajah Eropa seperti Inggris。“Perjanjian-perjanjian”是“Perjanjian-perjanjian”,意思是“Perjanjian-perjanjian”,意思是“Perjanjian-perjanjian”。论据:lainnya adalah bahwa negara pasca- kollonial harus mengakui dan melestarikan hak-hak yang dirangkum dalam perjanjian-perjanjian tersebut。Artikel ini成员beberapa hak-hak ini sebagaimana dinyatakan oleh unrip, terutama hak penentuan nasib sendiri secara internal。Artikel ini melihat pentingnya 'perjanjian bersejarah' yang secara khusus dikaji dalam kasus喀麦隆诉尼日利亚。,上海,上海,上海,上海。Kasus ini terlihat pada perjanjian yang dibuat oleh otoritas traditional di Nigeria Selatan danreferensi silang yang dibuat oleh penduduk asli american di canada。Kekaisaran Inggris berada di pusat yurisprudensi dari perjanjian-perjanjian bersejarah ini。我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是,我的意思是。Sulit untuk konsep terseka,但可可登加在非洲,terutama Sahara Selatan, di mana橙非洲melihat diri mereka sebagai prihumi。Menjadi prihumi, pada akhirnya, akan tergantung pada derajat keprihumian, identitas, identifikasi diri, factor - factor - factor lainnya。Hak-hak masyarakat adat yang diterima melalui unpp menyajikan kasus substantik untuk legitimaki mereka di negara paskolonial。Untuk melaksanakan hak penentuan nasib sendiri internal masyarakat adat, Tesis Belgia dan遣返asmengajukan kekuasaan berdaulat kembali ke masyarakat adat danotoritas传统的mereka, para raja, kepala, dan sesepuh yang awalnya menerahkan kedaulatan mereka kekaisaran Inggris。在尼日利亚,民主是民主的,民主是民主的,民主是宪法的,民主是民主的,民主是民主的。Kata Kunci: UNRIP, Perjanjian Bersejarah, Melegitimasi Hak Asasi Manusia, Masyarakat Adat, Penentuan Nasib Sendiri
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Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i2.120
Satria Unggul Wicaksana, S. Arifin, A. Hariri, Ahmad Bahrul Efendi, Nadief Rahman Harris
The fact that more and more Islamic boarding schools are affiliated with terrorist groups such as ISIS, cannot be denied. The latest data submitted by BNPT states that there are at least 198 Islamic boarding schools exposed to radicalism, both those affiliated with the Anshorut Khalifah congregation, the Islamiyah congregation, and the Daulah Anshorut Jamaah. This fact shows that efforts to prevent the spread of radicalism and the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism are not completed only with national preparedness, deradicalization, and counter-radicalization. From these problems, the question of this research is how the pattern of the spread of radicalism that occurs in the Muhammadiyah Islamic boarding school in East Java. The method used in this research is Socio-Legal with an ethnographic approach. The purpose of this study is to understand and describe the pattern of the spread of radicalism in the Islamic boarding school environment, and how to anticipate it. Abstrak: Fakta bahwa semakin banyak pesantren yang berafiliasi dengan kelompok teroris seperti ISIS, tidak dapat dipungkiri. Data terakhir yang disampaikan BNPT menyebutkan setidaknya ada 198 pondok pesantren yang terpapar radikalisme, baik yang berafiliasi dengan jemaah Khalifah Anshorut, jemaah Islamiyah, maupun Jamaah Daulah Anshorut. Fakta ini menunjukkan bahwa upaya pencegahan penyebaran radikalisme dan pemberantasan tindak pidana terorisme tidak hanya dituntaskan dengan kesiapsiagaan nasional, deradikalisasi, dan kontra-radikalisasi. Dari permasalahan tersebut, pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pola penyebaran radikalisme yang terjadi di pondok pesantren Muhammadiyah di Jawa Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Socio-Legal dengan pendekatan etnografi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami dan menggambarkan pola penyebaran radikalisme di lingkungan pondok pesantren, dan bagaimana mengantisipasinya. Kata Kunci: Pesantren, Radikalisme, Terorisme.
不可否认,越来越多的伊斯兰寄宿学校与ISIS等恐怖组织有关联。BNPT提交的最新数据表明,至少有198所伊斯兰寄宿学校受到激进主义的影响,这些学校都隶属于Anshorut Khalifah会众、Islamiyah会众和Daulah Anshorut Jamaah。这一事实表明,防止激进主义蔓延和根除恐怖主义犯罪行为的努力,不是只有国家作好准备、去极端化和反极端化才能完成的。从这些问题出发,本研究的问题是在东爪哇的Muhammadiyah伊斯兰寄宿学校中激进主义的传播模式是如何发生的。在这项研究中使用的方法是社会法律与民族志方法。本研究的目的是了解和描述激进主义在伊斯兰寄宿学校环境中的传播模式,以及如何预测它。摘要:巴基斯坦巴巴多斯(akta bahwa semakin banyak)代表了伊斯兰国(ISIS)的恐怖主义分支,以及伊斯兰国的恐怖主义分支。数据terakhir yang disampaikan BNPT menyebutkan setidaknya ada 1998 pondok pesantren yang terpapar radicaliisme, baik yang berafiliasi dengan jemaah Khalifah Anshorut, jemaah Islamiyah, maupun Jamaah Daulah Anshorut。Fakta ini menunjukkan bahwa upaya penegahan penberantasan tindak pidana恐怖主义tidak hanya dituntaskan dengan kesiapsiagaan national, deradikalisasi, dan kontra-radikalisasi。穆罕默德·穆罕默德·穆罕默德·贾瓦·帖木儿(巴基斯坦)是巴基斯坦的激进主义者,也是巴基斯坦的激进主义者。Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah社会-法律denengan pendekatan人种志。Tujuan达里语penelitian ini adalah为她memahami丹menggambarkan普拉penyebaran radikalisme di lingkungan pondok经学院,丹bagaimana mengantisipasinya。Kata Kunci: Pesantren,激进主义,恐怖主义。
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Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i1.107
Inna Junaenah
The character of the current local government in Indonesia is moving forward to re-centralisation instead of decentralisation. Meanwhile, some comparative studies on models of local governments are catching eyes as they attempt to systemise a classification. This paper aims to describe a legal doctrinal assessment of the model of local government in Indonesia. It also gives some options for a separate comparative study, if it needs an ‘apple to apple’ or an inspiring object of study, to achieve the purposes of comparison for better legislation constituting local government in Indonesia. In doing so, the previous studies on global models of local government are examined to assess the current Indonesian legislations, covering the nature of the legal entity, source of authority and financial, organisation, and the extent in making the decision. This study points that the recent model of local government in Indonesia is a hybrid system, which implies close to Franco rather than the Anglo model, with certain specifications. However, the 1945 Constitution contains some future and global values without disregarding the root of local government function in the community. Therefore, the study considers the normative model of local government in Indonesia inconsistent with the legal policy in the 1945 Constitution. It is then considerable if an amendment of the local government Act is an option to re-modify the model of local government, which can reflect the ideas in the Constitution and is not left behind the global trends. Abstrak: Karakter Pemerintahan Daerah yang Nampak hari ini di Indonesia lebih mengarah pada re-sentralisasi daripada desentralisasi. Sementara itu, beberapa kajian perbandingan mengenai model-model pemerintahan daerah cukup menarik untuk dapat dilihat bagaimana untuk mengklasifikasi suatu sistematisasi. Dalam tulisan ini hendak dipaparkan sudut pandang yuridis-normatif terhadap model Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia. Termasuk di dalamnya terdapat suatu pilihan untuk studi perbandingan, apakah dibutuhkan syarat suatu kesetaraan atau syarat suatu objek kajian yang dapat mengispirasi, untuk mencapai tujuan perbandingan yaitu penyempurnaan suatu hukum yang mengatur Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia. Untuk itu, kajian-kajian terdahulu mengenai model-model Pemerintahan Daerah secara global telah ditelaah berikutnya sebagai bahan untuk dapat mencermati peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, yang meliputi makna entitas hukumnya, sumber kewenangan dan keuangan, kelembagaan dan sejauh mana untuk menentukan keputusan. Ditemukan bahwa model Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesa merupakan system hybrid, yang lebih mendekati model Franco dibandingkan dengan model Anglo beserta spesifikasi di dalamnya. Bagaimanapun, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 berisi nilai-nilai masa depan dan global tanpa mengesampingkan akar dari fungsi Pemerintahan Daerah di masyarakat. Dengan patokan seperti itu, model normatif Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia tidak sejalan dengan d
印尼当前地方政府的特点是朝着再集权而不是分权的方向发展。与此同时,一些地方政府模式的比较研究在试图将分类系统化的过程中引起了人们的注意。本文旨在描述印尼地方政府模式的法律理论评估。如果它需要一个“苹果对苹果”或一个鼓舞人心的研究对象,它也为单独的比较研究提供了一些选择,以达到比较的目的,以更好地构成印度尼西亚地方政府的立法。在此过程中,对先前关于地方政府全球模型的研究进行了审查,以评估当前的印度尼西亚立法,涵盖法律实体的性质,权力和财政来源,组织以及决策的程度。本研究指出,印尼最近的地方政府模式是一种混合型的体制,这意味着更接近佛朗哥而不是盎格鲁模式,有一定的规范。然而,1945年的《宪法》在不忽视地方政府在社区中的职能根源的情况下,包含了一些未来和全球的价值。因此,本研究认为印尼地方政府的规范模式与1945年宪法中的法律政策不一致。因此,修改《地方政府法》是否能成为重新修改地方政府模式的一种选择,既能体现宪法的理念,又不落后于全球趋势,是值得关注的。摘要:Karakter Pemerintahan Daerah yang Nampak hari ini di Indonesia lebih mengarah padre - centralisasi daripada desentralisasi。Sementara itu, beberapa kajian perbandingand mengenai model-model permengenai -model permengenai -model permenmenk untuk dapat dilihat bagaimana untuk mengklasfika kasi suatu sistematisasi。Dalam tulisan ini hendak dipaparkan sudut pandang yuridis- normnormatihadap model Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia。Termasuk di dalamnya terdapat suatu pilihan untuk studi perbandingan, apakah dibutuhkan syarat suatu kesetaraan atau syarat suatu objek kajian yang dapat mengispirasi, untuk menapai tujuan perbandingan yitu penyempurnaan suatu hukum yang mengatur Pemerintahan Daerah di Indonesia。Untuk itu, kajian-kajian terdahulu mengenai模型-model pemerinintahan daerutnah berikutnya sebagai bahanu untui perundang-undangan印度尼西亚,yang meliputi makna entitas hukumnya, number kewenangan dan keuangan, kelembagaan dan sejauh mana Untuk menentukan keputusan。Ditemukan bahwa模型Pemerintahan Daerah di indonesia merupakan系统混合,yang lebih mendekati模型Franco dibandingkan dengan模型Anglo beserta specifikasi di dalamnya。Bagaimanapun, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 berisi nilai-nilai masa dean danglobal tanpa mengesampingkan akar dari funsi Pemerintahan Daerah di masyarakat。印尼国家统计局,印尼国家统计局,印尼国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,印度尼西亚国家统计局,1945。Maka dari itu, suatu perubahan terhadap Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah dipandang sebagai suatu upaya yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk重新修改kasi模型Pemerintahan Daeeah dapat mencerminkan gagasan dalam Konstitusi tanpa tertinggal oleh kemenderungan global。Kata Kunci: Perbandingan Pemerintahan Daerah, Desentralisasi, Model Pemerintahan Daerag, UUD 1945印度尼西亚国家共和国
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Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.22373/petita.v6i1.113
Wenny Setiawati
The recent trend of international investment agreement (IIA) is the termination of bilateral investment treaties, although on the other direction, free trade agreement with investment chapter is growing in numbers. Most of the reason of the termination is because of the unbalance position between two parties in the agreement. Added to the problem is the investor-state dispute resolution which made possible for the investor to bring claim to the host state government. The IIA was constructed to provide a protection for the investor from unfair treatment from the host country, however in the end the one who treated unfairly was the host country. The multinationals corporation, as prominent actors in global FDI, changed the way of production chain which then substituted their presence within the host country and replaced it by a third-party for supplying the MNC’s need. Many cases regarding violations of labour rights happened because of this production chain model. However, the MNCs denied the responsibility and argued that the supplier should take the responsibility based on the production chain model. This paper will explain on why IIA is not an effective channel to solve labour dispute and that National Contact Point established by OECD as one of options available for this type of dispute. Abstrak: Trend perjanjian investasi internasional pada saat ini adalah banyaknya negara yang kemudian menterminasi perjanjian investasi yang mereka pernah buat, walaupun di sisi lain perjanjian perdagangan bebas yang mengandung ketentuan investasi semakin bertambah. Alasan terbanyak dari terminasi perjanjian ini adalah karena tidak seimbangnya kedudukan dari kedua belah pihak dalam perjanjian. Satu hal yang juga dianggap masalah adalah dengan adanya penyelesaian sengketa investor dan negara yang memungkinkan bagi investor untuk menggugat pemerintah dari negara tempat investasi itu dilakukan. Perjanjian investasi internasional memang dikonstruksikan untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi investor dari perlakuan yang tidak adil pemerintah negara tempat investasi dilakukan, tetapi pada akhirnya negaralah yang menjadi korban. Perusahaan multinasional sebagai pemain utama dalam investasi global, mengubah rantai produksi dimana mereka sebelumnya memiliki perusahaan pada negara tempat investasi dilakukan, menjadi pihak ketiga untuk memasok kebutuhan perusahan multinasional ini. Banyak kasus pelanggaran hak tenaga kerja akibat dari model rantai produksi ini. Tetapi perusahaan nasional kemudian menolak untuk bertanggung jawab dan berargumen bahwa pemasok lah yang seharusnya bertanggung jawab didasarkan pada model rantai produksi yang mereka lakukan. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan kenapa perjanjian investasi internasional bukanlah saluran yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tenaga kerja dan bahwa National Contact Point yang didirikan oleh OECD adalah satu pilihan untuk penyelesaian sengketa ini. Kata Kunci: Penyaluran Sengketa, Investor Internasional, Hukum Ketenag
国际投资协定(IIA)最近的趋势是终止双边投资条约,尽管另一方面,具有投资章节的自由贸易协定的数量正在增加。合同终止的大部分原因是由于双方在协议中的地位不平衡。此外,投资者与国家之间的争端解决机制也使投资者向东道国政府提出索赔成为可能。IIA的建立是为了保护投资者免受东道国的不公平待遇,但最终受到不公平待遇的是东道国。跨国公司作为全球外国直接投资的主要参与者,改变了生产链的方式,从而取代了它们在东道国的存在,并由第三方来供应跨国公司的需求。由于这种生产链模式,许多侵犯劳工权利的案件发生了。然而,跨国公司否认责任,并认为根据生产链模型,供应商应该承担责任。本文将解释为什么IIA不是解决劳资纠纷的有效渠道,以及经合组织建立的国家联络点作为这类纠纷的可用选项之一。【摘要】趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势、趋势。Alasan terbanyak dari terminasi perjanjian ini adalah karena tidak seimbangnya keduukan dari kedua belah pihak dalam perjanjian。Satu hal yang juga dianggap masalah adalah dengan adanya penyelesaian sunketa投资者dan negara yang menungkinkan bagi投资者untuk menggugat peremerintah dari negara tempat investasi dilakukan。巴基斯坦投资国际组织成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员,巴基斯坦投资集团成员。perusahan跨国公司拥有全球投资,mengubah rantai产品是dimana mereka sebelumnya memiliki perusahan paada negara tempat investment是dilakukan, menjadi pihak ketiga untuk memask kebutuhan perusahan跨国公司。Banyak kasus pelanggaran hak tenaga keribat dari模型rantai产品。Tetapi perusahaan国家kemudian menolak untuk bertanggung jawab dan berarguman bahwa pemasok lah yang seharusya bertanggung jawab didasarkan帕达模型rantai产品是yang mereka lakukan。中国经济合作与发展组织国家联络点中国经济合作与发展组织国家联络点中国经济合作与发展组织国家联络点中国经济合作与发展组织国家联络点中国经济合作与发展组织国家联络点Kata Kunci: Penyaluran Sengketa, Investor international, Hukum Ketenagakerjaan
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