Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107899
Zeyang Xu , Yuao Chai , Liqiang Ma , Chao Deng , Yiyi Huo , Yiding Zhu
The dynamics of rising bubbles in water under a transversely oriented ultrasonic standing wave field was experimentally investigated. The acoustic field distribution was characterized using scanning focused laser differential interferometry (SFLDI). The bubbles’ trajectories were captured by high-speed imaging, from which velocities and accelerations were calculated. High-magnification particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to examine the surrounding flow field in detail. Results showed that bubbles in the presence of ultrasound (BPU) exhibited a 25%–56% velocity reduction compared to bubbles in the absence of ultrasound (BAU). Released from the tank bottom, BPU were immediately drawn by the transverse Bjerknes force and ascended along the nodal region of the standing waves. As BPU accelerated, they experienced a significant quasi-periodical deceleration–acceleration motion. PIV analysis revealed that this phenomenon was strongly correlated with increased boundary layer shear and enhanced vortex shedding, resulting in severe viscous dissipation induced by the acoustic field. These findings provided new insights for bubble manipulation in ultrasonic-assisted chemical engineering, mineral processing, and biomedical applications.
{"title":"Bubble rising dynamics in a transverse ultrasonic standing wave field: Role of acoustic-induced viscous dissipation","authors":"Zeyang Xu , Yuao Chai , Liqiang Ma , Chao Deng , Yiyi Huo , Yiding Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of rising bubbles in water under a transversely oriented ultrasonic standing wave field was experimentally investigated. The acoustic field distribution was characterized using scanning focused laser differential interferometry (SFLDI). The bubbles’ trajectories were captured by high-speed imaging, from which velocities and accelerations were calculated. High-magnification particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to examine the surrounding flow field in detail. Results showed that bubbles in the presence of ultrasound (BPU) exhibited a 25%–56% velocity reduction compared to bubbles in the absence of ultrasound (BAU). Released from the tank bottom, BPU were immediately drawn by the transverse Bjerknes force and ascended along the nodal region of the standing waves. As BPU accelerated, they experienced a significant quasi-periodical deceleration–acceleration motion. PIV analysis revealed that this phenomenon was strongly correlated with increased boundary layer shear and enhanced vortex shedding, resulting in severe viscous dissipation induced by the acoustic field. These findings provided new insights for bubble manipulation in ultrasonic-assisted chemical engineering, mineral processing, and biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107899"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107917
Yuxi Zhang , Qi Wu , Hanqi Zhang , Wulin Lan
The composite wing leading edge (CWLE) is a critical component that determines the aerodynamic characteristics of airplanes operating in harsh environments. A large CWLE, composed of multiple material layers in a curved, sandwiched structure with varying thicknesses, is prone to debonding during both manufacturing and service. Conventional ultrasonic C-scans using bulk waves require extensive time for offline testing, making it essential to develop an efficient debonding evaluation method suitable for CWLE. This study implemented a pair of PZT arrays, functioning as excitation and reception arrays, in a section of CWLE at equal intervals to create sparse regions. A novel sparse spatial-partition probabilistic imaging method was proposed to localize debonding based on changes in ultrasonic guided waves, offering advantages of speed, baseline-free operation, and multi-feature fusion. Performance disparities among PZTs due to manufacturing and installation were addressed through comparison and compensation. The damage index of the guided wave was calculated by combining amplitude and arrival time, and the weight distribution of the sensing path, with different shape factors, was multiplied by the damage index to determine the regional probability. After determining the region with the highest probability, the probabilities on the paths between the PZT within this region and its opposing PZTs were given more weights, ultimately yielding a probability image that clearly pinpoints the debonding location. The debonding results were validated through CT scanning with a localization error of 5.02 mm. A comparison with conventional guided wave-based localization methods demonstrates that the proposed method achieves superior damage localization accuracy while maintaining equally high efficiency. The method is also validated under different measurement areas within a larger scale CWLE, showing the similar root mean square errors as that from the small scale CWLE. It suggests that the proposed method offers an efficient and accurate approach to debonding evaluation in complex material structures such as CWLE.
{"title":"Sparse spatial-partition probabilistic imaging method for debonding evaluation of composite wing leading edge using ultrasonic guided wave","authors":"Yuxi Zhang , Qi Wu , Hanqi Zhang , Wulin Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The composite wing leading edge (CWLE) is a critical component that determines the aerodynamic characteristics of airplanes operating in harsh environments. A large CWLE, composed of multiple material layers in a curved, sandwiched structure with varying thicknesses, is prone to debonding during both manufacturing and service. Conventional ultrasonic C-scans using bulk waves require extensive time for offline testing, making it essential to develop an efficient debonding evaluation method suitable for CWLE. This study implemented a pair of PZT arrays, functioning as excitation and reception arrays, in a section of CWLE at equal intervals to create sparse regions. A novel sparse spatial-partition probabilistic imaging method was proposed to localize debonding based on changes in ultrasonic guided waves, offering advantages of speed, baseline-free operation, and multi-feature fusion. Performance disparities among PZTs due to manufacturing and installation were addressed through comparison and compensation. The damage index of the guided wave was calculated by combining amplitude and arrival time, and the weight distribution of the sensing path, with different shape factors, was multiplied by the damage index to determine the regional probability. After determining the region with the highest probability, the probabilities on the paths between the PZT within this region and its opposing PZTs were given more weights, ultimately yielding a probability image that clearly pinpoints the debonding location. The debonding results were validated through CT scanning with a localization error of 5.02 mm. A comparison with conventional guided wave-based localization methods demonstrates that the proposed method achieves superior damage localization accuracy while maintaining equally high efficiency. The method is also validated under different measurement areas within a larger scale CWLE, showing the similar root mean square errors as that from the small scale CWLE. It suggests that the proposed method offers an efficient and accurate approach to debonding evaluation in complex material structures such as CWLE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107916
Mahshid Hafezi , Yuchen Liu , Andrew Feeney
In power ultrasonics, the Langevin ultrasonic transducer has been widely utilised across medical and industrial applications, including for bone surgery, food cutting, and cavitation generation. Transducers for these applications are typically tuned to a fundamental operating mode, often the first longitudinal, for optimal interaction with a target material or structure. Currently, there is a growing interest in ultrasonic devices with tuneable dynamic properties, including resonance frequency, for optimising performance in these applications. To overcome limited frequency tuning capabilities of current configurations, this study demonstrates a Langevin transducer which is designed and fabricated incorporating the shape memory alloy Nitinol as its end masses. The rationale is that the change in elastic properties of these end masses with temperature will induce a change in the fundamental resonance frequency of the transducer, thereby demonstrating a viable and novel approach to controlling resonance frequency. Laser Doppler Vibrometry was used to characterise the first and third longitudinal modes at room temperature, correlating closely with finite element analysis results. Harmonic analysis was then conducted at various environmental temperatures to show changes in the resonance frequencies and vibration amplitudes of both modes as functions of temperature. The tuneable resonance of the Nitinol Langevin transducer (NLT) has a dependency on changes in the thermomechanical properties of Nitinol from its martensitic phase transformation, demonstrated through structural design factors. The transducer exhibits maximum resonance frequency increases of above 15 % and 10 % for the L1 and L3 modes respectively, between 30 °C and 100 °C. This research enables a new generation of Langevin ultrasonic transducers fabricated using advanced materials for multifrequency and tuneable resonance applications.
{"title":"A Nitinol Langevin transducer with resonance tuneability for adaptive ultrasonic applications","authors":"Mahshid Hafezi , Yuchen Liu , Andrew Feeney","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In power ultrasonics, the Langevin ultrasonic transducer has been widely utilised across medical and industrial applications, including for bone surgery, food cutting, and cavitation generation. Transducers for these applications are typically tuned to a fundamental operating mode, often the first longitudinal, for optimal interaction with a target material or structure. Currently, there is a growing interest in ultrasonic devices with tuneable dynamic properties, including resonance frequency, for optimising performance in these applications. To overcome limited frequency tuning capabilities of current configurations, this study demonstrates a Langevin transducer which is designed and fabricated incorporating the shape memory alloy Nitinol as its end masses. The rationale is that the change in elastic properties of these end masses with temperature will induce a change in the fundamental resonance frequency of the transducer, thereby demonstrating a viable and novel approach to controlling resonance frequency. Laser Doppler Vibrometry was used to characterise the first and third longitudinal modes at room temperature, correlating closely with finite element analysis results. Harmonic analysis was then conducted at various environmental temperatures to show changes in the resonance frequencies and vibration amplitudes of both modes as functions of temperature. The tuneable resonance of the Nitinol Langevin transducer (NLT) has a dependency on changes in the thermomechanical properties of Nitinol from its martensitic phase transformation, demonstrated through structural design factors. The transducer exhibits maximum resonance frequency increases of above 15 % and 10 % for the L1 and L3 modes respectively, between 30 °C and 100 °C. This research enables a new generation of Langevin ultrasonic transducers fabricated using advanced materials for multifrequency and tuneable resonance applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107915
Mawia Khairalseed , Jiaxin Zhang , Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell
Conventional ultrasound beamforming assumes a uniform sound speed of 1540 m/s, which neglects tissue heterogeneity and results in phase aberrations and image degradation. Our recently introduced coherence-based sound speed estimation approach overcomes this limitation by assessing the short-lag spatial coherence within a coherent region of interest and selecting the sound speed that maximizes coherence, initially demonstrated after compounding images from 75 steered plane wave angles. However, using fewer angles will reduce required processing times. This study investigates the minimum number of steered angles necessary to implement our coherence-based sound speed estimation approach. In experiments with tissue-mimicking phantoms, a minimum of three steered plane wave angles was necessary to produce a similar full width at half maximum (FWHM) to that obtained with 75 angles, representing FWHM improvements of 67.19% over a sound speed of 1540 m/s and 65.31% over a speckle brightness maximization method. In vivo testing on the brachioradialis muscle demonstrated that the coherence-based method achieved a mean amplitude artifact reduction of 4.73 dB when compared to the same region in an image produced with a sound speed of 1540 m/s, using three angles in both cases. Overall, a minimum of 3–7 angles can be employed to estimate sound speeds using our coherence-based approach for plane wave images. Results have the potential to improve ultrasound imaging workflows and enhance diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice.
{"title":"Minimal angular compounding required for coherence-based sound speed estimation with plane wave ultrasound imaging","authors":"Mawia Khairalseed , Jiaxin Zhang , Muyinatu A. Lediju Bell","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional ultrasound beamforming assumes a uniform sound speed of 1540 m/s, which neglects tissue heterogeneity and results in phase aberrations and image degradation. Our recently introduced coherence-based sound speed estimation approach overcomes this limitation by assessing the short-lag spatial coherence within a coherent region of interest and selecting the sound speed that maximizes coherence, initially demonstrated after compounding images from 75 steered plane wave angles. However, using fewer angles will reduce required processing times. This study investigates the minimum number of steered angles necessary to implement our coherence-based sound speed estimation approach. In experiments with tissue-mimicking phantoms, a minimum of three steered plane wave angles was necessary to produce a similar full width at half maximum (FWHM) to that obtained with 75 angles, representing FWHM improvements of 67.19% over a sound speed of 1540 m/s and 65.31% over a speckle brightness maximization method. <em>In vivo</em> testing on the brachioradialis muscle demonstrated that the coherence-based method achieved a mean amplitude artifact reduction of 4.73 dB when compared to the same region in an image produced with a sound speed of 1540 m/s, using three angles in both cases. Overall, a minimum of 3–7 angles can be employed to estimate sound speeds using our coherence-based approach for plane wave images. Results have the potential to improve ultrasound imaging workflows and enhance diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107896
Eli Finlinson, Matt Snyder, Tom Riis, Jan Kubanek
Transcranial focused ultrasound enables remote targeted therapies that were previously only possible using surgical approaches. Mechanical therapies are particularly attractive due to their confined action and the elimination of the potentially harmful tissue and skull heating. However, systems for controlled mechanical therapies of the brain have been missing. Here, we have developed a prototype of such a system. The system operates at a relatively low frequency of 325 kHz (bandwidth 270–380 kHz) to accentuate mechanical effects and minimize the shift of the focal point, field distortion, and acoustic attenuation. We evaluated the transcranial performance of the system through 21 ex-vivo human skulls. There was a favorably low shift of the focal point (mean of 1.2 mm; 2.6 mm max), a minimal increase in focal volume (mean increase of 18%), and moderate attenuation of the pressure field (average 67% pressure attenuation). These values were achieved without phase correction. These results demonstrate that systems operating at a relatively low frequency are less prone to the aberrations of ultrasound by the skull, and provide a prototype that has the potential to be used for combined neuromodulation and mechanical therapies. However, translation to clinical high-intensity applications will require further validation, including in-vivo thermometry and safety testing.
{"title":"System for controlled mechanical therapies of the brain","authors":"Eli Finlinson, Matt Snyder, Tom Riis, Jan Kubanek","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcranial focused ultrasound enables remote targeted therapies that were previously only possible using surgical approaches. Mechanical therapies are particularly attractive due to their confined action and the elimination of the potentially harmful tissue and skull heating. However, systems for controlled mechanical therapies of the brain have been missing. Here, we have developed a prototype of such a system. The system operates at a relatively low frequency of 325 kHz (bandwidth 270–380 kHz) to accentuate mechanical effects and minimize the shift of the focal point, field distortion, and acoustic attenuation. We evaluated the transcranial performance of the system through 21 <em>ex-vivo</em> human skulls. There was a favorably low shift of the focal point (mean of 1.2 mm; 2.6 mm max), a minimal increase in focal volume (mean increase of 18%), and moderate attenuation of the pressure field (average 67% pressure attenuation). These values were achieved without phase correction. These results demonstrate that systems operating at a relatively low frequency are less prone to the aberrations of ultrasound by the skull, and provide a prototype that has the potential to be used for combined neuromodulation and mechanical therapies. However, translation to clinical high-intensity applications will require further validation, including <em>in-vivo</em> thermometry and safety testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145669860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interaction of ultrasonic guided waves with defected structures gives rise to local defect resonance (LDR), which manifests in large displacements in the vicinity of the defect and affects the reflection and transmission spectra. This paper investigates the fundamental mechanism at the origin of the LDR phenomenon in isotropic elastic plates, using a hybrid computational method (Global–Local). The analyses show that the coupling of ultrasonic guided waves with the vibrational resonance modes of the sub-structure, geometrically defined by the defect, causes LDR, and boundary conditions affect it secondarily. The coupling mechanism is captured by the Global–Local method and is investigated in relation to the characteristics of the defect and the relationship to the host-structure. The coupling occurs at defect lengths that are odd multiples of the modes’ quarter wavelengths. Comparisons with analytical, finite element and methods in literature for the computation of the natural and LDR frequencies are provided. The presence of LDR and its effect on broadband reflection and transmission ultrasonic spectra away from the defected region are also verified experimentally and can be used for remote defect characterization in NDE applications. These studies clarify the fundamental understanding of LDR and provide an effective approach to capture and predict LDR in ultrasonic guided wave propagation in plate-like structures.
{"title":"On the existence of local defect resonance in ultrasonic guided waves interaction with horizontal defects in plates","authors":"Mingyue Zhang , Sandrine Tahina Rakotonarivo , Antonino Spada , Margherita Capriotti","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interaction of ultrasonic guided waves with defected structures gives rise to local defect resonance (LDR), which manifests in large displacements in the vicinity of the defect and affects the reflection and transmission spectra. This paper investigates the fundamental mechanism at the origin of the LDR phenomenon in isotropic elastic plates, using a hybrid computational method (Global–Local). The analyses show that the coupling of ultrasonic guided waves with the vibrational resonance modes of the sub-structure, geometrically defined by the defect, causes LDR, and boundary conditions affect it secondarily. The coupling mechanism is captured by the Global–Local method and is investigated in relation to the characteristics of the defect and the relationship to the host-structure. The coupling occurs at defect lengths that are odd multiples of the modes’ quarter wavelengths. Comparisons with analytical, finite element and methods in literature for the computation of the natural and LDR frequencies are provided. The presence of LDR and its effect on broadband reflection and transmission ultrasonic spectra away from the defected region are also verified experimentally and can be used for remote defect characterization in NDE applications. These studies clarify the fundamental understanding of LDR and provide an effective approach to capture and predict LDR in ultrasonic guided wave propagation in plate-like structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107911
Zhongying Wang , Menghui Liu , Chenyu Liang , Gaoren Zhang , Hongtao Xia , Shouhua Ren , Yixin Wang , Bochao Zhang , Changsu Wang , Jian Qi , Yonggang Guo
Traditional zoom lenses employ multiple solid lens elements and electromagnetic driving mechanisms. This results in complex structures and large sizes. These limitations significantly restrict their application in compact optical systems where miniaturization is critical. To address this issue, this paper presents a flexible zoom lens module. This module is driven by a cylindrical ultrasonic motor (CYUSM). The CYUSM comprises a stator, a hollow mover, and piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) elements. It acts as a direct-drive actuator to deform a transparent elastomeric lens axially. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was selected as the optical lens material. The precise linear motion of the CYUSM dynamically controls its surface curvature. This enables continuous adjustment of the focal length. We optimized the structural parameters of the CYUSM stator and the PDMS lens using ANSYS finite element analysis. This optimization aimed to achieve modal frequency degeneracy and high electromechanical coupling efficiency. Experimental characterization of the prototype demonstrated that the CYUSM could deliver a maximum output velocity of 1.21 mm/s and a thrust force of 5.4 N (under 43.3 kHz, 200 Vp). The optical performance was evaluated using ZEMAX. The results indicated a minimum focal length of 36.5 mm for the lens module. The experimentally measured focal length trend showed high consistency with the simulation results, thereby validating the design accuracy. The module employs a coaxial hollow structure to integrate the actuator and optical path, resulting in high integration, miniaturization, self-locking, and electromagnetic interference immunity.
传统变焦镜头采用多个固体透镜元件和电磁驱动机构。这导致了复杂的结构和大尺寸。这些限制极大地限制了它们在小型化至关重要的紧凑型光学系统中的应用。为了解决这一问题，本文提出了一种柔性变焦镜头模块。该模块由圆柱形超声电机（CYUSM）驱动。CYUSM由定子、空心动器和压电陶瓷（PZT）元件组成。它作为一个直接驱动驱动器，使透明弹性透镜轴向变形。选用聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）作为光学透镜材料。CYUSM的精确线性运动动态控制其表面曲率。这样可以连续调整焦距。利用ANSYS有限元分析对CYUSM定子和PDMS透镜的结构参数进行了优化。该优化旨在实现模态频率退化和高机电耦合效率。实验表征表明，CYUSM的最大输出速度为1.21 mm/s，推力为5.4 N （43.3 kHz, 200 Vp）。利用ZEMAX对其光学性能进行了评价。结果表明，最小焦距为36.5毫米的透镜模块。实验测量的焦距趋势与仿真结果具有较高的一致性，从而验证了设计的准确性。该模块采用同轴空心结构，将致动器和光路集成在一起，具有高集成度、小型化、自锁、抗电磁干扰等特点。
{"title":"Flexible zoom lens module with Polyhedral cylindrical linear ultrasonic Motor-Actuated transparent elastomer","authors":"Zhongying Wang , Menghui Liu , Chenyu Liang , Gaoren Zhang , Hongtao Xia , Shouhua Ren , Yixin Wang , Bochao Zhang , Changsu Wang , Jian Qi , Yonggang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional zoom lenses employ multiple solid lens elements and electromagnetic driving mechanisms. This results in complex structures and large sizes. These limitations significantly restrict their application in compact optical systems where miniaturization is critical. To address this issue, this paper presents a flexible zoom lens module. This module is driven by a cylindrical ultrasonic motor (CYUSM). The CYUSM comprises a stator, a hollow mover, and piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) elements. It acts as a direct-drive actuator to deform a transparent elastomeric lens axially. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was selected as the optical lens material. The precise linear motion of the CYUSM dynamically controls its surface curvature. This enables continuous adjustment of the focal length. We optimized the structural parameters of the CYUSM stator and the PDMS lens using ANSYS finite element analysis. This optimization aimed to achieve modal frequency degeneracy and high electromechanical coupling efficiency. Experimental characterization of the prototype demonstrated that the CYUSM could deliver a maximum output velocity of 1.21 mm/s and a thrust force of 5.4 N (under 43.3 kHz, 200 Vp). The optical performance was evaluated using ZEMAX. The results indicated a minimum focal length of 36.5 mm for the lens module. The experimentally measured focal length trend showed high consistency with the simulation results, thereby validating the design accuracy. The module employs a coaxial hollow structure to integrate the actuator and optical path, resulting in high integration, miniaturization, self-locking, and electromagnetic interference immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A crack was introduced into a glass plate by applying thermal stress, and the propagation characteristics of longitudinal ultrasonic waves at this crack were observed using the photoelastic method. Waves incident on the closed crack passed through completely, and no flaw echo was observed on an A-scope display. Propagating waves with slightly open cracks were observed using a sensitive tint technique. The results indicate that the tensile phase of these waves was reflected at the crack, whereas the compressive phase was transmitted. This phenomenon is considered the principle behind the generation of harmonic waves from a crack by contact acoustic nonlinearity. Multi-cycle ultrasonic waves were visualized, and frequency analyses were performed based on the luminance distribution. Immediately after passing through the crack, a wave component with half the incident wave frequency was observed.
{"title":"Experimental observations of ultrasonic waves reflecting from and passing through a crack","authors":"Masahiro Suetsugu , Kaori Shirakihara , Minoru Tamiaki , Kouichi Sekino","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A crack was introduced into a glass plate by applying thermal stress, and the propagation characteristics of longitudinal ultrasonic waves at this crack were observed using the photoelastic method. Waves incident on the closed crack passed through completely, and no flaw echo was observed on an A-scope display. Propagating waves with slightly open cracks were observed using a sensitive tint technique. The results indicate that the tensile phase of these waves was reflected at the crack, whereas the compressive phase was transmitted. This phenomenon is considered the principle behind the generation of harmonic waves from a crack by contact acoustic nonlinearity. Multi-cycle ultrasonic waves were visualized, and frequency analyses were performed based on the luminance distribution. Immediately after passing through the crack, a wave component with half the incident wave frequency was observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145605720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107894
Peng Zheng , Xuan Li , Peng Xiao , Zihao Dong , Dazhi Cong , Lishuai Liu , Yanxun Xiang
Nonlinear ultrasonic testing based on second harmonic generation has shown promise for early-stage creep damage detection. However, its practical application is constrained by a strong dependence on mode-matching conditions and signal degradation at advanced damage stages, limiting its effectiveness in complex service environments. Additionally, traditional approaches struggle to reliably characterize microstructural evolution throughout the entire creep process, affecting the accuracy of damage evaluation. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces the static component signal () of guided wave propagation into the creep damage assessment of superalloys. This approach broadens the characterization scope of nonlinear ultrasonic responses and enhances detection stability during later creep stages. Experimental results demonstrate that the static component is largely insensitive to mode-matching conditions, with its nonlinear parameter exhibiting a stable, linear increase throughout the creep lifetime. Compared to the second harmonic parameter—which typically exhibits a nonlinear “rise-then-fall” trend—the static component shows improved robustness and practical applicability. This method effectively addresses the limitations of conventional nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for late-stage creep damage detection, offering a valuable complementary tool for structural health monitoring and life assessment of high-temperature materials.
{"title":"Static component of nonlinear guided wave as a Preferable indicator of creep damage in superalloys","authors":"Peng Zheng , Xuan Li , Peng Xiao , Zihao Dong , Dazhi Cong , Lishuai Liu , Yanxun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nonlinear ultrasonic testing based on second harmonic generation has shown promise for early-stage creep damage detection. However, its practical application is constrained by a strong dependence on mode-matching conditions and signal degradation at advanced damage stages, limiting its effectiveness in complex service environments. Additionally, traditional approaches struggle to reliably characterize microstructural evolution throughout the entire creep process, affecting the accuracy of damage evaluation. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces the static component signal (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>β</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) of guided wave propagation into the creep damage assessment of superalloys. This approach broadens the characterization scope of nonlinear ultrasonic responses and enhances detection stability during later creep stages. Experimental results demonstrate that the static component is largely insensitive to mode-matching conditions, with its nonlinear parameter exhibiting a stable, linear increase throughout the creep lifetime. Compared to the second harmonic parameter—which typically exhibits a nonlinear “rise-then-fall” trend—the static component shows improved robustness and practical applicability. This method effectively addresses the limitations of conventional nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for late-stage creep damage detection, offering a valuable complementary tool for structural health monitoring and life assessment of high-temperature materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107900
Wenbo Cao , Bin Wu , Yuan Yuan , Zhenghong Wang , Xiang Gao , Xiucheng Liu
Mechanical properties are critical parameters of ferromagnetic materials and directly affect their structural reliability and functional stability. Ultrasonic characterization techniques based on the magnetostrictive effect have the advantages of non-contact and high sensitivity. However, the relationship between magnetoacoustic conversion efficiency (MCE) and mechanical properties lacks sufficient theoretical support and the intrinsic mechanism remains unclear. To provide theoretical support for this, a theoretical model of magnetostrictive magnetoacoustic conversion with different mechanical parameters was constructed in this study and the key factors affecting MCE were analyzed in detail for the first time. On this basis, a non-destructive characterization method of evaluating multiple mechanical parameters was developed. Finally, experimental validation was conducted with heat-treated 3Cr13 steel samples. Both theoretical and experimental results showed a significant linear correlation between the mechanical parameters and SH wave MCE curves measured with magnetostrictive transducers. The observed experimental phenomena were consistent with the predicted patterns from the model. This study enriched the magnetoacoustic conversion theory of magnetostrictive ultrasonic transducers and provided new insights into the non-contact and non-destructive characterization of mechanical properties.
{"title":"Non-destructive characterization of mechanical properties using magnetostrictive magnetoacoustic conversion: Theory and experiment","authors":"Wenbo Cao , Bin Wu , Yuan Yuan , Zhenghong Wang , Xiang Gao , Xiucheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical properties are critical parameters of ferromagnetic materials and directly affect their structural reliability and functional stability. Ultrasonic characterization techniques based on the magnetostrictive effect have the advantages of non-contact and high sensitivity. However, the relationship between magnetoacoustic conversion efficiency (MCE) and mechanical properties lacks sufficient theoretical support and the intrinsic mechanism remains unclear. To provide theoretical support for this, a theoretical model of magnetostrictive magnetoacoustic conversion with different mechanical parameters was constructed in this study and the key factors affecting MCE were analyzed in detail for the first time. On this basis, a non-destructive characterization method of evaluating multiple mechanical parameters was developed. Finally, experimental validation was conducted with heat-treated 3Cr13 steel samples. Both theoretical and experimental results showed a significant linear correlation between the mechanical parameters and SH wave MCE curves measured with magnetostrictive transducers. The observed experimental phenomena were consistent with the predicted patterns from the model. This study enriched the magnetoacoustic conversion theory of magnetostrictive ultrasonic transducers and provided new insights into the non-contact and non-destructive characterization of mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 107900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145605870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号