Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.6
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to serious complications and have adverse effects on physical and mental well-being in young people. This review aimed to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD among Iranians aged 6 to 18 years. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by systematic review and meta-analysis methods. A detailed search was performed on various international and Iranian databases from January 2000 to January 2023. The international databases included Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, while the Iranian databases consisted of MagIran and SID. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Overall prevalence was estimated using the random-effects model and DerSimonian and Laird criteria with a 95% confidence interval. The Q-Cochrane test and the I2 index were used to assess heterogeneity between studies. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the reliability of the results. Data analysis was performed in Stata12 software. Results: Finally, 9 studies were selected for analysis, of which, 7 studies were of good quality, while 2 studies were of average quality based on the assigned scores. According to the random-effects model, the overall prevalence of NAFLD in Iranian individuals aged 6 to 18 years was 35% with a 95% confidence interval (24% to 46%). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed a high prevalence of NAFLD in Iranian individuals aged 6 to 18 years. Policymakers and healthcare planners in Iran must implement educational programs aimed at the prevention and early diagnosis of this disease.
背景:非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)可导致严重的并发症，并对年轻人的身心健康产生不利影响。本综述旨在调查6至18岁伊朗人NAFLD的患病率。材料与方法:本研究采用系统综述和荟萃分析方法。从2000年1月至2023年1月，对各种国际和伊朗数据库进行了详细的搜索。国际数据库包括Pubmed、Scopus、Embase和Web of Science，伊朗数据库包括MagIran和SID。所选研究的质量采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表进行评估。使用随机效应模型和DerSimonian和Laird标准估计总体患病率，置信区间为95%。采用Q-Cochrane检验和I2指数评估研究间的异质性。此外，还进行了敏感性分析，以确保结果的可靠性。数据分析采用Stata12软件。结果:最终选择9项研究进行分析，其中7项研究质量较好，2项研究根据分配的分数为平均质量。根据随机效应模型，伊朗6 - 18岁人群中NAFLD的总体患病率为35%，可信区间为95%(24% - 46%)。结论:我们的研究结果显示，伊朗6至18岁人群中NAFLD的患病率很高。伊朗的决策者和卫生保健规划者必须实施旨在预防和早期诊断这种疾病的教育方案。
{"title":"Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Iranians aged 6 to 18 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to serious complications and have adverse effects on physical and mental well-being in young people. This review aimed to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD among Iranians aged 6 to 18 years. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by systematic review and meta-analysis methods. A detailed search was performed on various international and Iranian databases from January 2000 to January 2023. The international databases included Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, while the Iranian databases consisted of MagIran and SID. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Overall prevalence was estimated using the random-effects model and DerSimonian and Laird criteria with a 95% confidence interval. The Q-Cochrane test and the I2 index were used to assess heterogeneity between studies. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the reliability of the results. Data analysis was performed in Stata12 software. Results: Finally, 9 studies were selected for analysis, of which, 7 studies were of good quality, while 2 studies were of average quality based on the assigned scores. According to the random-effects model, the overall prevalence of NAFLD in Iranian individuals aged 6 to 18 years was 35% with a 95% confidence interval (24% to 46%). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed a high prevalence of NAFLD in Iranian individuals aged 6 to 18 years. Policymakers and healthcare planners in Iran must implement educational programs aimed at the prevention and early diagnosis of this disease.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135841839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.5
Background: Exercise is a therapeutic procedure for addicts; however, its physiological mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in the heart tissue of male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 32 male rats randomly divided into four groups of eight: healthy control (HC), endurance training (ET), morphine control (CM), and morphine+endurance training (M.ET). Two morphine withdrawal groups were addicted to 0.4 mg/ml morphine sulfate for 21 days. The exercise groups performed eight weeks of treadmill running. At the end of the study, all rats were killed, and their heart tissue was removed. Protein levels of the indicators in this study were measured by ELISA kits. The data were analyzed by Tukey’s one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results of this study showed a significant decrease in VEGF levels (P<0.001) and a significant increase in ES (P<0.001) in the MC, compared to the HC. In addition, the increase in VEGF levels (P=0.014) and the decrease in ES (P=0.026) in the M.ET showed a significant difference, compared to the MC. Conclusion: Endurance training may be useful in preventing negative changes in angiogenesis and metabolic parameters related to morphine, which should be considered in the rehabilitation of addicts.
{"title":"Effect of Eight Weeks of Endurance Training on the Protein Levels of Some Angiogenesis Indicators in the Cardiac Tissue of Rats with Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Exercise is a therapeutic procedure for addicts; however, its physiological mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in the heart tissue of male rats with morphine withdrawal syndrome. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 32 male rats randomly divided into four groups of eight: healthy control (HC), endurance training (ET), morphine control (CM), and morphine+endurance training (M.ET). Two morphine withdrawal groups were addicted to 0.4 mg/ml morphine sulfate for 21 days. The exercise groups performed eight weeks of treadmill running. At the end of the study, all rats were killed, and their heart tissue was removed. Protein levels of the indicators in this study were measured by ELISA kits. The data were analyzed by Tukey’s one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results of this study showed a significant decrease in VEGF levels (P<0.001) and a significant increase in ES (P<0.001) in the MC, compared to the HC. In addition, the increase in VEGF levels (P=0.014) and the decrease in ES (P=0.026) in the M.ET showed a significant difference, compared to the MC. Conclusion: Endurance training may be useful in preventing negative changes in angiogenesis and metabolic parameters related to morphine, which should be considered in the rehabilitation of addicts.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-27DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.1
Background: Natural Organic Matters (NOMs) are pollutants that exist in many drinking water resources, cause many problems in drinking water treatment processes, and have adverse effects on human health. For this reason, these substances must be removed from drinking water via a proper method. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are novel adsorbents that have been widely considered in recent years. In this study, Uio-66 functionalized with NH2 was synthesized and applied for humic acid adsorption (as a natural organic matter) removal from water. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in a batch reactor and on a laboratory scale. Firstly, the characteristics of the synthesized adsorbent were investigated. Then, the effect of different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of humic acid on adsorption process was also investigated. Additionally, isotherms and kinetics of humic acid adsorption on Uio-66-NH2 adsorbent were determined. The data analysis and isotherms comparisons were conducted using linear regression and determination coefficient. Results: In this study, the analysis confirmed the structure and properties of the fabricated nanoparticles. The adsorbent surface area was 673.4 m2/g. The results also showed that the optimal pH for adsorption of humic acid was in the range of 5 to 7, the optimal dose of adsorbent was 0.8 g/L, and the maximum adsorption of humic acid was 2.2 mg/g of adsorbent. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, humic acid adsorption isotherm on the adsorbent was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model and its adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The current study revealed that by optimization of the condition, the adsorbent can be used for organic matter removal.
{"title":"Investigating Humic Acid Adsorption from Aqueous Solution using UiO-66 Functionalized with Amine Group","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Natural Organic Matters (NOMs) are pollutants that exist in many drinking water resources, cause many problems in drinking water treatment processes, and have adverse effects on human health. For this reason, these substances must be removed from drinking water via a proper method. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are novel adsorbents that have been widely considered in recent years. In this study, Uio-66 functionalized with NH2 was synthesized and applied for humic acid adsorption (as a natural organic matter) removal from water. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in a batch reactor and on a laboratory scale. Firstly, the characteristics of the synthesized adsorbent were investigated. Then, the effect of different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of humic acid on adsorption process was also investigated. Additionally, isotherms and kinetics of humic acid adsorption on Uio-66-NH2 adsorbent were determined. The data analysis and isotherms comparisons were conducted using linear regression and determination coefficient. Results: In this study, the analysis confirmed the structure and properties of the fabricated nanoparticles. The adsorbent surface area was 673.4 m2/g. The results also showed that the optimal pH for adsorption of humic acid was in the range of 5 to 7, the optimal dose of adsorbent was 0.8 g/L, and the maximum adsorption of humic acid was 2.2 mg/g of adsorbent. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, humic acid adsorption isotherm on the adsorbent was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model and its adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The current study revealed that by optimization of the condition, the adsorbent can be used for organic matter removal.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-27DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.3
Background: Multiple sclerosis disease (MS) is progressing, especially in women. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with two types of linear and nonlinear periodized on muscle strength, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 patients with MS were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: nonlinear periodized (NLP) (n=6), linear periodized (LP) (n=5), and control (n=8). Both exercise groups performed resistance exercises three sessions a week for 30-45 minutes per session, with an intensity of 30%-70% of a maximum repetition for eight weeks. The linear group (LP) used a linear loading pattern per week. In contrast, the nonlinear group (NLP) experienced different intensities of training from the fourth week onwards. Two days before and after the training protocol, muscle strength was measured indirectly. Moreover, fatigue was evaluated with a 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5) and quality of life with a 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The results were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using the analysis of the covariance model and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Results: Based on the results, LP and NLP training led to a marked increase in muscular strength )P<0.001) and a significant decrease in fatigue )P=0.020) in MS patients. Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in the quality of life between research groups )P=0/092). There were no significant differences between LP and NLP in factors, except leg press )P<0/001). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, both LP and NLP training models increased muscle strength and reduced fatigue. Nevertheless, linear resistance training led to greater improvement in the aforementioned factors.
{"title":"Comparing the effects of two resistance training models with Linear and Non- Linear Periodization on muscle strength, fatigue, and quality of life among women with multiple sclerosis","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Multiple sclerosis disease (MS) is progressing, especially in women. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of resistance training with two types of linear and nonlinear periodized on muscle strength, fatigue, and quality of life in women with MS. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 patients with MS were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: nonlinear periodized (NLP) (n=6), linear periodized (LP) (n=5), and control (n=8). Both exercise groups performed resistance exercises three sessions a week for 30-45 minutes per session, with an intensity of 30%-70% of a maximum repetition for eight weeks. The linear group (LP) used a linear loading pattern per week. In contrast, the nonlinear group (NLP) experienced different intensities of training from the fourth week onwards. Two days before and after the training protocol, muscle strength was measured indirectly. Moreover, fatigue was evaluated with a 5-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5) and quality of life with a 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The results were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using the analysis of the covariance model and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Results: Based on the results, LP and NLP training led to a marked increase in muscular strength )P<0.001) and a significant decrease in fatigue )P=0.020) in MS patients. Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in the quality of life between research groups )P=0/092). There were no significant differences between LP and NLP in factors, except leg press )P<0/001). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, both LP and NLP training models increased muscle strength and reduced fatigue. Nevertheless, linear resistance training led to greater improvement in the aforementioned factors.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-27DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.2
Background: Dysfunction of mitochondria is associated with such diseases as obesity, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Training plays a major role in the improvement of mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on some mitophagy indices in the liver tissue, including BNIP3 and NIX in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 three-month-old adult male Wistar rats with a weight range (250-300 g) were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 series, including healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), and diabetic+Training (D+T). The training protocol includes running with intensity at 85%-90% of maximum speed in 6-12 two-minute intervals five days a week for eight weeks. A method based on Western blotting was used to determine changes in the expression of BNIP3 and NIX proteins in the liver tissue of rats. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Diabetes increased BNIP3 and NIX proteins; nonetheless, it was not significant. The changes of NIX in the trained diabetic group were about 57% less than in the diabetic control group, and this difference was significant (P=0.033), while BNIP3, despite a 37% decrease, did not change significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of intense intermittent training caused a significant decrease in the expression of proteins involved in mitophagy in the training group. Nonetheless, arriving at a definite conclusion on these indicators and how they are affected by different conditions depends on conducting further studies.
{"title":"Effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on some indices of liver mitophagy in type 2 diabetic rats","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dysfunction of mitochondria is associated with such diseases as obesity, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Training plays a major role in the improvement of mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on some mitophagy indices in the liver tissue, including BNIP3 and NIX in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 three-month-old adult male Wistar rats with a weight range (250-300 g) were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 series, including healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), and diabetic+Training (D+T). The training protocol includes running with intensity at 85%-90% of maximum speed in 6-12 two-minute intervals five days a week for eight weeks. A method based on Western blotting was used to determine changes in the expression of BNIP3 and NIX proteins in the liver tissue of rats. The one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Diabetes increased BNIP3 and NIX proteins; nonetheless, it was not significant. The changes of NIX in the trained diabetic group were about 57% less than in the diabetic control group, and this difference was significant (P=0.033), while BNIP3, despite a 37% decrease, did not change significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of intense intermittent training caused a significant decrease in the expression of proteins involved in mitophagy in the training group. Nonetheless, arriving at a definite conclusion on these indicators and how they are affected by different conditions depends on conducting further studies.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-27DOI: 10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.4
Background: Uterus Didelphys is one of the rare cases of uterine abnormalities that is mostly asymptomatic until pregnancy and delivery. The present report introduces a case of a double uterus with a separate cervix and a common vagina (Uterus Didelphys). Materials and Methods: The patient was a 38-year-old woman referred to a radiology clinic by a gynecologist. She was pregnant at the time; however, she had a history of repeated miscarriages, irregular and painful menstruation, prolonged bleeding, and spotting. The evaluation of radiological images with hysterosalpingography showed that this patient had a double uterus with a separate cervix and a common vagina (Uterus Didelphys). Conclusion: Müllerian duct abnormalities are among the most important factors of infertility in women, whose accurate diagnosis and right treatment can help to maintain fertility. The use of imaging methods can also help in the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these people.
{"title":"A Case Report of a Double Uterus with a Separate Cervix and a Common Vagina (Didelphys Uterus)","authors":"","doi":"10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/yafteh.2023.25.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uterus Didelphys is one of the rare cases of uterine abnormalities that is mostly asymptomatic until pregnancy and delivery. The present report introduces a case of a double uterus with a separate cervix and a common vagina (Uterus Didelphys). Materials and Methods: The patient was a 38-year-old woman referred to a radiology clinic by a gynecologist. She was pregnant at the time; however, she had a history of repeated miscarriages, irregular and painful menstruation, prolonged bleeding, and spotting. The evaluation of radiological images with hysterosalpingography showed that this patient had a double uterus with a separate cervix and a common vagina (Uterus Didelphys). Conclusion: Müllerian duct abnormalities are among the most important factors of infertility in women, whose accurate diagnosis and right treatment can help to maintain fertility. The use of imaging methods can also help in the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these people.","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135950730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"پیش بینی تبعیت از درمان دارویی بر اساس حمایت اجتماعی و راهبردهای مقابله ای در بیماران دیابتی نوع 2","authors":"افسانه بدری زاده, حسن رضایی جمالویی, مصطفی خانزاده, سعید فروغی, ماندانا ساکی","doi":"10.32592/YAFTEH.2021.23.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32592/YAFTEH.2021.23.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23781,"journal":{"name":"Yafteh","volume":"23 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46831237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-9864.S1.004
Christopher M Ndugwa
W malaria accounts for 800,000 deaths annually. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) bears the brunt of malaria burden with 91% of fatalities. In SSA it is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in children below five years and pregnant women. In Uganda 70,000 to 100,000 child deaths are registered annually; a large majority of these deaths are due to malaria. Likewise the majority of children worldwide who have sickle cell disease (SCD) live in SSA. Studies estimate that more than 300 000 children are born annually with SCD. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA), the most severe form of SCD, accounts for 80% of these births, of which 200,000 occurs SSA with 10,000 to 15,000 babies with SCA born annually in Uganda. The co-endemic existence of malaria and SCA in Uganda poses a significant public health problem. 70-80% of children with SCA die before the age of five years and malaria is a major contributor to these deaths. Also, malaria in SCA is associated with vaso-occlussive and hyper-haemolytic episodes. In 2002 Kizito et el, found a 15% prevalence of malaria among febrile SCA children less than 12 years old. In 2005 Kamugisha et al demonstrated 41.7% malaria prevalence among children with SCA and aplastic crisis. However the exact burden of malaria in SCA at the present time is not well-documented and the effect of prevention measures such as insecticide-treated bednets and chemoprophylaxis has not been well-studied in SCA patients. However it is probable that malaria in SCA remains a significant contributor to under five mortality in Uganda and hence an important factor in the effort to achieve MDG 4. Christopher M. Ndugwa, J Blood Disord Transfus 2013, 4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9864.S1.004
疟疾每年造成80万人死亡。撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)是疟疾负担最重的地区，占死亡人数的91%。在SSA，它是五岁以下儿童和孕妇发病和死亡的主要原因之一。在乌干达，每年登记的儿童死亡人数为7万至10万;这些死亡绝大多数是由疟疾造成的。同样，全世界大多数患有镰状细胞病(SCD)的儿童生活在SSA。研究估计，每年有30多万儿童出生时患有SCD。镰状细胞贫血(SCA)是最严重的SCD形式，占这些新生儿的80%，其中20万例发生SSA，乌干达每年出生10,000至15,000例患有SCA的婴儿。在乌干达，疟疾和SCA的共同流行构成了一个重大的公共卫生问题。70-80%患有SCA的儿童在5岁前死亡，疟疾是造成这些死亡的主要原因。此外，SCA中的疟疾与血管闭塞和高溶血发作有关。2002年，Kizito等人发现，在12岁以下的SCA发热儿童中，疟疾患病率为15%。2005年Kamugisha等人证实，患有SCA和再生危机的儿童中疟疾患病率为41.7%。然而，目前SCA患者疟疾的确切负担并没有很好的文献记载，预防措施如驱虫蚊帐和化学预防在SCA患者中的效果也没有很好的研究。然而，SCA的疟疾很可能仍然是造成乌干达五岁以下儿童死亡的一个重要因素，因此也是实现千年发展目标4的一个重要因素。Christopher M. Ndugwa, J血液病输血2013,4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9864.S1.004
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