Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107663
Sazal Kumar , Wayne A. O’Connor , Allison C. Luengen , Frederic D.L. Leusch , Steve D. Melvin , Chenglong Ji , Junfei Zhan , Geoff R. MacFarlane
In estuaries, aquatic organisms are often exposed to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs), including 17β-estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP), which affect physiology and metabolism. This study evaluated metabolic profiles of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) using 1HNMR -based metabolomics after acute (14 days), pulse (14 days exposure followed by 14 days depuration), and chronic (28 days) exposure of E2 at 200 ng/L and NP at 5000 ng/L. Only acute exposure to both E2 and NP led to marked metabolic perturbations. Energy and stress-related metabolites including adenosine monophosphate, succinate, acetoacetate, and glutamate significantly increased in acute treatments compared to controls, suggesting heightened energy demand to cope with oxidative and osmotic stress. However, the metabolites from pulse and chronic exposure treatments were not significantly different from the control. Such responses highlight a time-dependent adaptation of molluscs, similar to depuration. E2 is expected to be more rapidly metabolised in molluscs than NP, leading to comparatively slower metabolic adaptation of molluscs to NP exposure. Finally, this study emphasizes that oysters have a time-dependent adaptive mechanism to cope with EEDC exposure.
{"title":"Acute disturbance, but chronic re-equilibration of the oyster metabolome to 17β-estradiol and nonylphenol exposure","authors":"Sazal Kumar , Wayne A. O’Connor , Allison C. Luengen , Frederic D.L. Leusch , Steve D. Melvin , Chenglong Ji , Junfei Zhan , Geoff R. MacFarlane","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In estuaries, aquatic organisms are often exposed to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs), including 17β-estradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP), which affect physiology and metabolism. This study evaluated metabolic profiles of Sydney rock oysters (<em>Saccostrea glomerata</em>) using <sup>1</sup>HNMR -based metabolomics after acute (14 days), pulse (14 days exposure followed by 14 days depuration), and chronic (28 days) exposure of E2 at 200 ng/L and NP at 5000 ng/L. Only acute exposure to both E2 and NP led to marked metabolic perturbations. Energy and stress-related metabolites including adenosine monophosphate, succinate, acetoacetate, and glutamate significantly increased in acute treatments compared to controls, suggesting heightened energy demand to cope with oxidative and osmotic stress. However, the metabolites from pulse and chronic exposure treatments were not significantly different from the control. Such responses highlight a time-dependent adaptation of molluscs, similar to depuration. E2 is expected to be more rapidly metabolised in molluscs than NP, leading to comparatively slower metabolic adaptation of molluscs to NP exposure. Finally, this study emphasizes that oysters have a time-dependent adaptive mechanism to cope with EEDC exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107663"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145650842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107664
Anaïs H.R. Belfor, S. Schaack
Interest in the effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic habitats has expanded with the growing number and increased distribution of drugs worldwide. In this study, we perform an experiment to examine the effects of two drugs, fluoxetine (known commercially as the anti-depressant Prozac™) and metformin (a widely-used diabetes medication), both of which are common freshwater contaminants. We investigated the effects of the two drugs alone and in combination on Daphnia magna in both in crowded and non-crowded conditions in order to understand how pharmaceutical pollution and naturally-occurring environmental cues might interact to shape phenotypic traits and gene expression. We assayed fecundity, respiration, transgenerational effects, and gene expression levels for three genes. Pharmaceuticals affected offspring, respiration, and gene expression, while crowding affected fecundity. Specifically, fluoxetine induced male production and metformin made offspring sickly. Overall, these drugs and their combination had detectable impacts on many traits, and in some cases the effects depended on crowding conditions. Daphnia, a model system in ecology and ecotoxicology, provides myriad insights into the effects of pollutants, both because of its key role in freshwater food webs and its ability to serve as an experimental system to determine sublethal and lethal effects. Our findings contribute to our current understanding of pharmaceutical pollution and suggest that investigating the risks using more real-world scenarios is important for the maintenance of freshwater drinking supplies and freshwater ecosystems.
{"title":"The effects of fluoxetine and metformin pollution on phenotypic traits and gene expression in Daphnia magna","authors":"Anaïs H.R. Belfor, S. Schaack","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest in the effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic habitats has expanded with the growing number and increased distribution of drugs worldwide. In this study, we perform an experiment to examine the effects of two drugs, fluoxetine (known commercially as the anti-depressant Prozac™) and metformin (a widely-used diabetes medication), both of which are common freshwater contaminants. We investigated the effects of the two drugs alone and in combination on <em>Daphnia magna</em> in both in crowded and non-crowded conditions in order to understand how pharmaceutical pollution and naturally-occurring environmental cues might interact to shape phenotypic traits and gene expression. We assayed fecundity, respiration, transgenerational effects, and gene expression levels for three genes. Pharmaceuticals affected offspring, respiration, and gene expression, while crowding affected fecundity. Specifically, fluoxetine induced male production and metformin made offspring sickly. Overall, these drugs and their combination had detectable impacts on many traits, and in some cases the effects depended on crowding conditions. <em>Daphnia</em>, a model system in ecology and ecotoxicology, provides myriad insights into the effects of pollutants, both because of its key role in freshwater food webs and its ability to serve as an experimental system to determine sublethal and lethal effects. Our findings contribute to our current understanding of pharmaceutical pollution and suggest that investigating the risks using more real-world scenarios is important for the maintenance of freshwater drinking supplies and freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107664"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a persistent brominated flame retardant, poses substantial ecological risks attributable to its bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. This study explored the toxic impacts of HBCD on the marine microalgae Chlorella salina using an integrated approach combining physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. The microalgae was exposed to concentrations of 5, 50, and 100 μg·L⁻¹ of HBCD for 96 h. The results showed that HBCD significantly inhibited the growth of C. salina (p < 0.05), with a 21 % reduction in cell density at the highest concentration. Pigment analysis indicated that upon exposure to 100 μg·L⁻¹ HBCD, the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids decreased by 17 %, 19 %, and 13 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed concentration-dependent alterations in the composition, conformation, and functionality of key biomacromolecules. Specifically, lipid peroxidation was evidenced by decreased CH2/lipid, CH3/lipid, and olefinic=CH/lipid ratios, along with an increased carbonyl ester/lipid ratio. These findings were corroborated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Alterations in the secondary structure of proteins were detected through decreased Amide I/Amide II and β-sheet/α-helix ratios. DNA damage involved a reversal of the B- to A-DNA transition and a shift from B- to Z-DNA conformational. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 4636 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following exposure to 100 μg·L⁻¹ HBCD, which were predominantly enriched in pathways associated with fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and cellular signaling. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the toxicity of HBCD in marine microalgae and highlight its potential ecological risks in marine environments.
{"title":"Elucidating toxicity mechanisms of hexabromocyclododecane in marine microalga Chlorella salina: An integrated biomacromolecular and transcriptomic analysis","authors":"Fei Tian , Xuefeng Wang , Lihua Lai , Peng Shao , Zhenzhao Tang , Zhe Zhang , Qian Xiong , Linbao Zhang , Haigang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a persistent brominated flame retardant, poses substantial ecological risks attributable to its bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. This study explored the toxic impacts of HBCD on the marine microalgae <em>Chlorella salina</em> using an integrated approach combining physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. The microalgae was exposed to concentrations of 5, 50, and 100 μg·L⁻¹ of HBCD for 96 h. The results showed that HBCD significantly inhibited the growth of <em>C. salina</em> (<em>p</em> < 0.05), with a 21 % reduction in cell density at the highest concentration. Pigment analysis indicated that upon exposure to 100 μg·L⁻¹ HBCD, the levels of chlorophyll <em>a</em>, chlorophyll <em>b</em>, and carotenoids decreased by 17 %, 19 %, and 13 %, respectively (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed concentration-dependent alterations in the composition, conformation, and functionality of key biomacromolecules. Specifically, lipid peroxidation was evidenced by decreased CH<sub>2</sub>/lipid, CH<sub>3</sub>/lipid, and olefinic=CH/lipid ratios, along with an increased carbonyl ester/lipid ratio. These findings were corroborated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Alterations in the secondary structure of proteins were detected through decreased Amide I/Amide II and β-sheet/α-helix ratios. DNA damage involved a reversal of the B- to A-DNA transition and a shift from B- to Z-DNA conformational. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 4636 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following exposure to 100 μg·L⁻¹ HBCD, which were predominantly enriched in pathways associated with fatty acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and cellular signaling. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the toxicity of HBCD in marine microalgae and highlight its potential ecological risks in marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107662"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145651099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107661
Guixiang Wang , Jiangbing Qiu , Ruolin Wu , Aifeng Li , Ying Ji
The lipophilic phycotoxins gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) and okadaic acid (OA) are frequently detected in shellfish globally, posing a potential threat to human health through combined dietary exposure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the combined cytotoxicity of GYM-A and OA on Caco-2 cells and to elucidate their interactive mechanisms through analyses of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest. The OA was 10 times more cytotoxic than GYM-A, as indicated by their respective IC₅₀ values. Notably, the combined exposure to both toxins resulted in a synergistic reduction in cell viability. Mechanistic investigations showed that both GYM-A and OA elevated intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels and induced apoptosis, with GYM-A exerting a more pronounced pro-apoptotic effect. Moreover, OA significantly increased ROS accumulation, which was further amplified in the presence of low concentrations of GYM-A. Both toxins induced significant DNA damage, and greater damage was observed in the mixture group. While GYM-A had minimal influence on cell cycle progression, OA induced G2/M phase arrest, which was significantly exacerbated by co-exposure to GYM-A. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that co-exposure to both toxins exerted synergistic cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells through the coordinated disruption of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress, thereby inducing DNA damage and aggravating cell cycle arrest. This study provides mechanistic insights into the combined toxicity of marine phycotoxins and offers a foundation for future ecological risk assessment and exploration of potential biomedical applications of GYM-A and OA.
全球贝类中经常检测到亲脂藻毒素裸子氨基酚- a （gymnodimine-A）和冈田酸（OA），通过联合饮食暴露对人类健康构成潜在威胁。因此，本研究旨在通过对钙稳态、凋亡、氧化应激、DNA损伤和细胞周期阻滞的分析，评估GYM-A和OA对Caco-2细胞的联合细胞毒性，并阐明它们的相互作用机制。OA的细胞毒性是GYM-A的10倍，正如它们各自的IC₅0值所示。值得注意的是，两种毒素的联合暴露导致细胞活力的协同降低。机制研究表明，GYM-A和OA均能提高细胞内钙离子（Ca2+）水平并诱导细胞凋亡，其中GYM-A具有更明显的促凋亡作用。此外，OA显著增加了ROS的积累，在低浓度的GYM-A存在下，ROS的积累进一步增强。两种毒素均引起显著的DNA损伤，且混合毒素组损伤更大。虽然gyma对细胞周期进程的影响很小，但OA诱导G2/M期阻滞，共同暴露于gyma会显著加剧这种阻滞。总的来说，这些发现表明，共同暴露于这两种毒素通过协调破坏钙稳态和氧化应激，在Caco-2细胞中发挥协同细胞毒性，从而诱导DNA损伤并加重细胞周期阻滞。本研究提供了海洋藻毒素联合毒性的机制见解，并为未来的生态风险评估和探索gyma和OA的潜在生物医学应用奠定了基础。
{"title":"Synergistic cytotoxicity of gymnodimine-A and okadaic acid in Caco-2 cells through coordinated disruption of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress","authors":"Guixiang Wang , Jiangbing Qiu , Ruolin Wu , Aifeng Li , Ying Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lipophilic phycotoxins gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) and okadaic acid (OA) are frequently detected in shellfish globally, posing a potential threat to human health through combined dietary exposure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the combined cytotoxicity of GYM-A and OA on Caco-2 cells and to elucidate their interactive mechanisms through analyses of calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest. The OA was 10 times more cytotoxic than GYM-A, as indicated by their respective IC₅₀ values. Notably, the combined exposure to both toxins resulted in a synergistic reduction in cell viability. Mechanistic investigations showed that both GYM-A and OA elevated intracellular calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) levels and induced apoptosis, with GYM-A exerting a more pronounced pro-apoptotic effect. Moreover, OA significantly increased ROS accumulation, which was further amplified in the presence of low concentrations of GYM-A. Both toxins induced significant DNA damage, and greater damage was observed in the mixture group. While GYM-A had minimal influence on cell cycle progression, OA induced G2/M phase arrest, which was significantly exacerbated by co-exposure to GYM-A. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that co-exposure to both toxins exerted synergistic cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells through the coordinated disruption of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress, thereby inducing DNA damage and aggravating cell cycle arrest. This study provides mechanistic insights into the combined toxicity of marine phycotoxins and offers a foundation for future ecological risk assessment and exploration of potential biomedical applications of GYM-A and OA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107660
Hanlin Qin , Qianqian Geng , Yujie Bi , Zhijun Tan , Chengchen Wu , Fengling Li , Mengmeng Guo
As emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologs are substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), but exhibit widespread environmental distribution, high bioaccumulation potential, and multiple toxic effects. This study compared the in vivo accumulation, biomarkers, histopathology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of PFOA and HFPO homologs (HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and HFPO-TeA) in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). The visceral mass was the main target organ for these compounds at concentrations of 2 ng mL–1 and 200 ng mL–1. The order of peak concentrations and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the four compounds was HFPO-DA < PFOA < HFPO-TA < HFPO-TeA, with the BCF value being significantly higher at the lower exposure concentration, highlighting the crucial ecological risks of these compounds. Toxicological responses to a higher concentration (200 ng mL–1) of these compounds revealed that HFPO-TeA caused more severe cellular damage and immune function impairment, evidenced by fluctuations in oxidative stress markers and immunoenzymes, histopathological alterations, and significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, whereas HFPO-DA exhibited the lowest toxicity. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) and redundancy analysis (RDA) collectively demonstrated that oxidative stress effects were the most significant, resulting in levels of oxidative damage ranging from mild to severe as the molecular backbone length of the target compounds increased. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed changes in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of R. philippinarum in response to PFOA and HFPO homologs. These affected biological pathways related to oxidative toxicity, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, with the most significant gene expression changes observed with HFPO-TeA. In addition, genes associated with glyceride metabolism in the HFPO-DA group and with the mTOR signaling pathway in the HFPO-TeA group were significantly upregulated. Thus, the bioconcentration potential and toxicity of PFOA and HFPO homologs appear to be positively correlated with their molecular backbone length. This study provides new insights for predicting the accumulation behavior and toxicity of PFOA and its alternatives based on their molecular backbone length.
作为新兴的全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS），六氟环氧丙烷（HFPO）同系物是全氟辛酸（PFOA）的替代品，但具有广泛的环境分布、高生物蓄积潜力和多重毒性作用。本研究比较了马尼拉蛤（Ruditapes philippinarum）中PFOA和HFPO同源物（HFPO- da、HFPO- ta和HFPO- tea）的体内积累、生物标志物、组织病理学、转录组学和代谢组学。在2 ng mL-1和200 ng mL-1浓度下，内脏肿块是这些化合物的主要靶器官。4种化合物的峰值浓度和生物浓度因子（BCF）大小顺序为HFPO-DA <； PFOA < HFPO-TA < HFPO-TeA，且暴露浓度越低，BCF值越高，凸显了这些化合物的重要生态风险。对较高浓度（200 ng mL-1）的这些化合物的毒理学反应表明，HFPO-TeA引起更严重的细胞损伤和免疫功能障碍，证明了氧化应激标志物和免疫酶的波动，组织病理学改变，超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽水平显著升高，而HFPO-DA表现出最低的毒性。综合生物标志物反应（IBR）和冗余分析（RDA）共同表明，氧化应激效应最为显著，随着目标化合物分子骨架长度的增加，氧化损伤水平从轻微到严重不等。转录组学和代谢组学分析揭示了PFOA和HFPO同源物对菲律宾芦笋氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢和抗氧化能力的影响。这些受影响的生物途径与氧化毒性、能量代谢和氨基酸代谢有关，其中以HFPO-TeA的基因表达变化最为显著。此外，HFPO-DA组甘油代谢相关基因和HFPO-TeA组mTOR信号通路相关基因均显著上调。因此，PFOA和HFPO同源物的生物浓缩潜力和毒性似乎与其分子骨架长度呈正相关。该研究为基于分子骨架长度预测PFOA及其替代品的蓄积行为和毒性提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of hexafluoropropylene oxide homologs in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) compared with PFOA: Correlations with molecular backbone length","authors":"Hanlin Qin , Qianqian Geng , Yujie Bi , Zhijun Tan , Chengchen Wu , Fengling Li , Mengmeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologs are substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), but exhibit widespread environmental distribution, high bioaccumulation potential, and multiple toxic effects. This study compared the <em>in vivo</em> accumulation, biomarkers, histopathology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of PFOA and HFPO homologs (HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and HFPO-TeA) in Manila clams (<em>Ruditapes philippinarum</em>). The visceral mass was the main target organ for these compounds at concentrations of 2 ng mL<sup>–1</sup> and 200 ng mL<sup>–1</sup>. The order of peak concentrations and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the four compounds was HFPO-DA < PFOA < HFPO-TA < HFPO-TeA, with the BCF value being significantly higher at the lower exposure concentration, highlighting the crucial ecological risks of these compounds. Toxicological responses to a higher concentration (200 ng mL<sup>–1</sup>) of these compounds revealed that HFPO-TeA caused more severe cellular damage and immune function impairment, evidenced by fluctuations in oxidative stress markers and immunoenzymes, histopathological alterations, and significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, whereas HFPO-DA exhibited the lowest toxicity. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) and redundancy analysis (RDA) collectively demonstrated that oxidative stress effects were the most significant, resulting in levels of oxidative damage ranging from mild to severe as the molecular backbone length of the target compounds increased. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed changes in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of <em>R. philippinarum</em> in response to PFOA and HFPO homologs. These affected biological pathways related to oxidative toxicity, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, with the most significant gene expression changes observed with HFPO-TeA. In addition, genes associated with glyceride metabolism in the HFPO-DA group and with the mTOR signaling pathway in the HFPO-TeA group were significantly upregulated. Thus, the bioconcentration potential and toxicity of PFOA and HFPO homologs appear to be positively correlated with their molecular backbone length. This study provides new insights for predicting the accumulation behavior and toxicity of PFOA and its alternatives based on their molecular backbone length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics are pervasive in both freshwater and marine waters, posing potential hazards to a wide range of species. Evaluating environmental microplastic pollution is crucial for ecological risk assessment. However, current monitoring methods, such as sampling nets, are inefficient for quantifying small microplastics (< 25 µm) and non-buoyant particles, leading to potential underestimation of pollution levels. Biomonitors, like suspension-feeding organisms, can serve as complementary tools. This study takes a first step in evaluating bivalves as biomonitors by assessing whether microplastic uptake in their tissues correlates with environmental concentrations in both marine and freshwater conditions. Two mussel models, the marine Mytilus galloprovincialis and the freshwater Dreissena spp., were exposed to varying concentrations of microplastics (from 0 to 2000 MPs.L−1) over 48 h. Both marine and freshwater mussels followed a linear model for MP uptake. However, an exponential model appeared more suitable for M. galloprovincialis whereas a Gaussian model better described the uptake pattern in Dreissena spp., suggesting the presence of a threshold in MP capture for the latter species. Microplastics primarily accumulated in the digestive gland compared to other tissues (i.e., byssus, gills, mantle, and others). After 48 h of depuration, marine mussels exhibited a high microplastic depuration rate (from 88 to 97%), while freshwater mussels showed moderate depuration ability (from 0 to 71%). These results support M. galloprovincialis as an effective biomonitor for marine microplastic pollution. In freshwaters, the non-linear accumulation of microplastics by Dreissena spp. limits their suitability for precise pollution assessment, but may help set pollution alert levels based on MP content and sub-lethal effects. This study contributes to addressing the challenge of accurate MP quantification in aquatic environments by highlighting the potential of bioindicators in complementing traditional methods.
{"title":"Marine and freshwater mussels as biomonitors for microplastic concentrations: A comparative laboratory study","authors":"Adèle Wolinski , Miléna Ferret , Basile Bergeron , Loïc Tettling , Edouard Lavergne , Audrey M. Pruski , Isabelle Calvès , Anne-Leïla Meistertzheim , Franck Lartaud","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics are pervasive in both freshwater and marine waters, posing potential hazards to a wide range of species. Evaluating environmental microplastic pollution is crucial for ecological risk assessment. However, current monitoring methods, such as sampling nets, are inefficient for quantifying small microplastics (< 25 µm) and non-buoyant particles, leading to potential underestimation of pollution levels. Biomonitors, like suspension-feeding organisms, can serve as complementary tools. This study takes a first step in evaluating bivalves as biomonitors by assessing whether microplastic uptake in their tissues correlates with environmental concentrations in both marine and freshwater conditions. Two mussel models, the marine <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em> and the freshwater <em>Dreissena</em> spp., were exposed to varying concentrations of microplastics (from 0 to 2000 MPs.L<sup>−1</sup>) over 48 h. Both marine and freshwater mussels followed a linear model for MP uptake. However, an exponential model appeared more suitable for <em>M. galloprovincialis</em> whereas a Gaussian model better described the uptake pattern in <em>Dreissena</em> spp., suggesting the presence of a threshold in MP capture for the latter species. Microplastics primarily accumulated in the digestive gland compared to other tissues (<em>i.e.</em>, byssus, gills, mantle, and others). After 48 h of depuration, marine mussels exhibited a high microplastic depuration rate (from 88 to 97%), while freshwater mussels showed moderate depuration ability (from 0 to 71%). These results support <em>M. galloprovincialis</em> as an effective biomonitor for marine microplastic pollution. In freshwaters, the non-linear accumulation of microplastics by <em>Dreissena</em> spp. limits their suitability for precise pollution assessment, but may help set pollution alert levels based on MP content and sub-lethal effects. This study contributes to addressing the challenge of accurate MP quantification in aquatic environments by highlighting the potential of bioindicators in complementing traditional methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107659"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107658
Xiaomei Chen , Hanyi Zhu , Yinliang Zhong , Jun Guo , Huiqiang Lu , Jian Yang
Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), a prevalent halogenated flame retardant detected in human serum and breast milk, poses significant exposure risks during developmental windows. While recognized for reproductive toxicity, its impact on craniofacial development remains unexplored. This study investigated the effects of TCBPA (0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mg/L) on zebrafish cartilage development during craniofacial bone development (11–96 h post-fertilization). At experimental concentrations, TCBPA induced a range of developmental issues, notably significant craniofacial deformities, which were characterized by abnormal specifications and morphology of Meckel’s and ceratohyal cartilages. Additionally, qPCR results revealed that TCBPA exposure led to the down-regulation of genes related to cartilage development. Moreover, it antagonized retinoid X receptor subtype beta-a (RXRba), a key receptor in the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, leading to suppressed expression of downstream target genes essential for cartilage development. TUNEL staining further demonstrated that TCBPA exposure triggered excessive apoptosis of zebrafish craniofacial chondrocytes, a finding corroborated by qPCR results indicating altered expression of apoptosis-related genes. This phenomenon may be attributed to the collaborative involvement of RXRs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in regulating cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. The antagonism of TCBPA on RXRba was also validated in a rescue experiment using Bexarotene, a high affinity agonist of RXRs. In conclusion, TCBPA inhibits the expression of genes crucial to cartilage development by antagonizing RXRba activity. It also induces abnormal apoptosis of chondrocytes through other signaling pathways mediated by RXRs, resulting in craniofacial cartilage toxicity in zebrafish.
四氯双酚A （TCBPA）是一种普遍存在于人类血清和母乳中的卤化阻燃剂，在发育窗口期具有显著的暴露风险。虽然被认为具有生殖毒性，但其对颅面发育的影响仍未被探索。本实验研究了0.5、0.6和0.7 mg/L TCBPA对斑马鱼颅面骨发育（受精后11-96 h）期间软骨发育的影响。在实验浓度下，TCBPA诱导了一系列发育问题，特别是显著的颅面畸形，其特征是梅克尔软骨和角状软骨的规格和形态异常。此外，qPCR结果显示，TCBPA暴露导致与软骨发育相关的基因下调。此外，它拮抗维甲酸（RA）信号通路中的关键受体类视黄酸X受体亚型β -a (RXRba)，导致软骨发育必需的下游靶基因的表达受到抑制。TUNEL染色进一步证实TCBPA暴露引发斑马鱼颅面软骨细胞过度凋亡，qPCR结果证实了这一发现，表明凋亡相关基因表达改变。这种现象可能归因于RXRs和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ (PPARγ)协同参与调节细胞存活、分化和凋亡。TCBPA对RXRba的拮抗作用也在使用高亲和力RXRs激动剂Bexarotene的救援实验中得到了验证。总之，TCBPA通过拮抗RXRba活性抑制软骨发育关键基因的表达。它还通过RXRs介导的其他信号通路诱导软骨细胞异常凋亡，导致斑马鱼颅面软骨毒性。
{"title":"Toxicity of tetrachlorobisphenol A interfering with craniofacial cartilage development by inhibiting RXR activity in zebrafish","authors":"Xiaomei Chen , Hanyi Zhu , Yinliang Zhong , Jun Guo , Huiqiang Lu , Jian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), a prevalent halogenated flame retardant detected in human serum and breast milk, poses significant exposure risks during developmental windows. While recognized for reproductive toxicity, its impact on craniofacial development remains unexplored. This study investigated the effects of TCBPA (0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mg/L) on zebrafish cartilage development during craniofacial bone development (11–96 h post-fertilization). At experimental concentrations, TCBPA induced a range of developmental issues, notably significant craniofacial deformities, which were characterized by abnormal specifications and morphology of Meckel’s and ceratohyal cartilages. Additionally, qPCR results revealed that TCBPA exposure led to the down-regulation of genes related to cartilage development. Moreover, it antagonized retinoid X receptor subtype beta-a (RXRba), a key receptor in the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway, leading to suppressed expression of downstream target genes essential for cartilage development. TUNEL staining further demonstrated that TCBPA exposure triggered excessive apoptosis of zebrafish craniofacial chondrocytes, a finding corroborated by qPCR results indicating altered expression of apoptosis-related genes. This phenomenon may be attributed to the collaborative involvement of RXRs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in regulating cell survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. The antagonism of TCBPA on RXRba was also validated in a rescue experiment using Bexarotene, a high affinity agonist of RXRs. In conclusion, TCBPA inhibits the expression of genes crucial to cartilage development by antagonizing RXRba activity. It also induces abnormal apoptosis of chondrocytes through other signaling pathways mediated by RXRs, resulting in craniofacial cartilage toxicity in zebrafish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145609030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107657
Zhaowen Chen , Sijie Fan , Wenbo Guo , Menghong Hu , Jae-Seong Lee , Youji Wang
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a global environmental issue, posing significant potential risks to marine ecosystems, especially bivalve mollusks. Studies have shown that bivalves are at increased risk of ingesting and accumulating MPs due to their filter-feeding habits, which leads to a series of physiological and ecological consequences. This review highlights the current knowledge gap in the study of MP bioaccumulation in bivalves: The effect of biofilm on MPs’ bioaccumulation and selective excretion. The ingestion of MPs can induce oxidative stress and cell damage, impair normal physiological functions, and inhibit bivalve growth, which in turn affects their immune response and overall health. In addition to the effects on individual bivalves, this review innovatively analyzes the adverse ecological consequences of MPs on aquatic ecosystems from the perspectives of nutrient cycling and energy flow. Based on the filter-feeding characteristics of bivalves, we also discuss their potential in mitigating MPs pollution. This review not only summarized the findings in microplastic ecotoxicology research on marine bivalves in recent years, but also provided the perspectives are significant for exploring effective strategies to reduce MPs pollution, protect marine ecosystems, and safeguard human health.
{"title":"Unveiling the hidden impacts: A comprehensive review of microplastic effects on marine bivalves","authors":"Zhaowen Chen , Sijie Fan , Wenbo Guo , Menghong Hu , Jae-Seong Lee , Youji Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a global environmental issue, posing significant potential risks to marine ecosystems, especially bivalve mollusks. Studies have shown that bivalves are at increased risk of ingesting and accumulating MPs due to their filter-feeding habits, which leads to a series of physiological and ecological consequences. This review highlights the current knowledge gap in the study of MP bioaccumulation in bivalves: The effect of biofilm on MPs’ bioaccumulation and selective excretion. The ingestion of MPs can induce oxidative stress and cell damage, impair normal physiological functions, and inhibit bivalve growth, which in turn affects their immune response and overall health. In addition to the effects on individual bivalves, this review innovatively analyzes the adverse ecological consequences of MPs on aquatic ecosystems from the perspectives of nutrient cycling and energy flow. Based on the filter-feeding characteristics of bivalves, we also discuss their potential in mitigating MPs pollution. This review not only summarized the findings in microplastic ecotoxicology research on marine bivalves in recent years, but also provided the perspectives are significant for exploring effective strategies to reduce MPs pollution, protect marine ecosystems, and safeguard human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107656
Yuting Zhang , Qinzi Huang , Jiacheng Sun , Ke Li , Hongxing Chen , Tao Chen , Lingtian Xie , Zemin Li , Bo Yan
The organic flotation reagents are heavily used in mining processes. However, their ecological risk remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the intergenerational toxicity and mechanisms of a typical flotation reagent in Daphnia magna. The F0 D. magna was chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of potassium ethylxanthate (PEX) at 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L for 21 d, while the F1 generation was reared in clean medium. The results showed that PEX inhibited both the growth of D. magna (varying between 17 - 36 %) and the fertility (50 - 60 %) in the F0 generation. In addition, exposure to PEX at 0.1 mg/L led to a decreased heart rate, swimming activity, and locomotor response to changes in light intensity. Notably, PEX showed more pronounced toxicity to the F1 than to the F0 generation, indicating an intergeneration toxicity of PEX. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the toxicity was closely associated with the oxidative stress, and core biological processes regulating metabolism and energy production. This study provides fundamental data on the ecological risk of PEX and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PEX to D. magna, which could facilitate the risk assessment of the overlooked mineral flotation chemicals.
{"title":"Unveiling the overlooked environmental risks of organic flotation reagents: Intergenerational toxicity of potassium ethylxanthate to Daphnia magna","authors":"Yuting Zhang , Qinzi Huang , Jiacheng Sun , Ke Li , Hongxing Chen , Tao Chen , Lingtian Xie , Zemin Li , Bo Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organic flotation reagents are heavily used in mining processes. However, their ecological risk remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the intergenerational toxicity and mechanisms of a typical flotation reagent in <em>Daphnia magna</em>. The F0 <em>D. magna</em> was chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of potassium ethylxanthate (PEX) at 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L for 21 d, while the F1 generation was reared in clean medium. The results showed that PEX inhibited both the growth of <em>D. magna</em> (varying between 17 - 36 %) and the fertility (50 - 60 %) in the F0 generation. In addition, exposure to PEX at 0.1 mg/L led to a decreased heart rate, swimming activity, and locomotor response to changes in light intensity. Notably, PEX showed more pronounced toxicity to the F1 than to the F0 generation, indicating an intergeneration toxicity of PEX. Biochemical and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the toxicity was closely associated with the oxidative stress, and core biological processes regulating metabolism and energy production. This study provides fundamental data on the ecological risk of PEX and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PEX to <em>D. magna</em>, which could facilitate the risk assessment of the overlooked mineral flotation chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107654
Inna M. Sokolova , Halina Falfushynska , Eugene P. Sokolov , Esther Blanco-Rayón , Xabier Lekube , Ionan Marigómez
Pharmaceutical fibrates are increasingly detected in coastal waters, yet their organism-level effects under realistic thermal regimes remain poorly resolved. We tested how environmentally relevant gemfibrozil (GFB) exposure interacts with temperature to alter bioenergetics and digestive gland condition in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis spp. Adult mussels were exposed for 21 days to 15 °C or 20 °C with or without GFB (25 µg L⁻¹). We quantified clearance rate, assimilation efficiency, energy ingestion, oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, and scope for growth (SFG), and assessed lysosomal membrane stability and structure, cathepsin D activity, intracellular neutral lipids, and histopathology of the digestive gland. Warming to 20 °C increased clearance rate (∼2.8-fold) and energy ingestion but reduced assimilation efficiency (from 93% to 57%); SFG was consequently higher at 20 °C. GFB and temperature interacted on respiration: at 15 °C GFB depressed oxygen consumption, whereas at 20 °C GFB elevated it; ammonium excretion was unchanged. GFB destabilized lysosomal membranes and led to an increase in the lysosomal volume and surface area, particularly at 20 °C. Histologically, GFB induced epithelial thinning and digestive gland atrophy, accompanied by loss of diverticula integrity and depletion of adipogranular cells at 20 °C. Overall, GFB acts as a metabolic disruptor in the mussels, impairing digestive gland health. Moderate warming partly offsets energetic costs by enhancing filtration and energy acquisition but does not reverse cellular and tissue-level damage in the digestive gland. These results indicate that warming coastal seas may buffer some functional consequences of fibrate exposure while allowing persistent sub-lethal pathology, with implications for long-term ecological risk to marine ecosystems from lipid-lowering drugs.
在沿海水域中越来越多地检测到药物贝特酸盐，但它们在实际热制度下的生物水平效应仍然没有得到很好的解决。我们测试了与环境相关的吉布霉烯（GFB）暴露如何与温度相互作用，以改变蓝贻贝Mytilus edulis spp的生物能量学和消化腺状况。成年贻贝在15°C或20°C的环境中暴露21天，有或没有GFB （25 μ g L⁻¹）。我们量化了清除率、同化效率、能量摄入、耗氧量、铵排泄和生长范围（SFG），并评估了溶酶体膜稳定性和结构、组织蛋白酶D活性、细胞内中性脂质和消化腺的组织病理学。升温至20°C增加清除率（~ 2.8倍）和能量摄入，但降低同化效率（从93%降至57%）；因此，在20°C时，SFG更高。GFB和温度对呼吸有相互作用：在15°C时，GFB抑制了氧气消耗，而在20°C时，GFB提高了氧气消耗；铵的排泄量没有变化。GFB破坏溶酶体膜的稳定性，导致溶酶体体积和表面积的增加，特别是在20°C时。组织学上，在20°C下，GFB诱导上皮变薄和消化腺萎缩，并伴有憩室完整性丧失和脂肪颗粒细胞耗损。总的来说，GFB在贻贝中作为一种代谢干扰物，损害消化腺的健康。适度升温通过增强过滤和能量获取部分抵消了能量消耗，但不能逆转消化腺细胞和组织水平的损伤。这些结果表明，沿海海域变暖可能会缓冲贝特盐暴露的一些功能后果，同时允许持续的亚致死病理，这意味着降脂药物对海洋生态系统的长期生态风险。
{"title":"Combined impacts of a lipid lowering drug, gemfibrozil, and temperature on bioenergetics and digestive gland function of a marine bivalve Mytilus edulis","authors":"Inna M. Sokolova , Halina Falfushynska , Eugene P. Sokolov , Esther Blanco-Rayón , Xabier Lekube , Ionan Marigómez","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical fibrates are increasingly detected in coastal waters, yet their organism-level effects under realistic thermal regimes remain poorly resolved. We tested how environmentally relevant gemfibrozil (GFB) exposure interacts with temperature to alter bioenergetics and digestive gland condition in the blue mussel <em>Mytilus edulis</em> spp. Adult mussels were exposed for 21 days to 15 °C or 20 °C with or without GFB (25 µg L⁻¹). We quantified clearance rate, assimilation efficiency, energy ingestion, oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, and scope for growth (SFG), and assessed lysosomal membrane stability and structure, cathepsin D activity, intracellular neutral lipids, and histopathology of the digestive gland. Warming to 20 °C increased clearance rate (∼2.8-fold) and energy ingestion but reduced assimilation efficiency (from 93% to 57%); SFG was consequently higher at 20 °C. GFB and temperature interacted on respiration: at 15 °C GFB depressed oxygen consumption, whereas at 20 °C GFB elevated it; ammonium excretion was unchanged. GFB destabilized lysosomal membranes and led to an increase in the lysosomal volume and surface area, particularly at 20 °C. Histologically, GFB induced epithelial thinning and digestive gland atrophy, accompanied by loss of diverticula integrity and depletion of adipogranular cells at 20 °C. Overall, GFB acts as a metabolic disruptor in the mussels, impairing digestive gland health. Moderate warming partly offsets energetic costs by enhancing filtration and energy acquisition but does not reverse cellular and tissue-level damage in the digestive gland. These results indicate that warming coastal seas may buffer some functional consequences of fibrate exposure while allowing persistent sub-lethal pathology, with implications for long-term ecological risk to marine ecosystems from lipid-lowering drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 107654"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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