The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigates accidents across transportation modes and maintains a Most Wanted List of transportation safety issues based on these investigations. This paper examines three investigations of rail and highway accidents conducted by the NTSB, highlighting the human performance safety issues of employee fatigue and distracted driving. The probable causes and safety recommendations resulting from these investigations are reviewed.
{"title":"Perspectives on Human Performance and Safety Management in NTSB Rail and Highway Accident Investigations","authors":"Anne Garcia, Margaret Sweeney","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1002627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002627","url":null,"abstract":"The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigates accidents across transportation modes and maintains a Most Wanted List of transportation safety issues based on these investigations. This paper examines three investigations of rail and highway accidents conducted by the NTSB, highlighting the human performance safety issues of employee fatigue and distracted driving. The probable causes and safety recommendations resulting from these investigations are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133014081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel Henrique Cruz Bonfim, Luiz Carlos Paschoarelli
The present study aimed to conduct a usability test with elderly users, using two Child Resistant Packages (CRPs): one of them is the "Squeeze-and-turn" type and the other is the "Push-down-and-turn" type, in order to identify differences between genders and propose improvements in the design of the caps. The proposed task was to open and close the two packages. The results show that subjects had difficulties with both packages, however the push-down-and-turn package seems to be easier to open, but the satisfaction of use was higher for the squeeze-and-turn package.
{"title":"Comparison Between Two Child-Resistant Packages (CRPs) Through a Usability Test With Elderly People","authors":"Gabriel Henrique Cruz Bonfim, Luiz Carlos Paschoarelli","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1001335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001335","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to conduct a usability test with elderly users, using two Child Resistant Packages (CRPs): one of them is the \"Squeeze-and-turn\" type and the other is the \"Push-down-and-turn\" type, in order to identify differences between genders and propose improvements in the design of the caps. The proposed task was to open and close the two packages. The results show that subjects had difficulties with both packages, however the push-down-and-turn package seems to be easier to open, but the satisfaction of use was higher for the squeeze-and-turn package.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133033905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The software tool EMA (“Editor for Manual Work Activities”) facilitates digital production planning and ergonomics assessment by providing a more efficient and accurate approach to 3D human simulation. EMA uses a modular system for describing human work activities based on a pre-defined library of “complex operations”, which allows the generation and simulation of human movements with highly-automated algorithms. Moreover, EMA includes standard tools for the assessment of ergonomic strains (EAWS – “Ergonomic Assessment Worksheet”) and production time (MTM – “Methods Time Measurement”). After introducing some basic analysis functions of EMA and their typical use cases, this paper presents an evaluation study that examines the validity of EMA ergonomic evaluations in comparison to paper-pencil-assessments with EAWS. Moreover, this paper shows several use cases of the EMA software application in automotive and aviation industry. These applications illustrate that EMA considerably reduces the effort for preparing human simulations and enables the user to analyze ergonomic conditions (body posture, action forces, manual load handling) and productivity (e.g., walk ways) very thoroughly.
{"title":"Interactive Simulation and Ergonomics Assessment of Manual Work With EMA – Applications in Product Development and Production Planning","authors":"L. Fritzsche, Ricardo Schönherr, B. Illmann","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100411","url":null,"abstract":"The software tool EMA (“Editor for Manual Work Activities”) facilitates digital production planning and ergonomics assessment by providing a more efficient and accurate approach to 3D human simulation. EMA uses a modular system for describing human work activities based on a pre-defined library of “complex operations”, which allows the generation and simulation of human movements with highly-automated algorithms. Moreover, EMA includes standard tools for the assessment of ergonomic strains (EAWS – “Ergonomic Assessment Worksheet”) and production time (MTM – “Methods Time Measurement”). After introducing some basic analysis functions of EMA and their typical use cases, this paper presents an evaluation study that examines the validity of EMA ergonomic evaluations in comparison to paper-pencil-assessments with EAWS. Moreover, this paper shows several use cases of the EMA software application in automotive and aviation industry. These applications illustrate that EMA considerably reduces the effort for preparing human simulations and enables the user to analyze ergonomic conditions (body posture, action forces, manual load handling) and productivity (e.g., walk ways) very thoroughly.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"437 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133555860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Špakov, A. Farooq, Hanna Venesvirta, Arto Hippula
Mid-air ultrasound skin stimulation is a known technology used to provide haptic feedback for touchless communication. Even though some in-car interaction already takes place with mid-air gestures, the utilization of this type of feedback is still uncommon. In this study we evaluated how environmental vibration affects the recognition of ultrasound haptic feedback exposed to the driver’s hand. Four skin stimulation shapes of two durations were projected onto the driver’s palm while driving a simulator within a laboratory setting and in a test vehicle on a closed track. Results show that road vibration had a very little effect on driver’s ability to recognize the shape of the stimulation, but, some shapes may require additional training to be recognized consistently. Our findings also suggest that ultrasound haptic output can remain an efficient feedback source even in noisy vibration environments, (i.e., on the road) as compared to conventional vibrotactile feedback, thus drivers can focus their attention more towards the primary task and yet still interact with the onboard IVIS.
{"title":"Ultrasound Feedback for Mid-air Gesture Interaction in Vibrating Environment","authors":"O. Špakov, A. Farooq, Hanna Venesvirta, Arto Hippula","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100929","url":null,"abstract":"Mid-air ultrasound skin stimulation is a known technology used to provide haptic feedback for touchless communication. Even though some in-car interaction already takes place with mid-air gestures, the utilization of this type of feedback is still uncommon. In this study we evaluated how environmental vibration affects the recognition of ultrasound haptic feedback exposed to the driver’s hand. Four skin stimulation shapes of two durations were projected onto the driver’s palm while driving a simulator within a laboratory setting and in a test vehicle on a closed track. Results show that road vibration had a very little effect on driver’s ability to recognize the shape of the stimulation, but, some shapes may require additional training to be recognized consistently. Our findings also suggest that ultrasound haptic output can remain an efficient feedback source even in noisy vibration environments, (i.e., on the road) as compared to conventional vibrotactile feedback, thus drivers can focus their attention more towards the primary task and yet still interact with the onboard IVIS.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133695270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christine D. Braza, Ahmed Seffahb, Pierre Poirierc
User authentication is a vital and critical service in many modern interactive applications including online banking, commerce, government as well as critical infrastructures protection. Such critical software systems should provide highly secure services for establishing if user access should be granted or not. As it will be highlighted in this paper, there is an intrinsic conflict between creating user authentication services that are secure, yet easy to use by the end-users. Our main goal is to adopt a human-centric approach which consists to study the intimate relationship between usability and security before the user authentication service has been implemented and deployed. We propose a framework that models the usability and security symmetry meaning the security consequences of usability issues. It suggests a novel usable security protocol through an inspection method named Usable Security Symmetry for dealing with usable security of user authentication methods that in turns will guide the development of truly secure and usable user authentication systems. The framework uses NGOMSL (Natural Goals, Methods, and Selection Language) to understand the user cognitive processes involved in user authentication while helping to identify and model the diverse situations of conflict between usability and security attributes.
{"title":"Designing Usable, Yet Secure Authentication Services: A User-Centric Protocol","authors":"Christine D. Braza, Ahmed Seffahb, Pierre Poirierc","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100257","url":null,"abstract":"User authentication is a vital and critical service in many modern interactive applications including online banking, commerce, government as well as critical infrastructures protection. Such critical software systems should provide highly secure services for establishing if user access should be granted or not. As it will be highlighted in this paper, there is an intrinsic conflict between creating user authentication services that are secure, yet easy to use by the end-users. Our main goal is to adopt a human-centric approach which consists to study the intimate relationship between usability and security before the user authentication service has been implemented and deployed. We propose a framework that models the usability and security symmetry meaning the security consequences of usability issues. It suggests a novel usable security protocol through an inspection method named Usable Security Symmetry for dealing with usable security of user authentication methods that in turns will guide the development of truly secure and usable user authentication systems. The framework uses NGOMSL (Natural Goals, Methods, and Selection Language) to understand the user cognitive processes involved in user authentication while helping to identify and model the diverse situations of conflict between usability and security attributes.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133270629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research seeks to identify how to design accessible training for semi-literate immigrants that promotes the learning of the Finnish language, culture and digital skills. Semi-structured interviews with 12 semi-literate learners, the teacher and two native language speakers were conducted. The dataset was collected from a private service provider, and it includes a digital footprint of training. The training was a 20 weeks pilot experiment, and it was implemented in early 2020. The design was based on the user's previous experience. The perceived major crucial success factors are empathic and equal interaction, encouragement, ease, trust, security, multilingual and technological support, and competencies of the parts of training. The empathy-based, carefully planned interactive digital design may be effective, attractive and easy for semi-literate learners. The case study of the tablet course encourages further investigation and the development of online training for low-literate learners.
{"title":"Lesson Learned of Tablet Course for Semi-literate Immigrants","authors":"M. Ahola, Anita Hartikainen","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100844","url":null,"abstract":"This research seeks to identify how to design accessible training for semi-literate immigrants that promotes the learning of the Finnish language, culture and digital skills. Semi-structured interviews with 12 semi-literate learners, the teacher and two native language speakers were conducted. The dataset was collected from a private service provider, and it includes a digital footprint of training. The training was a 20 weeks pilot experiment, and it was implemented in early 2020. The design was based on the user's previous experience. The perceived major crucial success factors are empathic and equal interaction, encouragement, ease, trust, security, multilingual and technological support, and competencies of the parts of training. The empathy-based, carefully planned interactive digital design may be effective, attractive and easy for semi-literate learners. The case study of the tablet course encourages further investigation and the development of online training for low-literate learners.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"371 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133304694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Conceicao, Vasco Correia, Inês Conceição, João Gomes, M. Lúcio, H. Awbi
The design of a ventilation system using a vertical confluent multi-jets system is analyzed in this study. In this work is made not only the design, but also the descendent airflow calculation. In the inlet system, the vertical confluents jets system is made with two horizontal ducts located above the head level. The outlet system is built with six vertical ducts located in the central area above the head level. The design was developed inside an experimental chamber with dimensions of 4.50×2.55×2.50 m3 and was built with an inlet and an outlet systems using ducts with 0.15 m diameter. The vertical ducts are made with consecutive nozzles in both sides of the horizontal main duct. The vertical, longitudinal and transversal airflow fields are evaluated. The results show that this ventilation system furthers the extraction of contaminating human bio-effluents and guarantees low levels of Draught Risk.
{"title":"Design of a Ventilation System Using a Vertical Confluent Multi-Jets System","authors":"E. Conceicao, Vasco Correia, Inês Conceição, João Gomes, M. Lúcio, H. Awbi","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100848","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a ventilation system using a vertical confluent multi-jets system is analyzed in this study. In this work is made not only the design, but also the descendent airflow calculation. In the inlet system, the vertical confluents jets system is made with two horizontal ducts located above the head level. The outlet system is built with six vertical ducts located in the central area above the head level. The design was developed inside an experimental chamber with dimensions of 4.50×2.55×2.50 m3 and was built with an inlet and an outlet systems using ducts with 0.15 m diameter. The vertical ducts are made with consecutive nozzles in both sides of the horizontal main duct. The vertical, longitudinal and transversal airflow fields are evaluated. The results show that this ventilation system furthers the extraction of contaminating human bio-effluents and guarantees low levels of Draught Risk.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132585143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Guldenmund, J. Groeneweg, Irene Grossmann, P. Roelofsma, Dimmy Van Dongen, N. Luijcks
In this paper we explore the meaning of safety in health care using the concepts of safety, barrier and risk and the Hazard-Barrier-Target model. Safety at the sharp end of health care very much relies on the decisions and actions of professionals providing care. To create safety at the sharp end we therefore need to focus on safety management processes that deliver measures (barriers) and support conditions in which health care professionals can create and sustain safety while tending to patients.
{"title":"Exploring the meaning of safety in the context of health care","authors":"F. Guldenmund, J. Groeneweg, Irene Grossmann, P. Roelofsma, Dimmy Van Dongen, N. Luijcks","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1002635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002635","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we explore the meaning of safety in health care using the concepts of safety, barrier and risk and the Hazard-Barrier-Target model. Safety at the sharp end of health care very much relies on the decisions and actions of professionals providing care. To create safety at the sharp end we therefore need to focus on safety management processes that deliver measures (barriers) and support conditions in which health care professionals can create and sustain safety while tending to patients.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131688676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ka Wing Frances Wan, J. Yip, Ting Hin Alex Mak, Kenny Yat Hon Kwan, Mei-Chun Cheung, B. Cheng, Kit Lun Yick, Sun Pui Ng
Resistance training exercises can cause adverse effects and even injuries if not executed correctly. The latest pose estimation technologies in computer vision could help provide real-time analysis on exercising motion using on-device cameras. However, to identify whether an individual is performing an exercise correctly, postural deviations or anomalies from the correct patterns must be identified. In this study, a versatile solution is formulated to detect and analyze a specific resistance training exercise – bicep curl using BlazePose and binary tree algorithms in machine learning based on specific pose features. Ten decision tree models are developed to identify ten target pose anomalies including deviated trunk angles and misplaced elbows and wrists. The model sensitivity ranges from 73.7% (external rotated shoulders) to 97.4% (over-flexed trunk). These predicted results would be very useful in giving specific postural advises to learners of fitness exercises. Our research outputs could be extended to other exercises, and be implemented in mobile applications for various purposes such as exergames and sports analysis.
{"title":"Anomaly detection of bicep curl using pose estimation","authors":"Ka Wing Frances Wan, J. Yip, Ting Hin Alex Mak, Kenny Yat Hon Kwan, Mei-Chun Cheung, B. Cheng, Kit Lun Yick, Sun Pui Ng","doi":"10.54941/ahfe1003069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003069","url":null,"abstract":"Resistance training exercises can cause adverse effects and even injuries if not executed correctly. The latest pose estimation technologies in computer vision could help provide real-time analysis on exercising motion using on-device cameras. However, to identify whether an individual is performing an exercise correctly, postural deviations or anomalies from the correct patterns must be identified. In this study, a versatile solution is formulated to detect and analyze a specific resistance training exercise – bicep curl using BlazePose and binary tree algorithms in machine learning based on specific pose features. Ten decision tree models are developed to identify ten target pose anomalies including deviated trunk angles and misplaced elbows and wrists. The model sensitivity ranges from 73.7% (external rotated shoulders) to 97.4% (over-flexed trunk). These predicted results would be very useful in giving specific postural advises to learners of fitness exercises. Our research outputs could be extended to other exercises, and be implemented in mobile applications for various purposes such as exergames and sports analysis.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127461108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aslıhan Tece BayrakDepartment of Game DevelopmentMedia Design SchoolAuckland, New ZealandABSTRACTThe application of using digital technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and health care has increased as a strategy to provide effective and reachable services for a growing elderly population with increasing number of chronic diseases. Similarly, the interest in using game technology and game experience for these purposes is rising. This paper presents a conceptual model for a compassionate game AI that aids the player-patients throughout their gameplay experience. The model outlines how compassion can be injected in the nature of the companion to fulfill its role within a compassionate game. Compassionate game design aims to offer a comforting experience within the challenging nature of games. Complementing this, compassionate AI is uplifting and supportive while also receptive to the dynamics of the game.
{"title":"An Abstract Model for a Compassionate Game AI: Designing a Companion for a Compassionate Game","authors":"A. Tece Bayrak","doi":"10.54941/ahfe100887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100887","url":null,"abstract":"Aslıhan Tece BayrakDepartment of Game DevelopmentMedia Design SchoolAuckland, New ZealandABSTRACTThe application of using digital technologies for diagnosis, treatment, and health care has increased as a strategy to provide effective and reachable services for a growing elderly population with increasing number of chronic diseases. Similarly, the interest in using game technology and game experience for these purposes is rising. This paper presents a conceptual model for a compassionate game AI that aids the player-patients throughout their gameplay experience. The model outlines how compassion can be injected in the nature of the companion to fulfill its role within a compassionate game. Compassionate game design aims to offer a comforting experience within the challenging nature of games. Complementing this, compassionate AI is uplifting and supportive while also receptive to the dynamics of the game.","PeriodicalId":259265,"journal":{"name":"AHFE International","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133804739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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