Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124936
Gang Huang , Bing Li , Chengguo Li , Baizhong Chen , Yapeng Li , Shuying Li , Lishe Gan , Dongli Li , Lei Chen , Chengwei He , Xueling Zhang , Ren-You Gan , Rihui Wu
The precise interaction between gut microbes and dietary polysaccharides is not fully understood. This study elucidated the structure-function relationship and the underlying mechanisms of polysaccharides derived from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae ‘Chachiensis’ (PCRCP) against a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS). Three subfractions (PCRCPI-III) were isolated, with GalA contents of 79.7%, 56.7%, and 33.5% and average molecular weights of 48.85, 32.28, and 51.12 kDa, respectively. Notably, PCRCPI exhibits a linear backbone composed of →4)-GalA-(1→ residues, complemented by side chains of →5)-Ara-(1→ and →4)-Gal-(1→, interconnected via →2,4)-Rha-(1→ linkages. Their efficacy in mitigating MetS was structure-dependent, with PCRCPI exerting the most significant therapeutic effects. Oral administration of PCRCPI in mice alleviated metabolic phenotypes in a gut microbiota-dependent manner, characterized by the selective enrichment of an elongation taxonomic chain Lactobacillales-Lactobacillaceae-Lactobacillus-Lactobacillus spp. Colonization with live Lactobacillus strains enhanced the efficacy of PCRCPI in improving metabolic phenotypes, especially when co-administered with Lactobacillus murinus, which synergistically augmented insulin sensitivity and activated hepatic PPAR signaling. Additionally, PCRCPI increased microbial-derived deoxycholic acid, which activated PPAR-mediated fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. These findings suggest that PCRCPI may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for MetS management, potentially through the targeted stimulation of beneficia Lactobacillus proliferation.
肠道微生物与膳食多糖之间的确切相互作用尚不完全清楚。本研究阐明了柑橘皮多糖（PCRCP）抗高脂饮食（HFD）诱导的代谢综合征（MetS）的结构-功能关系及其潜在机制。分离得到3个亚分（PCRCPI-III）， GalA含量分别为79.7%、56.7%和33.5%，平均分子量分别为48.85、32.28和51.12 kDa。值得注意的是，PCRCPI呈现出由→4)- gala -(1)→残基组成的线性主链，辅之以→5)- ara -(1→和→4)- gal -(1→侧链，通过→2,4)- rha -(1→键相互连接。它们缓解MetS的疗效是结构依赖的，其中PCRCPI发挥最显著的治疗效果。小鼠口服PCRCPI以肠道菌群依赖的方式缓解代谢表型，其特征是选择性富集延伸分类链乳酸杆菌-乳酸杆菌科-乳酸杆菌-乳杆菌属。与活乳杆菌菌株定殖可增强PCRCPI改善代谢表型的功效，特别是与乳酸菌共同给药时。协同增强胰岛素敏感性和激活肝脏PPAR信号。此外，PCRCPI增加微生物来源的脱氧胆酸，激活肝细胞中ppar介导的脂肪酸氧化。这些发现表明，PCRCPI可能作为一种有前途的治疗药物，用于MetS的管理，可能通过靶向刺激有益乳杆菌的增殖。
{"title":"Structure-function relationship of polysaccharides derived from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 'Chachiensis': highlighting the effects on metabolic syndrome by regulating gut microbiota","authors":"Gang Huang , Bing Li , Chengguo Li , Baizhong Chen , Yapeng Li , Shuying Li , Lishe Gan , Dongli Li , Lei Chen , Chengwei He , Xueling Zhang , Ren-You Gan , Rihui Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The precise interaction between gut microbes and dietary polysaccharides is not fully understood. This study elucidated the structure-function relationship and the underlying mechanisms of polysaccharides derived from <em>Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae</em> ‘Chachiensis’ (PCRCP) against a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS). Three subfractions (PCRCPI-III) were isolated, with GalA contents of 79.7%, 56.7%, and 33.5% and average molecular weights of 48.85, 32.28, and 51.12 kDa, respectively. Notably, PCRCPI exhibits a linear backbone composed of →4)-GalA-(1→ residues, complemented by side chains of →5)-Ara-(1→ and →4)-Gal-(1→, interconnected via →2,4)-Rha-(1→ linkages. Their efficacy in mitigating MetS was structure-dependent, with PCRCPI exerting the most significant therapeutic effects. Oral administration of PCRCPI in mice alleviated metabolic phenotypes in a gut microbiota-dependent manner, characterized by the selective enrichment of an elongation taxonomic chain <em>Lactobacillales</em>-<em>Lactobacillaceae</em>-<em>Lactobacillus</em>-<em>Lactobacillus</em> spp. Colonization with live <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains enhanced the efficacy of PCRCPI in improving metabolic phenotypes, especially when co-administered with <em>Lactobacillus murinus</em>, which synergistically augmented insulin sensitivity and activated hepatic PPAR signaling. Additionally, PCRCPI increased microbial-derived deoxycholic acid, which activated PPAR-mediated fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. These findings suggest that PCRCPI may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for MetS management, potentially through the targeted stimulation of beneficia <em>Lactobacillus</em> proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124936"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124969
Jian Li , Jinsong Wang , Yang Huang , Yuqian Liu , Huining Xiao , Farzad Seidi
Conventional tumor chemotherapy faces limitations including drug resistance, high toxicity, non-selectivity, and side effects. Nano-drug delivery systems (DDSs) demonstrate stronger efficacy via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of a promising solution: redox-responsive drug delivery systems engineered from biocompatible polysaccharides. It exclusively details how the distinct reductive (glutathione, GSH) and oxidative (reactive oxygen species, ROS) species within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be exploited for triggered drug release. We systematically evaluate a wide range of responsive groups – from established and emerging linkages such as disulfides, diselenides, thioketals, arylboronates, Pt (IV)- and ferrocene-based structures – integrated with versatile polysaccharide carriers. This review critically examines how these designs not only facilitate selective drug release and activation within tumor site but also enable active targeting (for instance via CD44 receptors) and synergistic combination therapies including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss the key challenges in clinical translation and offer a perspective on integrating artificial intelligence for the design of personalized nanomedicines. This review by combining design approaches, their efficacy, and limitations assist scientists to select the optimal polysaccharide and most effective redox-responsive group to maximize anticancer effect and minimize off-target effects.
{"title":"Recent advances in redox-responsive polysaccharide-based nanostructures for cancer therapy","authors":"Jian Li , Jinsong Wang , Yang Huang , Yuqian Liu , Huining Xiao , Farzad Seidi","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional tumor chemotherapy faces limitations including drug resistance, high toxicity, non-selectivity, and side effects. Nano-drug delivery systems (DDSs) demonstrate stronger efficacy via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of a promising solution: redox-responsive drug delivery systems engineered from biocompatible polysaccharides. It exclusively details how the distinct reductive (glutathione, GSH) and oxidative (reactive oxygen species, ROS) species within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be exploited for triggered drug release. We systematically evaluate a wide range of responsive groups – from established and emerging linkages such as disulfides, diselenides, thioketals, arylboronates, Pt (IV)- and ferrocene-based structures – integrated with versatile polysaccharide carriers. This review critically examines how these designs not only facilitate selective drug release and activation within tumor site but also enable active targeting (for instance via CD44 receptors) and synergistic combination therapies including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss the key challenges in clinical translation and offer a perspective on integrating artificial intelligence for the design of personalized nanomedicines. This review by combining design approaches, their efficacy, and limitations assist scientists to select the optimal polysaccharide and most effective redox-responsive group to maximize anticancer effect and minimize off-target effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124969"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125027
Thi Be Ta Truong , Thi Ngoc Linh Nguyen , Trong Nguyen Le , Ba Long Do , Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen , Minh Vuong Phan , Quynh Nhu Pham , Thanh Gia-Thien Ho , Tri Nguyen
The intensifying challenge of dye-laden industrial wastewater demands catalytic systems that are both highly efficient and environmentally sustainable. Herein, we report a multifunctional hydrogel-based composite catalyst consisting of silver nanoparticles immobilized on activated carbon–chitosan hydrogel beads (Ag/AC–CS Specifically, AgNPs were synthesized via a green route using Passiflora edulis peel extract as a dual reducing and stabilizing agent, in which polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid reduce Ag+ to Ag0, while their oxygen-containing functional groups simultaneously cap and stabilize the resulting nanoparticles. The residual biomass after extraction was further valorized into activated carbon (AC), enabling full utilization of the agricultural waste within a circular economy framework. The hydrogel support was formed by ionic crosslinking of chitosan (CS) with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), which effectively immobilized AgNPs, minimized metal leaching, and allowed facile recovery. Comprehensive structural characterization using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed uniformly dispersed AgNPs with an average particle size of 15.57 ± 3.64 nm and strong metal–support interactions. In the catalytic reduction of methyl orange (MO) using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reducing agent, the Ag/AC–CS catalyst achieved 97.35% dye removal within 30 min, with an apparent rate constant of k = 0.127 min−1 under optimized conditions. Notably, continuous fixed-bed operation enabled sustained MO removal performance over five consecutive cycles, with superior stability and throughput compared to batch operation, accompanied by minimal Ag loss and preserved structural integrity. This integrated strategy combining green nanoparticle synthesis, biomass valorization, and a scalable fixed-bed configuration highlights Ag/AC–CS as a promising next-generation catalyst for sustainable and industrially relevant dye remediation.
{"title":"Passiflora edulis peel-bioinspired nanosilver/activated carbon-chitosan hydrogel beads - a low-cost, recyclable and robust catalyst for methyl orange reduction","authors":"Thi Be Ta Truong , Thi Ngoc Linh Nguyen , Trong Nguyen Le , Ba Long Do , Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen , Minh Vuong Phan , Quynh Nhu Pham , Thanh Gia-Thien Ho , Tri Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensifying challenge of dye-laden industrial wastewater demands catalytic systems that are both highly efficient and environmentally sustainable. Herein, we report a multifunctional hydrogel-based composite catalyst consisting of silver nanoparticles immobilized on activated carbon–chitosan hydrogel beads (Ag/AC–CS Specifically, AgNPs were synthesized via a green route using <em>Passiflora edulis</em> peel extract as a dual reducing and stabilizing agent, in which polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid reduce Ag<sup>+</sup> to Ag<sup>0</sup>, while their oxygen-containing functional groups simultaneously cap and stabilize the resulting nanoparticles. The residual biomass after extraction was further valorized into activated carbon (AC), enabling full utilization of the agricultural waste within a circular economy framework. The hydrogel support was formed by ionic crosslinking of chitosan (CS) with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), which effectively immobilized AgNPs, minimized metal leaching, and allowed facile recovery. Comprehensive structural characterization using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed uniformly dispersed AgNPs with an average particle size of 15.57 ± 3.64 nm and strong metal–support interactions. In the catalytic reduction of methyl orange (MO) using sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) as the reducing agent, the Ag/AC–CS catalyst achieved 97.35% dye removal within 30 min, with an apparent rate constant of k = 0.127 min<sup>−1</sup> under optimized conditions. Notably, continuous fixed-bed operation enabled sustained MO removal performance over five consecutive cycles, with superior stability and throughput compared to batch operation, accompanied by minimal Ag loss and preserved structural integrity. This integrated strategy combining green nanoparticle synthesis, biomass valorization, and a scalable fixed-bed configuration highlights Ag/AC–CS as a promising next-generation catalyst for sustainable and industrially relevant dye remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 125027"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125051
Xinxin Chen , Mengxiang Dang , Longfei Sun , Yusong Xu , Yu Liu , Lin Liu , Guocheng Zhu , Juming Yao
Cellulose-based radiative cooler has attracted significant attention due to its inherent infrared emissivity, customizable structure and eco-friendliness, but is restrained by low solar reflectance and environmental durability. This work addresses these challenges by integrating hexagonal boron nitride (BN) into cellulose matrix to form robust and thermal insulated cellulose porous films. BN serves as dual-functional filler which can strengthen the mechanical property, simultaneously induce the multi-scattering interfaces to enhance solar reflectance. Such designed cellulose composite films (RPCFBN-40) possessed abundant and regular porous architecture, achieved the enhanced solar reflectance of 95.69% and infrared emissivity of 0.89. Benefiting from the micro-nano pore structures and high refractive BN, RPCFBN-40 displayed exceptional thermal insulation with high thermal blocking ratio of 81.31%. The synergistically integrated radiative cooling and thermal insulation capabilities enabled RPCFBN-40 with a maximum temperature drop of 19 °C under strong sunlight, and 5.3 °C on cloudy day, as well as 3.1 °C at night, demonstrating high-efficiency outdoor radiative cooling. Importantly, the structural integrity and the solar reflectance of RPCFBN-40 were maintained after 360 h of UV aging. Thus, this work provides a feasible strategy to fabricate effective and durable cellulose radiative cooling materials in diverse weather conditions.
{"title":"Robust, thermal insulated cellulose porous films for durable and efficient radiative cooling","authors":"Xinxin Chen , Mengxiang Dang , Longfei Sun , Yusong Xu , Yu Liu , Lin Liu , Guocheng Zhu , Juming Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose-based radiative cooler has attracted significant attention due to its inherent infrared emissivity, customizable structure and eco-friendliness, but is restrained by low solar reflectance and environmental durability. This work addresses these challenges by integrating hexagonal boron nitride (BN) into cellulose matrix to form robust and thermal insulated cellulose porous films. BN serves as dual-functional filler which can strengthen the mechanical property, simultaneously induce the multi-scattering interfaces to enhance solar reflectance. Such designed cellulose composite films (RPCF<sub>BN-40</sub>) possessed abundant and regular porous architecture, achieved the enhanced solar reflectance of 95.69% and infrared emissivity of 0.89. Benefiting from the micro-nano pore structures and high refractive BN, RPCF<sub>BN-40</sub> displayed exceptional thermal insulation with high thermal blocking ratio of 81.31%. The synergistically integrated radiative cooling and thermal insulation capabilities enabled RPCF<sub>BN-40</sub> with a maximum temperature drop of 19 °C under strong sunlight, and 5.3 °C on cloudy day, as well as 3.1 °C at night, demonstrating high-efficiency outdoor radiative cooling. Importantly, the structural integrity and the solar reflectance of RPCF<sub>BN-40</sub> were maintained after 360 h of UV aging. Thus, this work provides a feasible strategy to fabricate effective and durable cellulose radiative cooling materials in diverse weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 125051"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124954
Shichao Bi , Jinchang Liang , Guohui Sun , Jiakui Ren , Xiaoqiang Wang , Bo Tang
Alkali/urea solvents enable rapid dissolution of chitin and chitosan, advancing homogeneous chemical modification and functional materials construction. Nevertheless, the pronounced tendency of these solutions to gel at elevated temperatures critically limits their utility in thermally driven reactions. We demonstrate that initially dissolved chitin chains retain residual inter-chain associations, facilitating hydrogen-bond-driven crosslinking and aggregation during heating. To circumvent this limitation, we introduced a post-dissolution low-temperature conditioning strategy (−20 °C for ≥24 h). This treatment profoundly enhances molecular dispersion, yielding solutions with exceptional thermal stability that retain fluidity for >24 h at 55 °C. Leveraging this stabilized system, we achieved efficient homogeneous alkylation, carboxylation, and quaternization of chitin at 55 °C. The reactions proceeded with high efficiency, affording derivatives with degrees of substitution (DS) exceeding 90%. Critically, quaternized chitin exhibited excellent water solubility. This work resolves a fundamental limitation in chitin processing and versatile and efficient route for thermally demanding homogeneous chemistry using alkali/urea solvents, broadening their applicability in biopolymer functionalization.
{"title":"Thermally stable alkaline chitin solutions via cryogenic processing enable homogeneous functionalization","authors":"Shichao Bi , Jinchang Liang , Guohui Sun , Jiakui Ren , Xiaoqiang Wang , Bo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alkali/urea solvents enable rapid dissolution of chitin and chitosan, advancing homogeneous chemical modification and functional materials construction. Nevertheless, the pronounced tendency of these solutions to gel at elevated temperatures critically limits their utility in thermally driven reactions. We demonstrate that initially dissolved chitin chains retain residual inter-chain associations, facilitating hydrogen-bond-driven crosslinking and aggregation during heating. To circumvent this limitation, we introduced a post-dissolution low-temperature conditioning strategy (−20 °C for ≥24 h). This treatment profoundly enhances molecular dispersion, yielding solutions with exceptional thermal stability that retain fluidity for >24 h at 55 °C. Leveraging this stabilized system, we achieved efficient homogeneous alkylation, carboxylation, and quaternization of chitin at 55 °C. The reactions proceeded with high efficiency, affording derivatives with degrees of substitution (DS) exceeding 90%. Critically, quaternized chitin exhibited excellent water solubility. This work resolves a fundamental limitation in chitin processing and versatile and efficient route for thermally demanding homogeneous chemistry using alkali/urea solvents, broadening their applicability in biopolymer functionalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124954"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125016
Jianyu Ren , Xianyao Li , Yubo Huang , Zhengbiao Gu , Yan Hong , Zhaofeng Li , Caiming Li , Xiaofeng Ban , Li Cheng
Starch-based thermo-extrusion 3D printing inks commonly suffer from low precision and poor stability, coupled with weak gel strength, rendering them unsuitable for diverse applications. This study proposes that a calcium chloride-mediated gelation strategy effectively addresses these issues. To this end, we prepared a series of inks using corn starch with varying amylose contents through a two-step method combined with high-concentration calcium chloride, followed by systematic characterization. Results demonstrate that high-amylose starch-based inks exhibit superior printability. Calcium chloride disrupts the starch's natural crystalline structure, forming a stable amorphous network that significantly enhances water retention and print resolution. Among these, the G50–29% gel exhibits optimal comprehensive properties, featuring excellent tensile and compressive strength. This efficient, scalable method significantly enhances the printability, mechanical strength, and structural stability of starch-based inks, laying the foundation for their application in flexible sensors and other fields.
{"title":"Robust and precise three-dimensional printing of high-amylose starch gels via concentrated calcium chloride regulation","authors":"Jianyu Ren , Xianyao Li , Yubo Huang , Zhengbiao Gu , Yan Hong , Zhaofeng Li , Caiming Li , Xiaofeng Ban , Li Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Starch-based thermo-extrusion 3D printing inks commonly suffer from low precision and poor stability, coupled with weak gel strength, rendering them unsuitable for diverse applications. This study proposes that a calcium chloride-mediated gelation strategy effectively addresses these issues. To this end, we prepared a series of inks using corn starch with varying amylose contents through a two-step method combined with high-concentration calcium chloride, followed by systematic characterization. Results demonstrate that high-amylose starch-based inks exhibit superior printability. Calcium chloride disrupts the starch's natural crystalline structure, forming a stable amorphous network that significantly enhances water retention and print resolution. Among these, the G50–29% gel exhibits optimal comprehensive properties, featuring excellent tensile and compressive strength. This efficient, scalable method significantly enhances the printability, mechanical strength, and structural stability of starch-based inks, laying the foundation for their application in flexible sensors and other fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 125016"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124970
Nuo Chen , Xijia Zhang , Weichao Cao , Hong Tian , Xiao Hua
This study investigates the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jet-activated gas (APPJ) treatment on pectin and its nanoparticles (APPJ-pectin NPs), and explores their applications in oral insulin delivery systems. The results showed that as APPJ treatment progressed, the molecular weight of pectin significantly decreased, while the degree of esterification increased and its hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties altered. The insulin encapsulation efficiency of APPJ-pectin NPs exhibited minimal variation during the initial stage of treatment. In vitro release studies showed that APPJ-pectin NPs protected insulin in simulated gastric fluid and gradually released it at neutral pH, with the release rate initially decreasing and then increasing with extended APPJ treatment. The hemolysis rates of all samples ranged from 2% to 5%, suggesting that APPJ-pectin NPs exhibited favorable hemocompatibility. APPJ-pectin NPs primarily underwent transepithelial transport via the transcellular pathway, being internalized by endocytosis and subsequently transported intracellularly into the bloodstream. The transepithelial transport efficiency of APPJ-pectin NPs was evaluated using the Transwell system. APPJ treatment significantly increased the transport efficiency, with A60-NPs showing a 57.14% increase compared to the control. Confocal laser scanning microscope observations and flow cytometry experiments further confirmed this result, demonstrating that the uptake of APPJ-pectin NPs by Caco-2 cells was time-dependent, with A60-NPs exhibiting the highest uptake efficiency.
{"title":"Preparation of nanoparticles from atmospheric pressure plasma jet-activated gas modified pectin for oral insulin delivery","authors":"Nuo Chen , Xijia Zhang , Weichao Cao , Hong Tian , Xiao Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jet-activated gas (APPJ) treatment on pectin and its nanoparticles (APPJ-pectin NPs), and explores their applications in oral insulin delivery systems. The results showed that as APPJ treatment progressed, the molecular weight of pectin significantly decreased, while the degree of esterification increased and its hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties altered. The insulin encapsulation efficiency of APPJ-pectin NPs exhibited minimal variation during the initial stage of treatment. In vitro release studies showed that APPJ-pectin NPs protected insulin in simulated gastric fluid and gradually released it at neutral pH, with the release rate initially decreasing and then increasing with extended APPJ treatment. The hemolysis rates of all samples ranged from 2% to 5%, suggesting that APPJ-pectin NPs exhibited favorable hemocompatibility. APPJ-pectin NPs primarily underwent transepithelial transport via the transcellular pathway, being internalized by endocytosis and subsequently transported intracellularly into the bloodstream. The transepithelial transport efficiency of APPJ-pectin NPs was evaluated using the Transwell system. APPJ treatment significantly increased the transport efficiency, with A60-NPs showing a 57.14% increase compared to the control. Confocal laser scanning microscope observations and flow cytometry experiments further confirmed this result, demonstrating that the uptake of APPJ-pectin NPs by Caco-2 cells was time-dependent, with A60-NPs exhibiting the highest uptake efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124970"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125021
Felix Netzer , Avinash P. Manian , Alistair W.T. King , Thomas Bechtold , Tung Pham
In the reaction system consisting of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), sodium hydroxide, cellulose and H2O, it is widely accepted that the low reaction yield is the result of fast alkaline hydrolysis of CHPTAC. Some inconsistencies remain unexplained by rapid hydrolysis alone, indicating the need to understand the role of the cellulose-NaOH interaction to advance beyond the current state of the art. This raises two key questions: is NaOH uptake on cellulose decisive for cationisation yield, and is all epoxide consumed by end of the cationisation? Investigations into the reactions rates were conducted in the absence and the presence of cellulose fibres by applying a novel ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography method and nitrogen analysis to quantify both reactant in solution and product formation. It was found that hydrolysis rates are slower in the presence of the fibre, which was attributed to sorption of reactants, particularly sodium hydroxide, onto the fibre. The bonding of CHPTAC to cellulose shows initially high reaction rates but approaches a plateau, even though 40% of the cationisation agent is still available in solution. This phenomenon is attributed to the consumption of “active” (deprotonated) cellulose sites, highlighting the need for improved understanding of the cellulose-NaOH interaction, and its influence on derivatisation reactions.
{"title":"Investigation of the reaction kinetics of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) with cellulose fibres","authors":"Felix Netzer , Avinash P. Manian , Alistair W.T. King , Thomas Bechtold , Tung Pham","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the reaction system consisting of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-<em>N</em>,<em>N</em>,<em>N</em>-trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), sodium hydroxide, cellulose and H<sub>2</sub>O, it is widely accepted that the low reaction yield is the result of fast alkaline hydrolysis of CHPTAC. Some inconsistencies remain unexplained by rapid hydrolysis alone, indicating the need to understand the role of the cellulose-NaOH interaction to advance beyond the current state of the art. This raises two key questions: is NaOH uptake on cellulose decisive for cationisation yield, and is all epoxide consumed by end of the cationisation? Investigations into the reactions rates were conducted in the absence and the presence of cellulose fibres by applying a novel ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography method and nitrogen analysis to quantify both reactant in solution and product formation. It was found that hydrolysis rates are slower in the presence of the fibre, which was attributed to sorption of reactants, particularly sodium hydroxide, onto the fibre. The bonding of CHPTAC to cellulose shows initially high reaction rates but approaches a plateau, even though 40% of the cationisation agent is still available in solution. This phenomenon is attributed to the consumption of “active” (deprotonated) cellulose sites, highlighting the need for improved understanding of the cellulose-NaOH interaction, and its influence on derivatisation reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 125021"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124949
Tobias Benselfelt , Noah Al-Shamery , Dace Gao , Pooi See Lee
Conducting polymers are essential for soft bioelectronics, but they are challenging to process into homogeneous, low-solidity hydrogels due to their poor solubility and tendency to agglomerate. Here, we utilize cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels as a percolating template for the vapor-phase assisted polymerization of conducting polymers. Pyrrole efficiently polymerizes within the hydrated CNF network, forming a conformal polypyrrole (PPy) coating that yields conductivities approaching 100 S/m and charge storage of 16 mAh/g (dry) or capacitance of 52 F/g solids at 93 wt% water content. The CNF framework induces rod-like percolation of the PPy phase, producing unusually low percolation thresholds and non-universal transport exponents. Long-aspect-ratio fibrils further enhance conductivity by increasing the number of effective junctions, and PPy stiffens the hydrogels (0.2–1.5 MPa) by locking these junctions. Glycerol could be used as the liquid phase to prevent evaporation and these gels remained conductive and dimensionally stable in air. Comparison with liquid-phase polymerization highlights that vapor delivery minimizes skin formation and enables more uniform bulk coverage. Finally, we demonstrate 2D/3D patterning and conductive filament fabrication, underscoring vapor-phase polymerization as a versatile route for soft conducting materials, electrodes, and patterned hydrogel devices.
{"title":"Rod-like percolation of conducting polymers via vapor-phase polymerization into cellulose nanofibril hydrogels","authors":"Tobias Benselfelt , Noah Al-Shamery , Dace Gao , Pooi See Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conducting polymers are essential for soft bioelectronics, but they are challenging to process into homogeneous, low-solidity hydrogels due to their poor solubility and tendency to agglomerate. Here, we utilize cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels as a percolating template for the vapor-phase assisted polymerization of conducting polymers. Pyrrole efficiently polymerizes within the hydrated CNF network, forming a conformal polypyrrole (PPy) coating that yields conductivities approaching 100 S/m and charge storage of 16 mAh/g (dry) or capacitance of 52 F/g solids at 93 wt% water content. The CNF framework induces rod-like percolation of the PPy phase, producing unusually low percolation thresholds and non-universal transport exponents. Long-aspect-ratio fibrils further enhance conductivity by increasing the number of effective junctions, and PPy stiffens the hydrogels (0.2–1.5 MPa) by locking these junctions. Glycerol could be used as the liquid phase to prevent evaporation and these gels remained conductive and dimensionally stable in air. Comparison with liquid-phase polymerization highlights that vapor delivery minimizes skin formation and enables more uniform bulk coverage. Finally, we demonstrate 2D/3D patterning and conductive filament fabrication, underscoring vapor-phase polymerization as a versatile route for soft conducting materials, electrodes, and patterned hydrogel devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124949"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-05-01Epub Date: 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124983
Shanshan Li , Lixin Xia , Shuo Wang , Ruibao Ju , Zi Han , Xiansen Lv , Baoqin Han , Jinhua Chi
Acute liver injury (ALI) caused by acetaminophen (APAP) has a high incidence rate worldwide, and severe cases may cause liver failure or even death. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), as an effective treatment drug approved for clinical application in ALI, has limitations such as a short half-life and the requirement for high-dose injections. Consequently, it is imperative to optimize new administration method of NAC and promote alternative therapeutic strategies for ALI. Herein, hydrogel patches ONC composed of oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) and NAC-grafted CMCS were developed, and their reparative effects on APAP-induced ALI were investigated. ONC hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility and appropriate biodegradability, and favorable hemostatic effects in the liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ONC could promote the proliferation and migration of hepatocytes, as well as the angiogenesis of HUVECs. By establishing an APAP-induced ALI model in mice, liver enzymes after ONC hydrogel patches treatment recovered to near-normal levels. Moreover, histological examination, RT-qPCR, and transcriptome sequencing results demonstrated that ONC patches could reduce the expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in the liver, while simultaneously activating antioxidant-related signaling pathways, thereby promoting the regeneration and functional repair of damaged tissues. Therefore, ONC hydrogel patches may be a promising alternative strategy for treating ALI.
{"title":"N-acetylcysteine-functionalized biodegradable polysaccharide hydrogel patches for the repair of acute liver injury","authors":"Shanshan Li , Lixin Xia , Shuo Wang , Ruibao Ju , Zi Han , Xiansen Lv , Baoqin Han , Jinhua Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.124983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute liver injury (ALI) caused by acetaminophen (APAP) has a high incidence rate worldwide, and severe cases may cause liver failure or even death. <em>N</em>-acetylcysteine (NAC), as an effective treatment drug approved for clinical application in ALI, has limitations such as a short half-life and the requirement for high-dose injections. Consequently, it is imperative to optimize new administration method of NAC and promote alternative therapeutic strategies for ALI. Herein, hydrogel patches ONC composed of oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) and NAC-grafted CMCS were developed, and their reparative effects on APAP-induced ALI were investigated. ONC hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility and appropriate biodegradability, and favorable hemostatic effects in the liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ONC could promote the proliferation and migration of hepatocytes, as well as the angiogenesis of HUVECs. By establishing an APAP-induced ALI model in mice, liver enzymes after ONC hydrogel patches treatment recovered to near-normal levels. Moreover, histological examination, RT-qPCR, and transcriptome sequencing results demonstrated that ONC patches could reduce the expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in the liver, while simultaneously activating antioxidant-related signaling pathways, thereby promoting the regeneration and functional repair of damaged tissues. Therefore, ONC hydrogel patches may be a promising alternative strategy for treating ALI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"379 ","pages":"Article 124983"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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