Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5352071
Xiaojie Zhuang, K. Sekiyama, T. Fukuda
In this paper, we present the evaluation of human's emotion by using brain waves. As an honest characteristic of fluctuating of human's emotion, EEG electroencephalography (EEG) has been studied by many researchers these years. P300 as an important endogenous component of event-related potential (ERP), affects people's concentration of attention. In general EEG researches, comfortableness was always concerned, while achievement and nervousness was rarely reported. In this paper, we try to measure and compare P300 by achievement stimulus and nervousness stimulus. The experiment is a game called “Finding Difference”, which focuses on the visual irritation. By “Signal Averaging”, we abstract the ERP, and studied the appearance of P300 (P: positive, 300: latency of 300ms), and estimate the concentration stimulated by achievement and nervousness. As the result, we found that in the case of nervousness stimulus, P300 appeared more apparently than that in the case of achievement stimulus.
{"title":"Evaluation of human sense by biological information analysis","authors":"Xiaojie Zhuang, K. Sekiyama, T. Fukuda","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5352071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5352071","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the evaluation of human's emotion by using brain waves. As an honest characteristic of fluctuating of human's emotion, EEG electroencephalography (EEG) has been studied by many researchers these years. P300 as an important endogenous component of event-related potential (ERP), affects people's concentration of attention. In general EEG researches, comfortableness was always concerned, while achievement and nervousness was rarely reported. In this paper, we try to measure and compare P300 by achievement stimulus and nervousness stimulus. The experiment is a game called “Finding Difference”, which focuses on the visual irritation. By “Signal Averaging”, we abstract the ERP, and studied the appearance of P300 (P: positive, 300: latency of 300ms), and estimate the concentration stimulated by achievement and nervousness. As the result, we found that in the case of nervousness stimulus, P300 appeared more apparently than that in the case of achievement stimulus.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"59 23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123617579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5351831
M. Kojima, M. Ohno, M. Nakajima, M. Homma, K. Takiguchi, T. Kondo, T. Fukuda
In this paper, we try to establish newly technique that the components of the biological clock are reconstituted into the liposome. In other words, we try to produce a nano size clock, capsulated into the liposome, made by protein molecules. The biological clock is a basic cellular system found in almost all organisms. This clock generates self-sustained oscillations under constant conditions with a ^24-hour (circadian) period. Only three proteins in cyanobacteria reconstituted biological clock. We reconstitute these proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into phospholipid-coated microdroplet and confirmed the clock function. This system will reveal more detailed about biological clock system and bring application possibility, such as drug delivery.
{"title":"Reconstitution of biological clock into phospholipid-coated microdroplet","authors":"M. Kojima, M. Ohno, M. Nakajima, M. Homma, K. Takiguchi, T. Kondo, T. Fukuda","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5351831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5351831","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we try to establish newly technique that the components of the biological clock are reconstituted into the liposome. In other words, we try to produce a nano size clock, capsulated into the liposome, made by protein molecules. The biological clock is a basic cellular system found in almost all organisms. This clock generates self-sustained oscillations under constant conditions with a ^24-hour (circadian) period. Only three proteins in cyanobacteria reconstituted biological clock. We reconstitute these proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into phospholipid-coated microdroplet and confirmed the clock function. This system will reveal more detailed about biological clock system and bring application possibility, such as drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129783181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5351918
Y. Yoshikawa, N. Makita, Mari Suzuki, Eri Shindo, Chika Watanabe, T. Kanai, T. Imanaka, T. Kanbe, K. Yoshikawa
We investigated the interaction of large DNA with protamine, a small basic protein, using fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. In most vertebrate sperm cells, a large DNA is packaged by protamine into a highly compact, biologically inactive form of chromatin. The manner of packaging plays a key role in spermatogenesis. We found that, with increase of protamine concentration, DNA molecules show the conformational change from an elongated coil state into a compact state through the occurrence of the intermediate state. We also show that the higher-order structure of DNA-protamine complex can be controlled by optical tweezers (Nd YAG laser, 1064 nm) without any structural modification of DNA such as an attachment of plastic beads. These results are discussed in relation to the biological meaning.
{"title":"Controlling the higher-order structure of DNA-protamine complex","authors":"Y. Yoshikawa, N. Makita, Mari Suzuki, Eri Shindo, Chika Watanabe, T. Kanai, T. Imanaka, T. Kanbe, K. Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5351918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5351918","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the interaction of large DNA with protamine, a small basic protein, using fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. In most vertebrate sperm cells, a large DNA is packaged by protamine into a highly compact, biologically inactive form of chromatin. The manner of packaging plays a key role in spermatogenesis. We found that, with increase of protamine concentration, DNA molecules show the conformational change from an elongated coil state into a compact state through the occurrence of the intermediate state. We also show that the higher-order structure of DNA-protamine complex can be controlled by optical tweezers (Nd YAG laser, 1064 nm) without any structural modification of DNA such as an attachment of plastic beads. These results are discussed in relation to the biological meaning.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128725968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5352025
Zhan Yang, M. Nakajima, T. Fukuda
This paper presets the assembly of a functional device with double metal nanowire. A PZT cantilever was used for electrodes of the device and etched by FIB. Two carbon nanotubes (CNT) were assembled to the separated electrodes of PZT cantilever. A tungsten probe is etched by focused ion beam (FIB) into 300 nm in diameter and 25.4 μm in length. Then the probe is coated by parylene and cut the tip to open the tungsten. A tungsten nanowire with 907nm in length and a platinum nanowire with 209 nm in length grew from the tip of the CNTs via field emission by introducing hexacabonyl tungsten and trimethyl cyclopentadienyl platinum individually inside a field emission electron microscope.
{"title":"Assembly of functional nanodebice using platinum/ tungsten nanowire","authors":"Zhan Yang, M. Nakajima, T. Fukuda","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5352025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5352025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presets the assembly of a functional device with double metal nanowire. A PZT cantilever was used for electrodes of the device and etched by FIB. Two carbon nanotubes (CNT) were assembled to the separated electrodes of PZT cantilever. A tungsten probe is etched by focused ion beam (FIB) into 300 nm in diameter and 25.4 μm in length. Then the probe is coated by parylene and cut the tip to open the tungsten. A tungsten nanowire with 907nm in length and a platinum nanowire with 209 nm in length grew from the tip of the CNTs via field emission by introducing hexacabonyl tungsten and trimethyl cyclopentadienyl platinum individually inside a field emission electron microscope.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129816897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5351924
S. Maruo, Yohei Saito
We proposed a novel viscous micropump driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam (LG beam). The micropump consists of a U-shaped microchannel and a microrotor. In this micropump, the rotation of the microrotor enables to transport fluid by use of the viscous drag surrounding the microrotor. To rotate the microrotor, we developed an optical manipulation system using a LG beam. Since LG beam has orbital angular momentum, it enables to rotate multiple microparticles along its doughnut-ring-like transversal intensity distribution. We examined the dependence of the rotation of multiple microparticles on topological charge l of LG beam. In our preliminary experiments, the highest rotation speed of 240 rpm with a rotation radius of 7.5 µm was obtained with a LG beam with topological charge l = 16. According to the result, we designed and fabricated LG beam driven microrotors of radius of 7.5 µm by using two-photon microfabrication. By optimizing the thickness of the microrotor, a microrotor driven at 240 rpm was produced by two-photon microfabrication. Finally, viscous micropump using the high-speed microrotor was developed.
{"title":"A viscous micropump using a spinning microrotor driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam","authors":"S. Maruo, Yohei Saito","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5351924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5351924","url":null,"abstract":"We proposed a novel viscous micropump driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam (LG beam). The micropump consists of a U-shaped microchannel and a microrotor. In this micropump, the rotation of the microrotor enables to transport fluid by use of the viscous drag surrounding the microrotor. To rotate the microrotor, we developed an optical manipulation system using a LG beam. Since LG beam has orbital angular momentum, it enables to rotate multiple microparticles along its doughnut-ring-like transversal intensity distribution. We examined the dependence of the rotation of multiple microparticles on topological charge l of LG beam. In our preliminary experiments, the highest rotation speed of 240 rpm with a rotation radius of 7.5 µm was obtained with a LG beam with topological charge l = 16. According to the result, we designed and fabricated LG beam driven microrotors of radius of 7.5 µm by using two-photon microfabrication. By optimizing the thickness of the microrotor, a microrotor driven at 240 rpm was produced by two-photon microfabrication. Finally, viscous micropump using the high-speed microrotor was developed.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130886456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5351839
Keunyoung Park, Youngwook Kim, G. Obinata
In this paper, we develop the robotic system for the rehabilitation of the upper limbs which consists of a PA-10 robot manipulator and a 6-axis force/torque sensor. In addition, we generate FES signals to assist paralytics based on the difference of reaching performance between normal and abnormal arms. To estimate the motor performance, subjects were asked to perform a tracking task; in this study, the healthy subjects conduct experiments. We verify that the FES signal values are saturating followed by the trial number and adjusted by reaching performance.
{"title":"The development of upper limbs rehabilitation robot system based on the difference of motor performance","authors":"Keunyoung Park, Youngwook Kim, G. Obinata","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5351839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5351839","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we develop the robotic system for the rehabilitation of the upper limbs which consists of a PA-10 robot manipulator and a 6-axis force/torque sensor. In addition, we generate FES signals to assist paralytics based on the difference of reaching performance between normal and abnormal arms. To estimate the motor performance, subjects were asked to perform a tracking task; in this study, the healthy subjects conduct experiments. We verify that the FES signal values are saturating followed by the trial number and adjusted by reaching performance.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121437091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5351994
K. Tsumoto, K. Kamiya, Sayaka Kitaoka, S. Ogata, M. Tomita, T. Yoshimura
Transmembrane proteins are important in biological functions. Proteoliposomes, which contain reconstituted membrane proteins, have been considered to be useful for their investigation. Especially, cell-sized giant liposomes, or giant unilamellar vesicles, are often used for such purposes. Previously, we established a novel method of proteoliposome preparation using membrane fusion between recombinant baculovirus and liposomes. Here we demonstrated preparation of recombinant proteoliposomes containing a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) using this method. Human corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), which is a seven-span transmembrane protein, was expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell recombinant system, and it was verified that the proteins were localized on both the insect cell membranes and baculovirus budded virus envelopes. The budded viruses were fused with GUVs containing DOPC/DOPS at pH ~4.5. The resulting proteo-GUVs were visualized using phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CRHR antibodies. The CRHR1 recombinant proteoliposomes also reacted with anti-ligand antibodies in the presence of its ligand (corticotropin releasing factor). These results suggest that GPCRs can be reconstituted on proteoliposomes with an intact (native) function and structure using the baculovirus-liposome membrane fusion method.
{"title":"G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) reconstituted on recombinant proteoliposomes using baculovirus-liposome membrane fusion","authors":"K. Tsumoto, K. Kamiya, Sayaka Kitaoka, S. Ogata, M. Tomita, T. Yoshimura","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5351994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5351994","url":null,"abstract":"Transmembrane proteins are important in biological functions. Proteoliposomes, which contain reconstituted membrane proteins, have been considered to be useful for their investigation. Especially, cell-sized giant liposomes, or giant unilamellar vesicles, are often used for such purposes. Previously, we established a novel method of proteoliposome preparation using membrane fusion between recombinant baculovirus and liposomes. Here we demonstrated preparation of recombinant proteoliposomes containing a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) using this method. Human corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), which is a seven-span transmembrane protein, was expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell recombinant system, and it was verified that the proteins were localized on both the insect cell membranes and baculovirus budded virus envelopes. The budded viruses were fused with GUVs containing DOPC/DOPS at pH ~4.5. The resulting proteo-GUVs were visualized using phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CRHR antibodies. The CRHR1 recombinant proteoliposomes also reacted with anti-ligand antibodies in the presence of its ligand (corticotropin releasing factor). These results suggest that GPCRs can be reconstituted on proteoliposomes with an intact (native) function and structure using the baculovirus-liposome membrane fusion method.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122521017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5352006
Akihiro Hibino, Tatsuya Kawai, Mikio Nako, Yingxin He, Kazuki Aoyama, Yuta Iwata, Taisuke Isogai, S. Takeuchi, K. Tatsuno
We are developing a proto-type of semi-autonomous remote maintenance robot which is for example used in a nuclear power plant. The image of the robot is shown in Fig.1. The robot is constructed of arms, mobile base and vision system. The robot is operated with task level instructions. Foe example, when we direct “Insert the bolt”, the robot search the instruction file in which the move sequences are described, and then the task is performed by moving the mobile base and arms.
{"title":"Development of a semi-autonomous remote maintenance robot","authors":"Akihiro Hibino, Tatsuya Kawai, Mikio Nako, Yingxin He, Kazuki Aoyama, Yuta Iwata, Taisuke Isogai, S. Takeuchi, K. Tatsuno","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5352006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5352006","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing a proto-type of semi-autonomous remote maintenance robot which is for example used in a nuclear power plant. The image of the robot is shown in Fig.1. The robot is constructed of arms, mobile base and vision system. The robot is operated with task level instructions. Foe example, when we direct “Insert the bolt”, the robot search the instruction file in which the move sequences are described, and then the task is performed by moving the mobile base and arms.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131117539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5352103
Takaya Fujimoto, Y. Okayama, K. Yamashita, S. Nishida, Y. Sawa, D. Noda, T. Hattori
LEDs are attracting attention as a light source for a new form of lighting, taking the place of the fluorescent lamp and the light bulb. They are not suitable for lighting use by themselves, as LEDs are a point light source. However, it is possible to convert them into plane emission form by combining them with light guide plate technology used for the liquid crystal displays. It is therefore possible to use them as lighting devices through the plane emission method. In this laboratory, a minute dot was formed at the bottom of a light guide plate, and light hitting the dot was emitted from the luminescence side of the light guide plate. The amount of light emitted from the luminescence side also increased, if the number of these dots was increased from previous research results. It was thought that a high luminance plate or a plate guiding more light could be created. A method of piling thin light guide plates was proposed as a method of increasing the number of dots, with the piled light guide plates being designed using an optical simulator.
{"title":"Examination of high luminance light guide plate by accumulating method","authors":"Takaya Fujimoto, Y. Okayama, K. Yamashita, S. Nishida, Y. Sawa, D. Noda, T. Hattori","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5352103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5352103","url":null,"abstract":"LEDs are attracting attention as a light source for a new form of lighting, taking the place of the fluorescent lamp and the light bulb. They are not suitable for lighting use by themselves, as LEDs are a point light source. However, it is possible to convert them into plane emission form by combining them with light guide plate technology used for the liquid crystal displays. It is therefore possible to use them as lighting devices through the plane emission method. In this laboratory, a minute dot was formed at the bottom of a light guide plate, and light hitting the dot was emitted from the luminescence side of the light guide plate. The amount of light emitted from the luminescence side also increased, if the number of these dots was increased from previous research results. It was thought that a high luminance plate or a plate guiding more light could be created. A method of piling thin light guide plates was proposed as a method of increasing the number of dots, with the piled light guide plates being designed using an optical simulator.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132629650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-11DOI: 10.1109/MHS.2009.5352100
Y. Osada, Gong Jian Ping
We have been employing polymer gels to create biomimetic motility systems, focusing to their reversible size and shape change, thereby realizing motion by integrating the deformation on a molecular level. Over the past number of years, we have proposed several kinds of artificial soft machines constructed by polymer gels. Examples include Gelooper(gel-looper), gelf(gel golf) [1–6], shape memory gel actuators[7–10], chemical motors[11,12], etc.
{"title":"Intelligent gels — An approach to artificial muscles and soft tissue","authors":"Y. Osada, Gong Jian Ping","doi":"10.1109/MHS.2009.5352100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MHS.2009.5352100","url":null,"abstract":"We have been employing polymer gels to create biomimetic motility systems, focusing to their reversible size and shape change, thereby realizing motion by integrating the deformation on a molecular level. Over the past number of years, we have proposed several kinds of artificial soft machines constructed by polymer gels. Examples include Gelooper(gel-looper), gelf(gel golf) [1–6], shape memory gel actuators[7–10], chemical motors[11,12], etc.","PeriodicalId":344667,"journal":{"name":"2009 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133480518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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