Composites Part C Open Access最新文献_第9页

Failure analysis under fatigue loading of glass fibre reinforced in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and Bio-epoxy based Composites 玻璃纤维增强原位可聚合热塑性和生物环氧基复合材料疲劳载荷失效分析

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100608

J.R. Pothnis , A. Hejjaji , G.S. Bhatia , A. Comer

This experimental study investigates the fracture and failure mechanisms of glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites fabricated using an in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and a bio-based epoxy matrix subjected to tension-tension fatigue loading. For both material systems, fatigue tests resulted in linear S-N curves for the 0°, 90° and Quasi-Isotropic (QI) laminates and non-linear (power law) S-N curves for the ±45° and ±30° laminate configurations. However, the main focus of the study was on the failure mechanisms for both the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue loading regimes. At the macro level, the effect of the different matrices on the characteristic failure mode was generally minimal with all lay-ups exhibiting distributed damage throughout the gauge region except for the 90° laminates where damage was highly localised. However, micro level analysis conducted using SEM and elemental composition analysis revealed significantly different failure mechanisms in the vicinity of the fibre matrix interface for the bio-epoxy (interfacial) and the thermoplastic (cohesive). Overall, both matrices show promise in terms of fatigue performance under benign laboratory conditions and as a stepping stone towards achieving more sustainable matrix options for offshore renewable energy structures in the future.

本实验研究了由原位可聚合热塑性塑料和生物基环氧树脂基复合材料制备的玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料在拉伸-拉伸疲劳载荷下的断裂和破坏机制。对于这两种材料系统，疲劳测试的结果是0°、90°和准各向同性（QI）层压板的线性S-N曲线，以及±45°和±30°层压板配置的非线性（幂律）S-N曲线。然而，研究的主要焦点是低周和高周疲劳载荷下的失效机制。在宏观层面上，不同基体对特征失效模式的影响通常是最小的，除了损伤高度局部化的90°层合板外，所有层合板在整个规范区域都表现出分布损伤。然而，利用SEM和元素组成分析进行的微观分析显示，生物环氧树脂（界面）和热塑性塑料（内聚）在纤维基体界面附近的破坏机制存在显著差异。总的来说，这两种基质在良好的实验室条件下都表现出良好的疲劳性能，并为未来海上可再生能源结构实现更可持续的基质选择奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

3D observation of delamination in carbon-fibre-reinforced composites under mode II loading through in situ computed tomography 通过原位计算机断层扫描观察II型载荷下碳纤维增强复合材料的分层

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100615

Panayiotis Tsokanas, Thanasis Chatziathanasiou, Yentl Swolfs

Delamination is among the most prevalent life-limiting failure modes in laminated composites. Mode II delaminations, driven by in-plane shear loads, are more difficult to observe than mode I delaminations. Conventional edge observation techniques fail to capture the three-dimensional (3D) delamination front and its associated damage mechanisms. We conduct the first in situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) experiment to observe the 3D development of delamination under mode II loading. We apply four-point end-notched flexure loading to two types of thin-ply, carbon-fibre-reinforced composite laminates: a 0° laminate and a cross-ply laminate susceptible to delamination migration. The method is proven capable of capturing delamination growth and migration within the bulk of the laminates at the meso- and microscale, something unattainable using conventional techniques. This work thus demonstrates the benefits of in situ CT in determining the damage mechanisms involved in mode II fracture loading.

分层是层压复合材料中最常见的寿命失效模式之一。由面内剪切载荷驱动的II型脱层比I型脱层更难观察。传统的边缘观测技术无法捕捉三维（3D）分层前沿及其相关的损伤机制。我们进行了第一次原位x射线计算机断层扫描（CT）实验，观察II型加载下分层的三维发展。我们将四点端缺口弯曲载荷应用于两种类型的薄层碳纤维增强复合材料层压板：0°层压板和易分层迁移的交叉层压板。该方法已被证明能够在中观和微观尺度上捕获层压板内部的分层生长和迁移，这是传统技术无法实现的。因此，这项工作证明了原位CT在确定II型断裂载荷损伤机制方面的优势。

引用次数: 0

Effects of elevated temperature on basalt and glass FRP bars in prismatic beams under flexural loading 温度升高对柱面梁中玄武岩和玻璃钢筋受弯荷载的影响

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100616

Nour Ghazal Aswad , Mohammed Al Dawood , Farid Abed

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has gained significant attention in research and structural applications due to its desirable mechanical properties and durability. Advances have been made in understanding FRP’s resistance to elevated temperatures; however, uncertainties persist due to inconsistencies in the available experimental data. This study presents an experimental investigation into the effects of various parameters on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) prismatic beams exposed to elevated temperatures. Key parameters included reinforcement type (steel, Glass FRP (GFRP), and Basalt FRP (BFRP), bar diameter (16 mm and 20 mm), surface texture (ribbed and sand-coated), and concrete cover (40 mm and 60 mm). The prismatic beams were subjected to target temperatures of 200, 400, and 700 °C, followed by testing in a four-point loading setup. The experimental results revealed that BFRP-reinforced prismatic beams exhibited a 17 % higher residual load-carrying capacity and 32.3 % greater toughness at 200 °C and 400 °C, but a 22 % lower capacity and 26.9 % reduction in toughness at 700 °C compared to their GFRP-reinforced counterparts. Additionally, prismatic beams reinforced with sand-coated GFRP bars showed up to a 27 % improvement in load-carrying capacity compared to those with ribbed GFRP bars, and a larger concrete cover contributed to better overall flexural performance of the prismatic beams under elevated temperatures.

纤维增强聚合物（FRP）由于具有良好的力学性能和耐久性，在研究和结构应用中受到了极大的关注。在了解FRP对高温的耐受性方面取得了进展；然而，由于现有实验数据的不一致性，不确定性仍然存在。本研究提出了一个实验调查的影响，各种参数对钢筋混凝土（RC）棱柱梁的性能暴露在高温。关键参数包括钢筋类型（钢、玻璃钢（GFRP）和玄武岩玻璃钢（BFRP））、钢筋直径（16mm和20mm）、表面纹理（带肋和涂砂）和混凝土覆盖层（40mm和60mm）。棱柱梁分别承受200、400和700°C的目标温度，然后在四点加载装置中进行测试。实验结果表明，与gfrp增强的棱柱梁相比，bfrp增强的棱柱梁在200°C和400°C时的剩余承载能力提高了17%，韧性提高了32.3%，但在700°C时的承载力降低了22%，韧性降低了26.9%。此外，与带肋GFRP筋相比，涂砂GFRP筋加固的棱柱梁的承载能力提高了27%，更大的混凝土覆盖层有助于棱柱梁在高温下更好的整体抗弯性能。

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引用次数: 0

Fatigue behavior and failure mechanism of 3D-printed continuous glass fiber-reinforced PLA composites under rotating bending fatigue 旋转弯曲疲劳下3d打印连续玻璃纤维增强PLA复合材料的疲劳行为及失效机理

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100623

Mehrnoosh Javadian, Ali Dadashi, Abbasali Bagheri, Mohammad Azadi

This study investigates the fatigue behavior and failure mechanisms of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with continuous glass fibers under rotating bending fatigue. Composite specimens were fabricated using a modified fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer with fiber volume fractions of 16 %. Fatigue testing was conducted under fully reversed loading at room temperature, and fracture surfaces were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Results indicate that fiber reinforcement significantly enhances fatigue resistance, with fiber orientation (+45/-45) and infill density playing critical roles in improving performance. A Poisson regression model confirmed the statistical significance of all main effects and two interactions, with print direction having the greatest influence. Fractographic analysis revealed void, fiber breakage, and fiber-matrix debonding as key failure modes. The study provides crucial insights for optimizing composite materials for applications involving cyclic loading.

研究了连续玻璃纤维增强3d打印聚乳酸（PLA）复合材料在旋转弯曲疲劳下的疲劳行为和破坏机制。使用纤维体积分数为16%的改进熔融沉积建模（FDM）打印机制备复合材料样品。在室温下进行了完全反向载荷下的疲劳试验，并用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）分析了断口表面。结果表明，纤维增强显著提高了材料的抗疲劳性能，纤维取向（+45/-45）和填充密度是提高材料抗疲劳性能的关键因素。泊松回归模型证实了所有主效应和两种相互作用的统计显著性，其中印刷方向的影响最大。断口分析显示，空洞、纤维断裂和纤维-基体脱粘是主要的破坏模式。该研究为优化复合材料的循环加载应用提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the strain gradient effect on compressive failure of CRFP composites 应变梯度对CRFP复合材料压缩破坏影响的评价

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100621

Tobias Bianchi , Jawad Naciri , Joël Serra , Christophe Bouvet , Léon Ratsifandriahana

A pin-ended buckling test inspired by Wisnom [1] was developed to evaluate the effect of strain gradient on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Tests were conducted on unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552, and strain measurements were obtained using digital image correlation. Various cross-ply stacking sequences, [(0/90)₂]_S, [(0/90)₄]_S, [(0/90)₈]_S, were studied and most specimens failed on the tension side due to the high compressive strength facilitated by the strain gradient, while the tensile failure strain remained unaffected by the strain gradient. To induce failure on the compression side, a novel method was developed by manufacturing bi-material specimens with an aluminum 2024 ply added to the tension side. This modification led to all bi-material specimens failing on the compression side. The results showed a Nnar increase in compressive failure strain as a function of the strain gradient. Furthermore, values reaching up to -33,000 microstrains were obtained for the thinner specimens, which is >2.5 times the compressive failure strain of -12,500 microstrains announced by the manufacturer. This behavior is new compared to other published results obtained on similarly tested materials that demonstrated a linear trend.

为了研究应变梯度对复合材料层合板压缩破坏应变的影响，建立了受Wisnom[1]启发的销端屈曲试验。对单向（UD）碳/环氧树脂AS4/8552进行了试验，并利用数字图像相关技术获得了应变测量值。研究了[(0/90)2]S、[（0/90）₄]S、[（0/90）₈]S等不同的交叉层序，结果表明，由于应变梯度带来的高抗压强度，大多数试样在拉伸侧失效，而拉伸破坏应变不受应变梯度的影响。为了诱导压缩侧的破坏，开发了一种新的方法，即在拉伸侧添加铝2024层的双材料试样。这种修改导致所有双材料试样在压缩侧失效。结果表明，压缩破坏应变随应变梯度呈Nnar增长。此外，对于较薄的试样，可获得高达-33,000微应变的值，这是制造商宣布的-12,500微应变的压缩破坏应变的>；2.5倍。与其他发表的在类似测试材料上获得的显示线性趋势的结果相比，这种行为是新的。

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引用次数: 0

Design and analysis of energy storage multifunctional composite structures with embedded lithium-ion batteries 嵌入式锂离子电池储能多功能复合材料结构设计与分析

IF 7 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100631

Koranat Pattarakunnan , Joel L. Galos , Raj Das

Multifunctional carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite structures with embedded batteries can simultaneously carry mechanical loads and store and supply electrical energy have future potential applications in electric vehicles. This paper conducts a parametric study of CFRP laminates with embedded batteries using a finite element (FE) model that has been experimentally validated. The parametric study investigated the effects of number of embedded lithium-ion (Li-ion) polymer (LiPo) batteries (up to 400 batteries), their locations (up to a grid of 20 × 20 batteries) and thicknesses (4 mm, 2 mm and 1 mm), as well as CFRP fibre stacking sequences ([0],[0/90],[0/±45/90] and [±45]) on specific stiffness and strength (density normalised) and gravimetric energy density of multifunctional CFRP laminates. A similar FE parametric study on a curved CFRP vehicle roof with embedded batteries was also conducted. Embedded batteries can provide energy density of up to about 75 Wh/kg and 20 Wh/kg when 20 × 20 batteries were embedded in CFRP laminates and CFRP roof, respectively. However, they had adverse effects on specific mechanical properties of both CFRP laminates and CFRP roof with embedded batteries. It was suggested that the thickness of the embedded batteries should be carefully picked to achieve an optimal trade-off between desired energy density and resultant specific mechanical properties.

内置电池的多功能碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料结构可以同时承受机械载荷和储存和供应电能，在电动汽车上具有潜在的应用前景。本文采用有限元模型对嵌套电池的碳纤维复合材料层合板进行了参数化研究，并得到了实验验证。参数化研究调查了嵌入锂离子（Li-ion）聚合物（LiPo）电池的数量（最多400个电池）、它们的位置（最多20 × 20电池的网格）和厚度（4mm、2mm和1mm），以及CFRP纤维堆叠顺序（[0]、[0/90]、[0/±45/90]和[±45]）对多功能CFRP层压板的比刚度和强度（密度标准化）以及重力能量密度的影响。此外，还对一种嵌入电池的CFRP弯曲车顶进行了类似的有限元参数分析。当20 × 20电池分别嵌入CFRP层压板和CFRP屋顶时，可提供高达约75 Wh/kg和20 Wh/kg的能量密度。然而，它们对CFRP层压板和嵌套电池的CFRP屋顶的特定力学性能都有不利影响。建议仔细选择嵌入式电池的厚度，以在所需的能量密度和所得的特定机械性能之间实现最佳权衡。

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引用次数: 0

Emission risks in processing and conversion of lignocellulose-based biocomposites 木质纤维素基生物复合材料加工和转化中的排放风险

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100595

Nanci Ehman , Sandra Rodríguez Fabià , Julia Catalán , Gary Chinga-Carrasco

Wood-derived components (e.g. fibers, lignin, nanofibers) are widely studied to develop thermoplastic biocomposites with, for example, improved mechanical properties and reduced global warming potential. Manufacturing of biocomposite products includes compounding and conversion processes (e.g., extrusion, injection molding, and 3D printing). These processes apply mechanical forces and heat to melt thermoplastic polymers and form a given product. However, in some cases, compounding and conversion stages may generate emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and/or ultrafine particles (UFP) and we must consider their effects on human health. Additionally, due to the nano-dimensions cellulose nanofibers are considered UFP. Therefore, its impacts on human health should be evaluated, especially when dried for biocomposite production. This review provides an overview of emissions generated in the production line of lignocellulose-based biocomposites, considering: wood preprocessing, extrusion, 3D printing, and injection moulding. Emissions of VOCs and UFP were considered, including the occupational exposure limits according to the current regulations and the potential health effects associated with such emissions

木材衍生成分（如纤维、木质素、纳米纤维）被广泛研究，以开发热塑性生物复合材料，例如，改善机械性能和降低全球变暖潜力。生物复合材料产品的制造包括复合和转化过程（例如，挤出，注塑和3D打印）。这些过程应用机械力和热来熔化热塑性聚合物并形成给定的产品。然而，在某些情况下，复合和转化阶段可能会产生挥发性有机化合物（VOC）和/或超细颗粒（UFP）的排放，我们必须考虑它们对人体健康的影响。此外，由于纳米尺寸的纤维素纳米纤维被认为是UFP。因此，应评估其对人类健康的影响，特别是在干燥用于生物复合材料生产时。本文综述了木质纤维素基生物复合材料生产线产生的排放，包括木材预处理、挤压、3D打印和注塑。审议了挥发性有机化合物和超强力有机化合物的排放，包括现行法规规定的职业接触限值以及与此类排放有关的潜在健康影响

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引用次数: 0

Broadband low-frequency diffuse sound transmission loss of multilayer composite plate-type metamaterials 多层复合板状超材料的宽带低频扩散声传输损耗

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100620

Boxin Chang , Shuaixing Wang , Gaoge Liang , Quanxing Liu , Yong Xiao

Low-frequency sound insulation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of noise control engineering because of the classical mass law. Recent studies have shown that acoustic metamaterials can achieve a sound transmission loss (STL) higher than the mass law at specific low frequencies. However, it is still difficult to realize superior STL that can deeply break the mass law over a broadband low-frequency range, especially under the excitation of diffuse field sound. To challenge this problem, we suggest a multilayer composite plate-type metamaterial (MCPM) consisting of two single-layer metamaterial plates and a sandwiched layer of porous material. The metamaterial plates are simply constructed by a thin plate attached with periodic strip masses. We present an in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the STL performance of the MCPM. The results indicate that with proper design, the MCPM can achieve an excellent diffuse STL over an ultra-broadband low-frequency range, while avoiding the significant reduction of immediately following high-frequency STL. Owing to its simple construction yet superior low-frequency diffuse sound insulation performance, the MCPM can find promising applications in noise control engineering.

由于经典的质量定律，低频隔声是噪声控制工程领域最具挑战性的问题之一。近年来的研究表明，声学超材料在特定的低频下可以实现高于质量定律的传声损失。然而，在宽带低频范围内，特别是在漫射场声的激励下，仍然难以实现能够深度打破质量定律的优质STL。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种多层复合板型超材料（MCPM），由两个单层超材料板和一个多孔材料夹层组成。超材料板是简单地由附着周期性条形质量的薄板构成的。我们对MCPM的STL性能进行了深入的理论分析和实验验证。结果表明，通过适当的设计，MCPM可以在超宽带低频范围内实现出色的漫射STL，同时避免了紧接高频STL的显着降低。MCPM结构简单，具有良好的低频扩散隔声性能，在噪声控制工程中有着广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Effective suppression of machining-induced interlayer damage in machined holes of Al/CFRP stacks 有效抑制Al/CFRP叠层加工孔层间损伤

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100627

Balázs Markó , Szilárd Seprős , Jinyang Xu , Norbert Geier

Aluminium/carbon fibre reinforced polymer (Al/CFRP) composite stacks combine the high strength-to-weight ratio of the CFRP with the ductility and impact resistance of aluminium. Due to their excellent mechanical properties, Al/CFRP stacks are becoming increasingly popular in major industrial fields such as aerospace and automotive. However, mechanical machining of these materials, particularly at the interlayer regions, presents significant challenges, notably the formation of interlayer burrs. To address this issue, we introduce an innovative hole-making technology designed to minimise machining-induced interlayer burr formation. The novel technology integrates helical and spiral interpolation strategies to reduce axial force at the interlayer interfaces. We validated the efficiency of the novel technology through a series of machining experiments, employing a Central Composite Inscribed (CCI) experimental design. The experiments were performed on a three-axis CNC milling centre, with burr measurements obtained using a Keyence VR-5000 3D profilometer. Maximum burr heights were recorded along the hole contours at one-degree intervals. Our findings demonstrate a significant reduction (28 %) in interlayer burr formation in unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (UD-CFRP) plates when utilising the proposed technique. These results suggest that our developed method is promising to improve machining quality in Al/CFRP stacks, meriting further investigation and development.

铝/碳纤维增强聚合物（Al/CFRP）复合材料堆结合了CFRP的高强度重量比和铝的延展性和抗冲击性。由于其优异的机械性能，Al/CFRP叠层在航空航天和汽车等主要工业领域越来越受欢迎。然而，这些材料的机械加工，特别是在层间区域，提出了重大的挑战，特别是层间毛刺的形成。为了解决这个问题，我们引入了一种创新的制孔技术，旨在最大限度地减少加工引起的层间毛刺的形成。该新技术集成了螺旋和螺旋插补策略，以减小层间界面处的轴向力。我们通过一系列的加工实验验证了新技术的效率，采用中心复合材料雕刻（CCI）实验设计。实验在三轴数控铣削中心进行，毛刺测量使用Keyence VR-5000 3D轮廓仪。沿孔轮廓每隔一度记录最大毛刺高度。我们的研究结果表明，当使用所提出的技术时，单向碳纤维增强聚合物（UD-CFRP）板的层间毛刺形成显著减少（28%）。这些结果表明，我们所开发的方法有望提高Al/CFRP叠层的加工质量，值得进一步研究和开发。

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引用次数: 0

Multifunctional TPMS-based interpenetrating phase composites: A comprehensive review of structure, properties, piezoelectricity and applications 多功能tpms基互穿相复合材料：结构、性能、压电性及应用综述

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100596

Kishor B. Shingare , Suhas Alkunte , Baosong Li , Andreas Schiffer , Ian Kinloch , Kin Liao

Owing to their superior electro-thermo-mechanical properties, the significance of interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) in various industries is in high demand. IPCs, characterized by infiltrating metal, ceramic, and polymer phases, provide various advantages, including a balanced mixture of strength, stiffness, and toughness, excellent thermal characteristics, wear resistance, and flexibility in microstructure and processing routes. This comprehensive review explores the realm of multifunctional reinforcing phases, specifically focusing on their integration into 3D printed composites. Within this context, the IPCs with a special spotlight on captivating world of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) and other cellular/lattice architectures wherein two core themes are presented and dissected: TPMS-based IPCs, which collaboratively amplify properties of another phase and interpenetrating piezoelectric phase composites (IP²Cs), which offer special advantages over conventional ones. We compiled comprehensive data on IPCs, emphasizing their effective properties, mechanical performance, fatigue and fracture behavior, energy absorption capacity, and coupled electromechanical characteristics. Furthermore, the commercial applications of architectured IPCs across industries are highlighted, along with a critical analysis of current research, identifying gaps and challenges. It highlights their pivotal role in advancing technology and addressing contemporary challenges while illuminating the uncharted possibilities presented by TPMS cellular structures in the dynamic landscape of 3D printing.

互穿相复合材料由于其优异的电-热-机械性能，在各行各业都有很大的应用价值。IPCs的特点是渗透金属、陶瓷和聚合物相，具有各种优势，包括强度、刚度和韧性的平衡混合，出色的热特性，耐磨性以及微观结构和加工路线的灵活性。这篇全面的综述探讨了多功能增强阶段的领域，特别关注它们与3D打印复合材料的集成。在此背景下，IPCs特别关注三周期最小表面（TPMS）和其他细胞/晶格结构的迷人世界，其中提出和分析了两个核心主题：基于TPMS的IPCs，它协同放大另一相的特性和互穿透压电相复合材料（ip2c），它比传统的具有特殊优势。我们收集了IPCs的综合数据，强调了它们的有效性能、力学性能、疲劳和断裂行为、能量吸收能力和耦合机电特性。此外，强调了跨行业的结构化ipc的商业应用，以及对当前研究的批判性分析，确定了差距和挑战。它突出了它们在推进技术和解决当代挑战方面的关键作用，同时阐明了TPMS细胞结构在3D打印动态环境中呈现的未知可能性。

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引用次数: 0