Composites Part C Open Access最新文献_第9页

The role of ply clustering in the impact damage of woven carbon/epoxy laminates: An experimental-numerical study 碳/环氧复合材料层合板冲击损伤中层合层聚类作用的实验-数值研究

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100603

P.G. Rodríguez-Luján, R. del Cuvillo, J.M. Rodríguez-Sereno, J.A. Artero-Guerrero, D. Varas, J. Pernas-Sánchez

This study investigates the impact behaviour of carbon/epoxy woven laminates through experimental and numerical analysis, with particular emphasis on the effects of ply clustering. Drop weight tower tests were performed for three different ply clustering configurations. In addition, 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques were used to analyse out-of-plane displacements, providing a deeper insight into the phenomenon that triggers the failure mechanisms. Internal damage was further characterized using ultrasonic C-scan techniques to quantify the extent of damage. A major contribution of this work is the development of a three-dimensional constitutive model based on continuum damage mechanics that incorporates multiple failure mechanisms, with special attention to transverse shear damage. Numerical simulations of the drop-weight tower tests were performed for all three laminate configurations, validating the ability of the constitutive model to predict force and energy responses, as well as the failure mechanisms observed during the tests. The constitutive model was found to be useful in understanding the interaction between interlaminar and intralaminar failure mechanisms under out-of-plane loading conditions, such as drop weight tower tests and other impact scenarios. The study highlights the importance of laminate clustering for perforation resistance and the need to incorporate transverse shear damage into numerical models to accurately capture the perforation process.

本研究通过实验和数值分析研究了碳/环氧编织层压板的冲击行为，特别强调了层聚类的影响。对三种不同层数聚类配置进行了落锤塔试验。此外，3D数字图像相关（DIC）技术用于分析面外位移，从而更深入地了解触发失效机制的现象。使用超声c扫描技术进一步表征内部损伤，以量化损伤程度。这项工作的主要贡献是基于连续损伤力学的三维本构模型的发展，该模型包含多种破坏机制，特别关注横向剪切损伤。对所有三种层压板配置进行了落锤塔试验的数值模拟，验证了本构模型预测力和能量响应的能力，以及在试验中观察到的破坏机制。本构模型有助于理解面外载荷条件下层间和层内破坏机制之间的相互作用，如落重塔试验和其他冲击场景。该研究强调了层压板聚类对射孔阻力的重要性，以及将横向剪切损伤纳入数值模型以准确捕获射孔过程的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Data-driven discovery of the design rules for considering the curing deformation and the application on double-double composites 数据驱动下发现考虑固化变形的设计规则及其在双-双复合材料中的应用

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100612

Yizhuo Gui , Hongwei Song , Jinglei Yang , Cheng Qiu

The process-induced deformation (PID) of composite laminates has been one of the critical problems for engineering structures. While lots of design rules has been proposed for standardize the laminate design, there is a lack of specific rule to follow when controlling PID is a necessity due to the numerous affecting parameters. In this regard, a data-driven framework was proposed in this paper to determine the layup rules to follow for minimizing PID. Two specific machine learning (ML) models were built. One is combined model of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and principle component analysis (PCA) technique for connecting the layup sequences and their corresponding PID. Another one is the symbolic regression model, as an explainable ML technique, to quantitatively evaluate this connection. With the training data generated from the robust numerical simulation, it is found that a proper asymmetry is the key intrinsic factor that makes a smaller PID as it will counteract with the contributions of other extrinsic mechanisms. More importantly, a formula for easy evaluation of the asymmetry is provided to assist in guiding the layup design considering PID constraints. The formula is applied on the design problem of double-double (DD) composites. With the proper asymmetry added onto the original DD layup, the DD composites show a clear improvement on controlling the PID.

复合材料层合板的过程诱发变形（PID）一直是工程结构研究的关键问题之一。为了规范层压板的设计，已经提出了许多设计规则，但由于影响参数众多，需要对PID进行控制，缺乏具体的规则可循。在这方面，本文提出了一个数据驱动的框架来确定最小化PID所遵循的叠加规则。建立了两个特定的机器学习（ML）模型。一种是将卷积神经网络（CNN）模型与主成分分析（PCA）技术相结合，将叠置序列与相应的PID相连接。另一种是符号回归模型，作为一种可解释的ML技术，用于定量评估这种联系。通过鲁棒数值模拟生成的训练数据，发现适当的不对称性是使PID变小的关键内在因素，因为它会抵消其他外在机制的贡献。更重要的是，提供了一个易于评估不对称性的公式，以帮助指导考虑PID约束的分层设计。将该公式应用于双双（DD）复合材料的设计问题。在原有的DD层上加入适当的不对称性，DD复合材料在控制PID方面有明显的改善。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable biobased composites manufactured via Joule heating curing with recycled carbon fibers 可持续生物基复合材料通过焦耳加热固化再生碳纤维

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100609

Liberata Guadagno , Luigi Vertuccio , Francesca Aliberti , Elisa Calabrese , Marialuigia Raimondo , Roberto Pantani , Raffaele Longo

The use and development of thermosetting composites are limited by several complex and interconnected environmental issues, such as the continued use of fossil-based resins and the high energy demand for fibers (especially carbon fibers) and composite manufacturing. In the present research, these three criticalities are discussed, proposing the design of highly performing bio-resin and the development of thermosetting composites with recycled carbon fibers using cutting-edge, low-energy demanding processes. Exploiting the electrical conductivity of the recycled carbon fibers mat, the composites have been cured directly via Joule heating, generating heat inside the component and reaching a temperature of about 180 °C, suitable to guarantee a high curing degree of the employed thermosetting resin. Thermal parameters (temperature and heating time) have been selected based on the preliminary characterization of the biobased epoxy resin. The composites obtained using this innovative approach manifest a glass transition temperature higher than 198 °C and a complete curing degree.

热固性复合材料的使用和发展受到几个复杂和相互关联的环境问题的限制，例如化石基树脂的持续使用以及对纤维（特别是碳纤维）和复合材料制造的高能量需求。在本研究中，讨论了这三个关键问题，提出了高性能生物树脂的设计和热固性复合材料的再生碳纤维的发展，采用尖端的，低能耗的工艺要求。利用回收碳纤维垫的导电性，通过焦耳加热直接固化复合材料，在组件内部产生热量，达到约180℃的温度，适合保证所采用的热固性树脂的高固化度。根据生物基环氧树脂的初步表征，选择了热参数（温度和加热时间）。采用该方法制备的复合材料的玻璃化转变温度高于198℃，固化程度完全。

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引用次数: 0

Degradation behaviour and damage mechanisms of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite laminates subjected to laser irradiation 激光辐照下碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料层合板的降解行为及损伤机理

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100605

Patrick K. Kamlade , Jojibabu Panta , Max Mammone , Richard (Chunhui) Yang , Richard P. Mildren , John Wang , Matthew Ibrahim , Rodney Thomson , Y.X. Zhang

This study presents a comprehensive and insightful investigation into the thermal degradation and damage mechanisms of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminates exposed to continuous wave laser irradiation with a Gaussian beam profile. The effects of laser power, beam diameter, and exposure time were explored to reflect practical scenarios such as material processing, maintenance, and damage assessment. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was first carried out in both nitrogen and air environments to understand the thermal stability and degradation behaviour of the CFRP material. Initial laser tests were conducted at 30 W and 40 W using a beam diameter of 3.46 mm to assess early-stage damage. These results informed a more intensive study using a higher laser power of 98 W with beam diameters of 3.18 mm and 5.70 mm, where specimens were irradiated until complete perforation. Thermal imaging was used to monitor surface temperature evolution on both front and back sides during irradiation. For the 98 W cases, the larger beam diameter required a 53 % longer exposure time to achieve perforation, highlighting the role of power density in damage progression. Post-irradiation analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultrasonic C-scans, and micro-focused X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) revealed fibre sublimation, matrix decomposition, cone-shaped perforations, and interlaminar cracking. The results provide valuable insights into how CFRP materials respond to high-intensity laser exposure and can support the development of strategies to mitigate damage and improve structural performance in real-world applications.

本研究对碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料层合板在高斯光束连续波激光照射下的热降解和损伤机制进行了全面而深入的研究。探讨了激光功率、光束直径和曝光时间的影响，以反映实际情况，如材料加工、维护和损伤评估。热重分析（TGA）首先在氮气和空气环境中进行，以了解CFRP材料的热稳定性和降解行为。初始激光测试在30w和40w下进行，光束直径为3.46 mm，以评估早期损伤。这些结果为使用更高的激光功率（98 W，光束直径分别为3.18 mm和5.70 mm）进行更深入的研究提供了信息，其中样品照射直到完全穿孔。热成像技术用于监测辐照前后表面温度的变化。对于98 W的情况，更大的光束直径需要53%的暴露时间才能实现穿孔，这突出了功率密度在损伤进展中的作用。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、超声c扫描和微聚焦x射线计算机断层扫描（micro-CT）进行辐照后分析，发现纤维升华、基质分解、锥形穿孔和层间开裂。研究结果为CFRP材料在高强度激光照射下的反应提供了有价值的见解，并可以支持在实际应用中减轻损伤和提高结构性能的策略的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable composites from microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose acetate: 3D printing and performance optimization 从微晶纤维素和醋酸纤维素可持续复合材料：3D打印和性能优化

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100606

Laura Daniela Hernandez-Ruiz , Malik Hassan , Tao Wang , Amar K. Mohanty , Manjusri Misra

Novel green composites were developed using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and plasticized cellulose acetate (pCA) to assess their viability for application in additive manufacturing (AM), specifically fused filament fabrication (FFF). This study represents one of the first attempts to fabricate and optimize a sustainable MCC-pCA composite for use as a 3D printing filament. The Taguchi L27 experimental design was employed to optimize five critical FFF parameters, namely nozzle temperature, printing speed, infill density, raster angle, and layer height, with the objective of maximizing mechanical performance. Optimal printing parameters were determined to be a nozzle temperature of 230 °C, a printing speed of 1800 mm/min, an infill density of 100 %, a raster angle of 0°, and a layer height of 0.15 mm. Under these conditions, the 3D-printed samples exhibited mechanical properties comparable to those of injection-molded counterparts, with a 37 % increase in impact strength. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) of the optimized 3D-printed sample was 89.36 μm/m °C (perpendicular) and 65.39 μm/m °C (parallel), demonstrating lower thermal expansion than injection-molded counterparts (108.65 μm/m °C and 47.06 μm/m °C, respectively). Furthermore, the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the optimized 3D-printed sample was 92.18 °C, surpassing that of injection-molded samples (69.59 °C), indicating superior thermal resistance in the 3D-printed part. As a proof-of-concept, a 3D printed finger splint was fabricated using the optimized parameters, showcasing the potential of this sustainable composite for biomedical applications.

利用微晶纤维素（MCC）和塑化醋酸纤维素（pCA）开发了新型绿色复合材料，以评估其在增材制造（AM），特别是熔融长丝制造（FFF）中的应用可行性。这项研究代表了制造和优化可持续的MCC-pCA复合材料用作3D打印长丝的首次尝试之一。采用Taguchi L27实验设计，优化喷嘴温度、打印速度、填充密度、光栅角度和层高这5个FFF关键参数，以实现力学性能最大化。确定最佳打印参数为喷嘴温度230℃，打印速度1800 mm/min，填充密度100%，光栅角度0°，层高0.15 mm。在这些条件下，3d打印样品的机械性能与注塑样品相当，冲击强度提高了37%。优化后的3d打印样品的线性热膨胀系数（CLTE）为89.36 μm/m°C（垂直方向）和65.39 μm/m°C（平行方向），热膨胀系数分别低于注射成型样品（108.65 μm/m°C和47.06 μm/m°C）。此外，优化后的3d打印样品的热变形温度（HDT）为92.18℃，超过了注塑样品的69.59℃，表明3d打印部件具有优异的热阻性。作为概念验证，使用优化的参数制造了3D打印手指夹板，展示了这种可持续复合材料在生物医学应用中的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of FG-CNTRC plates based on the 3D elasticity 基于三维弹性的FG-CNTRC板非线性强迫振动分析

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100607

Y. Gholami , R. Ansari , H. Rouhi

In this article, an efficient numerical approach is developed to study the primary resonant dynamics of rectangular plates with arbitrary boundary conditions made of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (FG-CNTRCs). The problem is formulated in the context of three-dimensional (3D) elasticity theory. Also, a variational approach based on Hamilton’s principle together with the variational differential quadrature (VDQ) method is proposed to obtain the discretized governing equations on space domain. Then, the solution procedure on the time domain is completed using the numerical Galerkin method, time periodic discretization method and pseudo arc-length continuation algorithm in order to find the frequency-response curves. It is considered that CNTs are distributed in the thickness direction based on an FG manner considering different patterns. After testing the convergence and validity of developed approach, numerical results are presented to investigate the influences of geometrical properties, CNT’s volume fraction and distribution pattern on the nonlinear forced vibration response of plates.

本文提出了一种有效的数值方法来研究由功能梯度碳纳米管增强复合材料（FG-CNTRCs）制成的具有任意边界条件的矩形板的主共振动力学。该问题是在三维（3D）弹性理论的背景下制定的。在此基础上，提出了基于Hamilton原理的变分方法与变分微分求积（VDQ）方法相结合的空间域离散化控制方程求解方法。然后，利用数值伽辽金法、时间周期离散化法和伪弧长延拓算法完成时域上的求解过程，求出频率响应曲线。认为碳纳米管在厚度方向上以FG方式分布，考虑了不同的模式。在验证该方法的收敛性和有效性后，给出了几何特性、碳纳米管体积分数和分布模式对板的非线性强迫振动响应的影响的数值结果。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating microstructural features and tensile properties of 3D-printed co-polyester reinforced with carbon fibres 研究3d打印碳纤维增强共聚酯的微观结构特征和拉伸性能

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100604

Lotfi Hedjazi , Sofiane Belhabib , Jaianth Vijayakumar , Elodie Boller , Sofiane Guessasma

This study investigates the 3D printing of carbon fibre-reinforced copolyester (COP-CF) composites using fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, with a focus on the influence of printing parameters on mechanical performance and microstructure. We explore the effects of different printing angles (0° to 90°) on the tensile behaviour, pore connectivity, and microstructural characteristics of 3D-printed COP-CF specimens. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography is employed to analyse the internal structure of printed parts, revealing insights into porosity distribution and fibre alignment. Our results indicate that a 45° printing angle yields the highest mechanical performance, with a tensile strength improvement approaching 70 MPa and a Young’s modulus nearing 1 GPa, attributed to filament alignment in the loading direction and optimal load transfer. Additionally, the elongation at break reaches approximately 10 %, indicating a balance between strength and ductility. The study also highlights the role of process-induced porosity and its impact on mechanical properties. Additionally, the design and testing of a 3D-printed curved hook demonstrate the material's potential for functional applications under mixed-mode loading conditions effectively at a 45° printing angle—outperforming other angles by a factor of 1.71. The findings underscore the importance of printing angle and microstructure control in optimizing the mechanical performance of 3D-printed COP-CF composites for technical applications.

本文研究了采用熔丝制造（FFF）技术3D打印碳纤维增强共聚酯（COP-CF）复合材料，重点研究了打印参数对力学性能和微观结构的影响。我们探索了不同的打印角度（0°到90°）对3d打印COP-CF样品的拉伸行为、孔隙连通性和微观结构特征的影响。同步加速器x射线微断层扫描用于分析打印部件的内部结构，揭示孔隙率分布和纤维排列的见解。我们的研究结果表明，45°的打印角度产生了最高的机械性能，拉伸强度提高接近70 MPa，杨氏模量接近1 GPa，这归功于纤维在加载方向上的排列和最佳的负载转移。此外，断裂伸长率达到约10%，表明强度和延性之间的平衡。该研究还强调了过程诱导孔隙率的作用及其对力学性能的影响。此外，3d打印弯曲挂钩的设计和测试表明，在45°打印角度下，该材料在混合模式加载条件下的功能应用潜力是其他角度的1.71倍。研究结果强调了打印角度和微观结构控制在优化3d打印COP-CF复合材料的机械性能方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Failure analysis under fatigue loading of glass fibre reinforced in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and Bio-epoxy based Composites 玻璃纤维增强原位可聚合热塑性和生物环氧基复合材料疲劳载荷失效分析

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100608

J.R. Pothnis , A. Hejjaji , G.S. Bhatia , A. Comer

This experimental study investigates the fracture and failure mechanisms of glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites fabricated using an in-situ polymerizable thermoplastic and a bio-based epoxy matrix subjected to tension-tension fatigue loading. For both material systems, fatigue tests resulted in linear S-N curves for the 0°, 90° and Quasi-Isotropic (QI) laminates and non-linear (power law) S-N curves for the ±45° and ±30° laminate configurations. However, the main focus of the study was on the failure mechanisms for both the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue loading regimes. At the macro level, the effect of the different matrices on the characteristic failure mode was generally minimal with all lay-ups exhibiting distributed damage throughout the gauge region except for the 90° laminates where damage was highly localised. However, micro level analysis conducted using SEM and elemental composition analysis revealed significantly different failure mechanisms in the vicinity of the fibre matrix interface for the bio-epoxy (interfacial) and the thermoplastic (cohesive). Overall, both matrices show promise in terms of fatigue performance under benign laboratory conditions and as a stepping stone towards achieving more sustainable matrix options for offshore renewable energy structures in the future.

本实验研究了由原位可聚合热塑性塑料和生物基环氧树脂基复合材料制备的玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料在拉伸-拉伸疲劳载荷下的断裂和破坏机制。对于这两种材料系统，疲劳测试的结果是0°、90°和准各向同性（QI）层压板的线性S-N曲线，以及±45°和±30°层压板配置的非线性（幂律）S-N曲线。然而，研究的主要焦点是低周和高周疲劳载荷下的失效机制。在宏观层面上，不同基体对特征失效模式的影响通常是最小的，除了损伤高度局部化的90°层合板外，所有层合板在整个规范区域都表现出分布损伤。然而，利用SEM和元素组成分析进行的微观分析显示，生物环氧树脂（界面）和热塑性塑料（内聚）在纤维基体界面附近的破坏机制存在显著差异。总的来说，这两种基质在良好的实验室条件下都表现出良好的疲劳性能，并为未来海上可再生能源结构实现更可持续的基质选择奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Current status and future outlook of 4D printing of polymers and composites-A prospective 聚合物及复合材料4D打印的现状与展望

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100602

Malik Hassan , Amar K. Mohanty , Tao Wang , Hom Nath Dhakal , Manjusri Misra

Four-dimensional (4D) printing represents a transformative advancement in additive manufacturing, integrating time-responsive behavior into traditionally static three-dimensional (3D) printed structures. This emerging technology leverages stimuli-responsive materials such as shape memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and smart composites that undergo controlled and reversible transformations when exposed to external triggers, including temperature, humidity, light, and magnetic or electric fields. Over the past decade, substantial research efforts have been directed toward refining material properties, optimizing printing parameters, and expanding the applicability of 4D printing across high-impact industries. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, material innovations, and emerging applications of 4D printing in sectors such as biomedical engineering, aerospace, automotive, and soft robotics. Particular emphasis is placed on programmable structures, morphing mechanisms, and self-actuating materials, which drives the next generation of dynamic manufacturing. Additionally, this study critically examines existing challenges, including material limitations, scalability issues, and computational complexities that hinder widespread industrial adoption. By identifying these constraints and proposing future research directions, this review aims to accelerate the transition of 4D printing from a novel laboratory innovation to a fully integrated, industrial-scale technology.

四维（4D）打印代表了增材制造的革命性进步，将时间响应行为集成到传统的静态三维（3D）打印结构中。这种新兴技术利用了刺激响应材料，如形状记忆聚合物、水凝胶、液晶弹性体和智能复合材料，当暴露于外部触发因素（包括温度、湿度、光、磁场或电场）时，这些材料会发生可控和可逆的转变。在过去的十年里，大量的研究工作都是针对改进材料性能，优化打印参数，扩大4D打印在高影响力行业的适用性。本综述全面分析了4D打印的基本原理、材料创新以及在生物医学工程、航空航天、汽车和软机器人等领域的新兴应用。特别强调的是可编程结构，变形机制和自致动材料，这推动了下一代动态制造。此外，本研究还严格审查了现有的挑战，包括材料限制、可扩展性问题和阻碍工业广泛采用的计算复杂性。通过识别这些制约因素并提出未来的研究方向，本文旨在加速4D打印从新颖的实验室创新向完全集成的工业规模技术的过渡。

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引用次数: 0

Multifunctional TPMS-based interpenetrating phase composites: A comprehensive review of structure, properties, piezoelectricity and applications 多功能tpms基互穿相复合材料：结构、性能、压电性及应用综述

IF 5.3 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composites Part C Open Access

Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100596

Kishor B. Shingare , Suhas Alkunte , Baosong Li , Andreas Schiffer , Ian Kinloch , Kin Liao

Owing to their superior electro-thermo-mechanical properties, the significance of interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) in various industries is in high demand. IPCs, characterized by infiltrating metal, ceramic, and polymer phases, provide various advantages, including a balanced mixture of strength, stiffness, and toughness, excellent thermal characteristics, wear resistance, and flexibility in microstructure and processing routes. This comprehensive review explores the realm of multifunctional reinforcing phases, specifically focusing on their integration into 3D printed composites. Within this context, the IPCs with a special spotlight on captivating world of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) and other cellular/lattice architectures wherein two core themes are presented and dissected: TPMS-based IPCs, which collaboratively amplify properties of another phase and interpenetrating piezoelectric phase composites (IP²Cs), which offer special advantages over conventional ones. We compiled comprehensive data on IPCs, emphasizing their effective properties, mechanical performance, fatigue and fracture behavior, energy absorption capacity, and coupled electromechanical characteristics. Furthermore, the commercial applications of architectured IPCs across industries are highlighted, along with a critical analysis of current research, identifying gaps and challenges. It highlights their pivotal role in advancing technology and addressing contemporary challenges while illuminating the uncharted possibilities presented by TPMS cellular structures in the dynamic landscape of 3D printing.

互穿相复合材料由于其优异的电-热-机械性能，在各行各业都有很大的应用价值。IPCs的特点是渗透金属、陶瓷和聚合物相，具有各种优势，包括强度、刚度和韧性的平衡混合，出色的热特性，耐磨性以及微观结构和加工路线的灵活性。这篇全面的综述探讨了多功能增强阶段的领域，特别关注它们与3D打印复合材料的集成。在此背景下，IPCs特别关注三周期最小表面（TPMS）和其他细胞/晶格结构的迷人世界，其中提出和分析了两个核心主题：基于TPMS的IPCs，它协同放大另一相的特性和互穿透压电相复合材料（ip2c），它比传统的具有特殊优势。我们收集了IPCs的综合数据，强调了它们的有效性能、力学性能、疲劳和断裂行为、能量吸收能力和耦合机电特性。此外，强调了跨行业的结构化ipc的商业应用，以及对当前研究的批判性分析，确定了差距和挑战。它突出了它们在推进技术和解决当代挑战方面的关键作用，同时阐明了TPMS细胞结构在3D打印动态环境中呈现的未知可能性。

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引用次数: 0