Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100626
Hans-Henrik Benzon, Malcolm McGugan, Xiao Chen
This study investigates the 3D propagation of elastic waves in a multi-layer carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plate using finite element analysis (FEA) in COMSOL. Elastic wave propagation is analyzed using Fourier-based frequency-wavenumber domain filtering. Wavefields are usually a component of the velocity or displacement at the top surface of the composite, and they contain detailed information about the guided waves. Reflections from edges and wave scattering from defects can be readily identified. Applying Fourier-based techniques to the wavefields and probe time signals can reveal the state of the composite, making it possible to distinguish between a pristine composite laminate and a composite laminate with defects. 2D and 3D Fourier-based frequency-wavenumber domain filtering can separate the wave into different modes, using which the delamination zones can be located. All COMSOL models are open access (see Appendix A) to support further study on the topic.
{"title":"Use of Fourier-based frequency-wavenumber domain filtering of simulated elastic waves for damage detection in fiber/polymer composites","authors":"Hans-Henrik Benzon, Malcolm McGugan, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the 3D propagation of elastic waves in a multi-layer carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plate using finite element analysis (FEA) in COMSOL. Elastic wave propagation is analyzed using Fourier-based frequency-wavenumber domain filtering. Wavefields are usually a component of the velocity or displacement at the top surface of the composite, and they contain detailed information about the guided waves. Reflections from edges and wave scattering from defects can be readily identified. Applying Fourier-based techniques to the wavefields and probe time signals can reveal the state of the composite, making it possible to distinguish between a pristine composite laminate and a composite laminate with defects. 2D and 3D Fourier-based frequency-wavenumber domain filtering can separate the wave into different modes, using which the delamination zones can be located. All COMSOL models are open access (see Appendix A) to support further study on the topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100628
D. Akhil Varma , Prabir K. Sarker , Mini K. Madhavan , Karingamanna Jayanarayanan
Due to the infrastructure development, retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques are gaining momentum in the construction sector. Fiber reinforced polymer and textile reinforced mortar confinement are recognized as promising techniques by the industry. The current study evaluates the effectiveness of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems for confining concrete cylinders under high temperatures, utilizing jute and basalt fibers as reinforcing agents. The confinement efficiencies of TRM hybrid systems were 1.50, 1.46, 1.46 and 1.34 at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C respectively, while for the hybrid FRP system, they were 1.58, 1.47, 1.29 and 1.15 at the same temperatures after 4-hour exposure. The addition of jute fibers in TRM demonstrated a notable enhancement in residual strength, Young's modulus, and failure strain at temperatures reaching 400 °C, whereas basalt fiber-reinforced TRM systems exhibited better thermal and fire resistance. Conversely, FRP systems, which consist of jute and basalt fibers, showed reduced mechanical properties and considerable degradation under high temperatures. The results indicate that TRM systems provide a more efficient and dependable option for concrete confinement applications under high temperatures, especially when jute and basalt fibers are utilized as reinforcement materials. The exceptional efficiency of TRM confinement systems at high temperatures positions them as a viable substitute for conventional FRP confinement systems in structural applications in fire-sensitive environments.
{"title":"Performance comparison of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems and textile reinforced mortar (TRM) for concrete confinement at elevated temperature","authors":"D. Akhil Varma , Prabir K. Sarker , Mini K. Madhavan , Karingamanna Jayanarayanan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the infrastructure development, retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques are gaining momentum in the construction sector. Fiber reinforced polymer and textile reinforced mortar confinement are recognized as promising techniques by the industry. The current study evaluates the effectiveness of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems for confining concrete cylinders under high temperatures, utilizing jute and basalt fibers as reinforcing agents. The confinement efficiencies of TRM hybrid systems were 1.50, 1.46, 1.46 and 1.34 at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C respectively, while for the hybrid FRP system, they were 1.58, 1.47, 1.29 and 1.15 at the same temperatures after 4-hour exposure. The addition of jute fibers in TRM demonstrated a notable enhancement in residual strength, Young's modulus, and failure strain at temperatures reaching 400 °C, whereas basalt fiber-reinforced TRM systems exhibited better thermal and fire resistance. Conversely, FRP systems, which consist of jute and basalt fibers, showed reduced mechanical properties and considerable degradation under high temperatures. The results indicate that TRM systems provide a more efficient and dependable option for concrete confinement applications under high temperatures, especially when jute and basalt fibers are utilized as reinforcement materials. The exceptional efficiency of TRM confinement systems at high temperatures positions them as a viable substitute for conventional FRP confinement systems in structural applications in fire-sensitive environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100620
Boxin Chang , Shuaixing Wang , Gaoge Liang , Quanxing Liu , Yong Xiao
Low-frequency sound insulation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of noise control engineering because of the classical mass law. Recent studies have shown that acoustic metamaterials can achieve a sound transmission loss (STL) higher than the mass law at specific low frequencies. However, it is still difficult to realize superior STL that can deeply break the mass law over a broadband low-frequency range, especially under the excitation of diffuse field sound. To challenge this problem, we suggest a multilayer composite plate-type metamaterial (MCPM) consisting of two single-layer metamaterial plates and a sandwiched layer of porous material. The metamaterial plates are simply constructed by a thin plate attached with periodic strip masses. We present an in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the STL performance of the MCPM. The results indicate that with proper design, the MCPM can achieve an excellent diffuse STL over an ultra-broadband low-frequency range, while avoiding the significant reduction of immediately following high-frequency STL. Owing to its simple construction yet superior low-frequency diffuse sound insulation performance, the MCPM can find promising applications in noise control engineering.
{"title":"Broadband low-frequency diffuse sound transmission loss of multilayer composite plate-type metamaterials","authors":"Boxin Chang , Shuaixing Wang , Gaoge Liang , Quanxing Liu , Yong Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-frequency sound insulation is one of the most challenging problems in the field of noise control engineering because of the classical mass law. Recent studies have shown that acoustic metamaterials can achieve a sound transmission loss (STL) higher than the mass law at specific low frequencies. However, it is still difficult to realize superior STL that can deeply break the mass law over a broadband low-frequency range, especially under the excitation of diffuse field sound. To challenge this problem, we suggest a multilayer composite plate-type metamaterial (MCPM) consisting of two single-layer metamaterial plates and a sandwiched layer of porous material. The metamaterial plates are simply constructed by a thin plate attached with periodic strip masses. We present an in-depth theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the STL performance of the MCPM. The results indicate that with proper design, the MCPM can achieve an excellent diffuse STL over an ultra-broadband low-frequency range, while avoiding the significant reduction of immediately following high-frequency STL. Owing to its simple construction yet superior low-frequency diffuse sound insulation performance, the MCPM can find promising applications in noise control engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100620"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pin-ended buckling test inspired by Wisnom [1] was developed to evaluate the effect of strain gradient on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Tests were conducted on unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552, and strain measurements were obtained using digital image correlation. Various cross-ply stacking sequences, [(0/90)₂]S, [(0/90)₄]S, [(0/90)₈]S, were studied and most specimens failed on the tension side due to the high compressive strength facilitated by the strain gradient, while the tensile failure strain remained unaffected by the strain gradient. To induce failure on the compression side, a novel method was developed by manufacturing bi-material specimens with an aluminum 2024 ply added to the tension side. This modification led to all bi-material specimens failing on the compression side. The results showed a Nnar increase in compressive failure strain as a function of the strain gradient. Furthermore, values reaching up to -33,000 microstrains were obtained for the thinner specimens, which is >2.5 times the compressive failure strain of -12,500 microstrains announced by the manufacturer. This behavior is new compared to other published results obtained on similarly tested materials that demonstrated a linear trend.
{"title":"Evaluation of the strain gradient effect on compressive failure of CRFP composites","authors":"Tobias Bianchi , Jawad Naciri , Joël Serra , Christophe Bouvet , Léon Ratsifandriahana","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A pin-ended buckling test inspired by Wisnom [<span><span>1</span></span>] was developed to evaluate the effect of strain gradient on the compressive failure strain of composite laminates. Tests were conducted on unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy AS4/8552, and strain measurements were obtained using digital image correlation. Various cross-ply stacking sequences, [(0/90)₂]<sub>S</sub>, [(0/90)₄]<sub>S</sub>, [(0/90)₈]<sub>S</sub>, were studied and most specimens failed on the tension side due to the high compressive strength facilitated by the strain gradient, while the tensile failure strain remained unaffected by the strain gradient. To induce failure on the compression side, a novel method was developed by manufacturing bi-material specimens with an aluminum 2024 ply added to the tension side. This modification led to all bi-material specimens failing on the compression side. The results showed a Nnar increase in compressive failure strain as a function of the strain gradient. Furthermore, values reaching up to -33,000 microstrains were obtained for the thinner specimens, which is >2.5 times the compressive failure strain of -12,500 microstrains announced by the manufacturer. This behavior is new compared to other published results obtained on similarly tested materials that demonstrated a linear trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100622
G. Romano , Y. Yang , K.B. Katnam , Z. Zou , P. Potluri
This study investigates the effect of the degree of fibre-hybridization (i.e., fibre volume fractions) and fibre type (i.e., primary and secondary) in uni-directional composite laminae with intra-laminar hybridisation on lamina elastic constants and micro-stress fields, with an emphasis on interfacial micro-stress, using three-dimensional representative volume elements (3D RVEs). Primary fibres (i.e., S-glass and carbon AS4), fibres with a reinforcing role, and secondary fibre (i.e., polypropylene, PET and PEEK), fibres with a toughening role, have been employed in this study. A micro-mechanical study using six independent loading cases has been conducted to predict the nine engineering constants and specific elastic lamina properties for hybrid and non-hybrid fibre composite laminae. The focus of the study is on interfacial (i.e., de-bonding) and matrix-dominated failure modes, and transverse tension, transverse shear and longitudinal shear loading are investigated. Validation of the model developed and employed in this study has been performed comparing the nine engineering constants predicted using FEA results against experimental data and two firmly established analytical models (i.e., Chamis and Mori-Tanaka). The effect of (a) primary and secondary fibre volume fractions, (b) the thermoplastic fibre diameter, and (c) using different thermoplastic fibres on homogenised properties and the micro-stress fields in uni-directional fibre-hybrid S-glass/secondary/epoxy and carbon/secondary/epoxy laminae are analysed. The findings highlight the importance of intra-laminar fibre hybridization in shaping lamina properties and micro-stress fields. Notably, employing different primary and second fibres alters the matrix and the fibre-matrix interfaces micro-stress fields. The stiffness and fibre volume fractions of the primary and secondary fibres are the major parameters affecting the elastic lamina properties and micro-stress fields. This aspect holds promise as an avenue for further exploration in terms of manipulating damage modes and, consequently, the mechanisms governing energy dissipation.
{"title":"Effect of fibre hybridization on interfacial micro-stress fields using 3D RVEs","authors":"G. Romano , Y. Yang , K.B. Katnam , Z. Zou , P. Potluri","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of the degree of fibre-hybridization (<em>i.e.,</em> fibre volume fractions) and fibre type (<em>i.e.,</em> primary and secondary) in uni-directional composite laminae with intra-laminar hybridisation on lamina elastic constants and micro-stress fields, with an emphasis on interfacial micro-stress, using three-dimensional representative volume elements (3D RVEs). Primary fibres (<em>i.e.,</em> S-glass and carbon AS4), fibres with a reinforcing role, and secondary fibre (<em>i.e.,</em> polypropylene, PET and PEEK), fibres with a toughening role, have been employed in this study. A micro-mechanical study using six independent loading cases has been conducted to predict the nine engineering constants and specific elastic lamina properties for hybrid and non-hybrid fibre composite laminae. The focus of the study is on interfacial (<em>i.e.,</em> de-bonding) and matrix-dominated failure modes, and transverse tension, transverse shear and longitudinal shear loading are investigated. Validation of the model developed and employed in this study has been performed comparing the nine engineering constants predicted using FEA results against experimental data and two firmly established analytical models (<em>i.e.,</em> Chamis and Mori-Tanaka). The effect of (a) primary and secondary fibre volume fractions, (b) the thermoplastic fibre diameter, and (c) using different thermoplastic fibres on homogenised properties and the micro-stress fields in uni-directional fibre-hybrid S-glass/secondary/epoxy and carbon/secondary/epoxy laminae are analysed. The findings highlight the importance of intra-laminar fibre hybridization in shaping lamina properties and micro-stress fields. Notably, employing different primary and second fibres alters the matrix and the fibre-matrix interfaces micro-stress fields. The stiffness and fibre volume fractions of the primary and secondary fibres are the major parameters affecting the elastic lamina properties and micro-stress fields. This aspect holds promise as an avenue for further exploration in terms of manipulating damage modes and, consequently, the mechanisms governing energy dissipation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of thermoplastic composites reinforced with plant fibers has been in high demand due to their lightweight, recyclability and sustainability. However, conventional composite manufacturing processes are incompatible with natural fibers to get the desired impregnation level with thermoplastic matrices. There is a need to develop a sustainable, economical pre-impregnation method for better resin dispersion, extended shelf life, and faster production. This study aims to investigate a method for producing thermoplastic emulsion and its processing with plant fibers. Prepregs were fabricated using jute yarn and emulsion to prepare biocomposites via compression molding. These biocomposites were fabricated with six stacking sequences (A0450, A904590, A459045, A45045, A0900, and A90090). The mechanical performance of these composites showed strong dependence on the stacking sequence. The results revealed that the highest tensile strength of 17.02 MPa was exhibited by A0450, while a reduction of 94 % and 91 % in tensile strength was observed for laminates A459045 (1.55 MPa) and A904590 (1.01 MPa), respectively. The results of the short beam test showed a similar trend with no interlaminar failure. The inherent ductile nature of the matrix resulted in a rebound during a drop-weight test, and A0450 and A90090 showed the maximum load-bearing properties. The composites produced showed proper fiber impregnation and perfect interfacial adhesion, thus overcoming the limitations associated with traditional thermoplastic matrices. Further optimization of the developed acrylic emulsion could emerge as a potential substitute for conventional thermoplastics for the development of sustainable composites.
{"title":"Development of sustainable thermoplastic jute prepregs by emulsion impregnation for biocomposites","authors":"Muhammad Mahad Umair Saqib , Asif Hafeez , Hassan Mehboob , Khubab Shaker","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of thermoplastic composites reinforced with plant fibers has been in high demand due to their lightweight, recyclability and sustainability. However, conventional composite manufacturing processes are incompatible with natural fibers to get the desired impregnation level with thermoplastic matrices. There is a need to develop a sustainable, economical pre-impregnation method for better resin dispersion, extended shelf life, and faster production. This study aims to investigate a method for producing thermoplastic emulsion and its processing with plant fibers. Prepregs were fabricated using jute yarn and emulsion to prepare biocomposites via compression molding. These biocomposites were fabricated with six stacking sequences (A0450, A904590, A459045, A45045, A0900, and A90090). The mechanical performance of these composites showed strong dependence on the stacking sequence. The results revealed that the highest tensile strength of 17.02 MPa was exhibited by A0450, while a reduction of 94 % and 91 % in tensile strength was observed for laminates A459045 (1.55 MPa) and A904590 (1.01 MPa), respectively. The results of the short beam test showed a similar trend with no interlaminar failure. The inherent ductile nature of the matrix resulted in a rebound during a drop-weight test, and A0450 and A90090 showed the maximum load-bearing properties. The composites produced showed proper fiber impregnation and perfect interfacial adhesion, thus overcoming the limitations associated with traditional thermoplastic matrices. Further optimization of the developed acrylic emulsion could emerge as a potential substitute for conventional thermoplastics for the development of sustainable composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100619"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human safety is the one of the most crucial aspects in defence industry. Every life matters therefore to protect a person from bullet impact it is of utmost importance to study bullet armour. Traditionally, these armour plates were made up of steel, aluminium, and recently, various fabrics like Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), Kevlar, Twaron etc are reinforced with materials like steel, carbon fiber, ceramics etc. The present work studies ballistic composite of viz., Dyneema®, hardened tool steel and alumina that is light in weight, easy to manufacture, has high strength, and less damage at medium velocity profiles for a standard sized bullet. The armour composite plates were designed by varying their layer wise composition and thickness. A standard sized bullet of diameter 7.62 mm was impacted on them with two velocities: 200 m/s and 300 m/s. The various composite designs were composed of Dyneema® (UHMWPE), Hardened tool steel (HTS) & Alumina. It was found that the plate with composition of Dyneema® reinforced with HTS was able to stop the bullet in lesser time in comparison to the plate which had Dyneema®-Alumina-HTS composition. But on the other side the Dyneema®-HTS-Alumina composite was found out to be lighter in weight. The strength and hardness of HTS plays a major role in the Dyneema® reinforced HTS with bullet facing material (UHMWPE) absorbing the required bullet energy. For higher velocity the 9.5 mm configuration of Dyneema® with HTS is recommended but for lower velocity 5 mm configuration would suffice. The outcome of the current work is very much beneficial to various defence technologies.
{"title":"Comparison of ballistic performance of Dyneema®, hardened tool steel & alumina composite for low and medium velocity impact: a numerical approach","authors":"Harsh Navangul , Kushagra Kumar , Davidson Jebaseelan , Awani Bhushan , Devendran Thirunavukkarasu , Rajnish Mallick , Sandip Saha , Bisheshwar Haorongbam","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human safety is the one of the most crucial aspects in defence industry. Every life matters therefore to protect a person from bullet impact it is of utmost importance to study bullet armour. Traditionally, these armour plates were made up of steel, aluminium, and recently, various fabrics like Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), Kevlar, Twaron etc are reinforced with materials like steel, carbon fiber, ceramics etc. The present work studies ballistic composite of viz., Dyneema®, hardened tool steel and alumina that is light in weight, easy to manufacture, has high strength, and less damage at medium velocity profiles for a standard sized bullet. The armour composite plates were designed by varying their layer wise composition and thickness. A standard sized bullet of diameter 7.62 mm was impacted on them with two velocities: 200 m/s and 300 m/s. The various composite designs were composed of Dyneema® (UHMWPE), Hardened tool steel (HTS) & Alumina. It was found that the plate with composition of Dyneema® reinforced with HTS was able to stop the bullet in lesser time in comparison to the plate which had Dyneema®-Alumina-HTS composition. But on the other side the Dyneema®-HTS-Alumina composite was found out to be lighter in weight. The strength and hardness of HTS plays a major role in the Dyneema® reinforced HTS with bullet facing material (UHMWPE) absorbing the required bullet energy. For higher velocity the 9.5 mm configuration of Dyneema® with HTS is recommended but for lower velocity 5 mm configuration would suffice. The outcome of the current work is very much beneficial to various defence technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100618"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a tool-change 3D printer, this study investigated the integration of structural formation and functional enhancement in 3D printing. Traditionally, single-material printing is the standard, making the combination of mechanically robust structures, such as those using fiber-reinforced composites, and functional enhancements, such as conductive materials, challenging. In this study, a tool-change system was implemented to enable material-specific print-head operation, enabling the simultaneous fabrication of structural and functional elements in a single process. Moreover, to reduce the impact of internal defects in functional enhancement, this study explored printing methods for existing sensors. Focusing on optical fibers for their continuous thread-like structure, they were processed into filaments by combining them with resin. These filamentized optical fibers demonstrated the ability to achieve sub-millimeter precision in printing. Additionally, the optical fibers exhibited measurement accuracy comparable to conventional sensors, highlighting their suitability as high-performance sensing components. By incorporating optical fibers into 3D printing, this study enabled the stable integration of high-quality sensors into printed components. Utilizing a tool-changing approach, it demonstrated the feasibility of combining entirely different materials in a single process. This achievement highlights the potential of tool-change systems to advance multi-material 3D printing, balancing structural formation with functional integration, and laying the foundation for innovative applications in additive manufacturing.
{"title":"Integration of composite-structure forming and optical fiber sensing using tool-change 3D printing","authors":"Gen Watanabe , Issei Ogawa , Hiroshi Ikaida , Mitsuo Matsunaga , Ryosuke Matsuzaki","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a tool-change 3D printer, this study investigated the integration of structural formation and functional enhancement in 3D printing. Traditionally, single-material printing is the standard, making the combination of mechanically robust structures, such as those using fiber-reinforced composites, and functional enhancements, such as conductive materials, challenging. In this study, a tool-change system was implemented to enable material-specific print-head operation, enabling the simultaneous fabrication of structural and functional elements in a single process. Moreover, to reduce the impact of internal defects in functional enhancement, this study explored printing methods for existing sensors. Focusing on optical fibers for their continuous thread-like structure, they were processed into filaments by combining them with resin. These filamentized optical fibers demonstrated the ability to achieve sub-millimeter precision in printing. Additionally, the optical fibers exhibited measurement accuracy comparable to conventional sensors, highlighting their suitability as high-performance sensing components. By incorporating optical fibers into 3D printing, this study enabled the stable integration of high-quality sensors into printed components. Utilizing a tool-changing approach, it demonstrated the feasibility of combining entirely different materials in a single process. This achievement highlights the potential of tool-change systems to advance multi-material 3D printing, balancing structural formation with functional integration, and laying the foundation for innovative applications in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the importance of energy absorption in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and marine, lightweight energy absorbers such as auxetic structures under in-plane loading have attracted significant attention. This study introduces and systematically investigates novel Geometric Functionally Graded (GFG) auxetic double arrowhead lattice structures, where performance enhancement is achieved by strategically varying the constituent unit cell angles along the loading direction—a distinct approach from conventional thickness-grading. The aim encompasses the design, fabrication (via Fused Filament Fabrication), and quasi-static compressive testing of thirteen distinct lattice configurations, including seven uniform and six GFG designs, with their mechanical behavior and energy absorption characteristics rigorously analyzed and validated through finite element simulations. Results indicated that the angle of the auxetic double arrowhead unit cell is the crucial geometric parameter affecting mechanical behavior and dominant failure modes. The volumetric energy absorption and specific volumetric energy absorption of the auxetic double arrowhead lattice structure with geometric functionally graded with α = 14° to 20° are 81 % and 173 % higher, respectively, compared to the uniform auxetic double arrowhead lattice structure with α = 10° In light of these findings, geometric functionally graded designs offer superior energy absorption performance for auxetic double arrowhead lattice structures with negative Poisson's ratio compared to conventional uniform arrangements.
{"title":"Novel geometric functionally graded auxetic double arrowhead lattice structures design: Tailored unit cell angles for superior energy absorption","authors":"Amin Dadashi , Kamel Hossein Nedjad , Amin Farrokhabadi , S.Amir M. Ghannadpour","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the importance of energy absorption in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and marine, lightweight energy absorbers such as auxetic structures under in-plane loading have attracted significant attention. This study introduces and systematically investigates novel Geometric Functionally Graded (GFG) auxetic double arrowhead lattice structures, where performance enhancement is achieved by strategically varying the constituent unit cell angles along the loading direction—a distinct approach from conventional thickness-grading. The aim encompasses the design, fabrication (via Fused Filament Fabrication), and quasi-static compressive testing of thirteen distinct lattice configurations, including seven uniform and six GFG designs, with their mechanical behavior and energy absorption characteristics rigorously analyzed and validated through finite element simulations. Results indicated that the angle of the auxetic double arrowhead unit cell is the crucial geometric parameter affecting mechanical behavior and dominant failure modes. The volumetric energy absorption and specific volumetric energy absorption of the auxetic double arrowhead lattice structure with geometric functionally graded with α = 14° to 20° are 81 % and 173 % higher, respectively, compared to the uniform auxetic double arrowhead lattice structure with α = 10° In light of these findings, geometric functionally graded designs offer superior energy absorption performance for auxetic double arrowhead lattice structures with negative Poisson's ratio compared to conventional uniform arrangements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100617
Maha Assad, Rami A. Hawileh, Jamal A. Abdalla, Hussam Safieh, Sayan Kumar Shaw
This study investigates the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to cyclic loading. Four beam configurations were tested: a control beam (C) and beams externally strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets, steel mesh sheets bonded with epoxy (SME), and steel mesh sheets bonded with mortar (SMM). The experimental program adhered to the evaluation criteria outlined by ACI437R-03. Although the tested beams satisfied the repeatability limit specified by the committee, the deviation from linearity and permanency limits could not be satisfied. The performance of the beams was also evaluated in terms of load-deflection behaviour, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and brittleness. The hysteresis loops of the tested beams revealed significant differences in energy dissipation. Strengthened beams exhibited larger hysteresis loop areas, reflecting their enhanced energy absorption and dissipation capacity. In contrast, the control beam demonstrated smaller and narrower loops. The SMM beam consistently outperformed other configurations, achieving the highest flexural load-carrying capacity and dissipation energy. Post-cyclic monotonic loading tests further evaluated the residual behaviour of the beams. The percentage increase in flexural strength ranged from 38 to 51 % compared to the control unstrengthened beam. Therefore, it is concluded that strengthening significantly improves the behaviour of RC beams under cyclic loading.
{"title":"Behaviour of strengthened RC beams with CFRP and GSM sheets under cyclic loading","authors":"Maha Assad, Rami A. Hawileh, Jamal A. Abdalla, Hussam Safieh, Sayan Kumar Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcomc.2025.100617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to cyclic loading. Four beam configurations were tested: a control beam (C) and beams externally strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets, steel mesh sheets bonded with epoxy (SME), and steel mesh sheets bonded with mortar (SMM). The experimental program adhered to the evaluation criteria outlined by ACI437R-03. Although the tested beams satisfied the repeatability limit specified by the committee, the deviation from linearity and permanency limits could not be satisfied. The performance of the beams was also evaluated in terms of load-deflection behaviour, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and brittleness. The hysteresis loops of the tested beams revealed significant differences in energy dissipation. Strengthened beams exhibited larger hysteresis loop areas, reflecting their enhanced energy absorption and dissipation capacity. In contrast, the control beam demonstrated smaller and narrower loops. The SMM beam consistently outperformed other configurations, achieving the highest flexural load-carrying capacity and dissipation energy. Post-cyclic monotonic loading tests further evaluated the residual behaviour of the beams. The percentage increase in flexural strength ranged from 38 to 51 % compared to the control unstrengthened beam. Therefore, it is concluded that strengthening significantly improves the behaviour of RC beams under cyclic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34525,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part C Open Access","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100617"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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