Journal of Power Sources最新文献_第8页

Revealing the contribution of flame spread to vertical thermal runaway propagation for energy storage systems 揭示火焰蔓延对储能系统垂直热失控传播的影响

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235897

Peng Gao, Laifeng Song, Zhuangzhuang Jia, Junyuan Li, Jinhua Sun, Peng Qin, Qingsong Wang

The rapidly growing energy storage systems necessitate more high-capacity lithium iron phosphate batteries but pose significant safety concerns. In multi-layer battery clusters, if thermal runaway propagation occurs between modules, particularly in the vertical direction, the ensuing fire spread can further result in the accelerated propagation of battery and even an irrevocable catastrophe. Clarifying the contribution of flame spread to vertical thermal runaway propagation is the goal of this investigation. The unexpected propagation characteristics between the upper and lower modules are explored. Further, the critical heat and the percentage of heat that leads to thermal runaway in the upper battery are determined using the equivalent replacement battery. The flame heat transfer is finally decoupled using the thermal radiation model. And the mechanism of vertical thermal runaway propagation induced flame between modules is analyzed. The findings reveal that the higher module's thermal runaway and venting sequence differs from the lower module's, suggesting that flame spread dominated the thermal runaway propagation paths. The critical triggering energy of the upper battery is 1193.6 kJ, comprising 279 kJ of conductive heat, 750 kJ of flame heat, and 164.6 kJ of self-generation heat, with the flame heat accounting for approximately 1.18 % of the total heat released from the battery fire. In contrast to horizontal thermal runaway propagation, where thermal conduction is predominant, the convection heat from battery fire serves as the main heat source for vertical propagation. The findings serve as a foundation for both emergency response to fire incidents and the safe design of battery modules in existing energy storage systems.

快速发展的储能系统需要更多的高容量磷酸铁锂电池，但同时也带来了巨大的安全隐患。在多层电池组中，如果模块之间发生热失控传播，特别是在垂直方向上，随之而来的火焰蔓延会进一步导致电池加速膨胀，甚至造成不可挽回的灾难。澄清火焰蔓延对垂直热失控传播的影响是本次研究的目标。本研究探讨了上下模块之间意想不到的传播特性。此外，还利用等效替代电池确定了导致上部电池热失控的临界热量和热量百分比。最后利用热辐射模型对火焰传热进行解耦。并分析了模块间垂直热失控传播诱发火焰的机理。研究结果表明，较高模块的热失控和排气顺序与较低模块的不同，这表明火焰蔓延主导了热失控的传播路径。上部电池的临界触发能量为 1193.6 kJ，包括 279 kJ 的传导热、750 kJ 的火焰热和 164.6 kJ 的自发热，其中火焰热约占电池起火释放总热量的 1.18%。与热传导占主导地位的水平热失控传播不同，电池着火产生的对流热是垂直传播的主要热源。研究结果为火灾事故的应急响应和现有储能系统中电池模块的安全设计奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Improved energy storage properties in Pb0.82La0.12(ZrxTi1-x)O3 antiferroelectric films with different Zr/Ti ratios 不同 Zr/Ti 比的 Pb0.82La0.12(ZrxTi1-x)O3 反铁电薄膜的改进储能特性

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235843

X.W. Wang , M.Z. Hou , F. Yang , Y.X. Fu , X.F. Li , J.Y. Chen , K.X. Yu , D.H. Shao

Antiferroelectric (AFE) materials attract widespread attention due to their unique behavior under electric field. In this work, the Pb_0.82La_0.12(Zr_xTi_1-x)O₃ (PLZT) films with Zr/Ti ratios close to the AFE region are deposited on the LaNiO₃/SiO₂/Si substrate through chemical deposition method. The dielectric, leakage, and ferroelectric performance of PLZT films are thoroughly examined. It can be concluded that the Zr content in PLZT films can effectively regulate their dielectric properties. At the same time, the increase of Zr/Ti ratio makes the double hysteresis loop of PLZT more obvious, leading to greater stability of the AFE phase, providing a significant advantage in energy storage. Notably, the PLZT film with a Zr/Ti ratio of 95/5 exhibits the highest recoverable energy storage density (W_rec) of 30.8 J/cm³ and energy storage efficiency (η) of 71.5 %. These results reveal that the Zr/Ti ratio in PLZT antiferroelectric films plays a critical role in enhancing their energy storage performance.

反铁电（AFE）材料因其在电场作用下的独特行为而受到广泛关注。在这项研究中，通过化学沉积法在 LaNiO3/SiO2/Si 衬底上沉积了 Zr/Ti 比率接近 AFE 区域的 Pb0.82La0.12(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (PLZT) 薄膜。对 PLZT 薄膜的介电、漏电和铁电性能进行了深入研究。结果表明，PLZT 薄膜中 Zr 的含量能有效调节其介电性能。同时，Zr/Ti 比的增加使 PLZT 的双磁滞回线更加明显，从而使 AFE 相更加稳定，在储能方面具有显著优势。值得注意的是，Zr/Ti 比为 95/5 的 PLZT 薄膜的可恢复储能密度（Wrec）最高，达到 30.8 J/cm3，储能效率（η）为 71.5%。这些结果表明，PLZT 反铁电薄膜中的 Zr/Ti 比率对提高其储能性能起着至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal operation of diesel generator and battery energy storage system for total fuel cost minimization in hybrid power system 优化柴油发电机和电池储能系统的运行，实现混合动力系统总燃料成本最小化

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235859

Sophea Elmmydya Damian , Ling Ai Wong , Hussain Shareef , C.K. Chan , T.S.Y. Moh , Meng Chung Tiong

This study addresses the challenge of optimizing the operation of the diesel generator (DG) and battery energy storage system (BESS) to minimize the total fuel cost in a hybrid tugboat application, using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), a metaheuristic optimization algorithm. A specific fuel consumption (SFC) curve and an optimal control algorithm are developed to enhance the performance of the hybrid tugboat. Various case studies examine the impacts of different tugboat mode durations on the optimal operation of DG and BESS. The effectiveness of WOA is validated with other optimization algorithms. From the developed SFC curve and optimal control algorithm, the optimal DG operating conditions to improve fuel efficiency are determined. As a result, through the optimized operation of DG and BESS suggested by WOA, the total fuel cost of the hybrid tugboat is reduced by 9.23 % compared to the conventional tugboat. In contrast to other algorithms, WOA performed exceptionally well in achieving the optimal operation of DG and BESS, with the highest total fuel cost savings and the smallest BESS operating capacity. The findings highlight that DG should be utilized mostly during the operating mode with the longest duration and higher load demand to minimize the total fuel cost.

本研究采用元启发式优化算法鲸鱼优化算法（WOA），解决了在混合动力拖船应用中优化柴油发电机（DG）和电池储能系统（BESS）的运行以最小化总燃料成本的难题。为提高混合动力拖船的性能，还开发了特定燃料消耗（SFC）曲线和优化控制算法。各种案例研究考察了不同拖船模式持续时间对 DG 和 BESS 优化运行的影响。WOA 的有效性与其他优化算法进行了验证。根据开发的 SFC 曲线和优化控制算法，确定了提高燃料效率的最佳 DG 运行条件。结果，通过 WOA 建议的 DG 和 BESS 优化操作，混合动力拖船的总燃料成本比传统拖船降低了 9.23%。与其他算法相比，WOA 在实现 DG 和 BESS 的优化运行方面表现优异，节省的总燃料成本最高，而 BESS 的运行容量最小。研究结果突出表明，应在持续时间最长、负载需求较大的运行模式下充分利用 DG，以最大限度地降低总燃料成本。

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引用次数: 0

Relaxation of the Jahn–Teller stress effect in the P3-type K0.5MnO2 cathode by copper and magnesium co-substitution for high-performance K-ion batteries 在 P3 型 K0.5MnO2 正极中通过铜和镁的共取代放宽 Jahn-Teller 应力效应，从而实现高性能 K 离子电池

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235786

Yunjae Oh , Hoseok Lee , Gwangeon Oh , Seongje Ryu , Un-Hyuck Kim , Hun-Gi Jung , Jongsoon Kim , Jang-Yeon Hwang

The Mn-based P3-type layered oxide (K_0.5MnO₂) is a promising cathode material for K-ion batteries (KIBs) because of its low cost, high specific capacity, and simple synthesis. However, it suffers from severe capacity loss and sluggish K⁺ diffusion kinetics, which are mainly attributed to multiple phase transitions and the Jahn–Teller distortion of Mn³⁺. To address these challenges, herein, the Mg and Cu co-substitution strategy is proposed to synthesize the P3-type K_0.5Mn_0.8Mg_0.1Cu_0.1O₂ (P3-KMMCO) as a cathode for KIBs. The presence of divalent Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ in the crystal structure of P3-KMMCO play the critical functions in regulating the Jahn–Teller-active Mn³⁺, thereby suppressing the complex phase transitions and improving the K⁺ diffusion kinetics during charging and discharging. As a result, the P3-KMMCO cathode demonstrates the high reversible capacity, outstanding cycling stability and power capability. A combination study of synchrotron-based X-ray analysis and first-principles calculations is used to validate the enhanced electrochemical K⁺ storage properties of the P3-KMMCO cathode.

锰基 P3 型层状氧化物（K0.5MnO2）具有成本低、比容量高和合成简单等优点，是一种很有前途的 K 离子电池（KIB）正极材料。然而，它存在严重的容量损失和 K+ 扩散动力学缓慢的问题，这主要归因于多重相变和 Mn3+ 的 Jahn-Teller 畸变。为了解决这些难题，本文提出了镁和铜共取代策略，以合成 P3 型 K0.5Mn0.8Mg0.1Cu0.1O2 （P3-KMMCO）作为 KIB 的阴极。P3-KMMCO 晶体结构中二价 Mg2+ 和 Cu2+ 的存在在调节 Jahn-Teller 活性 Mn3+ 方面发挥了关键作用，从而抑制了复杂的相变，改善了充放电过程中 K+ 的扩散动力学。因此，P3-KMMCO 阴极具有很高的可逆容量、出色的循环稳定性和发电能力。同步辐射 X 射线分析和第一原理计算相结合的研究验证了 P3-KMMCO 阴极增强的电化学 K+ 储存特性。

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引用次数: 0

Coal-derived carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: Development, challenges, and prospects 用于锂离子电池的煤制碳阳极：发展、挑战和前景

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235858

Shuai Xu, Johannes van der Watt, Daniel Laudal, Ruiqing Zhang, Rahate Ahmed, Xiaodong Hou

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) development has increased rapidly, requiring low-cost anode materials with a high capacity, high-rate performance, and stable lifespan. Carbon-based anodes possess various exceptional morphologies and structures, making them promising candidates for meeting the technical demands; however, conventional synthetic carbon anode processes need expensive feedstocks that increase anode cost and limit commercialization. Coal, the most affordable and abundant carbon resource, has attracted increasing attention as the primary feedstock for producing high-value carbon anode materials. This article reviews the lithium storage mechanisms, characteristics, and productions of some high-valuable carbon anode materials for LIBs from coal and coal derivatives. The high-value carbon anode materials reviewed in this article are graphite, graphene, mesophase microbeads (MCMB), carbon fiber, and hard carbons. The remaining challenges and prospects of using coal-derived carbon materials to create high-performance and low-cost lithium-ion batteries are also discussed.

锂离子电池（LIB）的发展日新月异，需要具有高容量、高倍率性能和稳定寿命的低成本阳极材料。碳基阳极具有各种特殊的形态和结构，因此很有希望满足技术要求；然而，传统的合成碳阳极工艺需要昂贵的原料，从而增加了阳极成本，限制了商业化。煤炭作为最廉价、最丰富的碳资源，作为生产高价值碳负极材料的主要原料已引起越来越多的关注。本文综述了从煤和煤衍生物中提取用于锂电子电池的一些高价值碳负极材料的锂存储机制、特性和生产情况。本文评述的高价值碳负极材料包括石墨、石墨烯、介相微珠（MCMB）、碳纤维和硬碳。文章还讨论了使用煤炭衍生碳材料制造高性能、低成本锂离子电池所面临的挑战和前景。

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引用次数: 0

Zinc dendrite removal in a nickel-zinc battery with flow-through electrodes 在带流通电极的镍锌电池中去除锌枝晶

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235737

Daniel L. Collins-Wildman, Kenneth Higa, Vincent S. Battaglia

The development and deployment of inexpensive energy storage technologies is critical to realizing a clean energy grid. Batteries are being used in this role, but there remains a need for research on systems that are designed specifically for stationary energy storage, with a focus on lowering the overall cost rather than prioritizing the system energy density, specific energy, and power output. Here, we report the development of ultra-thick (1 cm thick) electrodes with engineered flow channels and explore the variables determining how thick these electrodes can feasibly be. Our proof of concept cell, utilizing the alkaline Ni-Zn chemistry, shows stable cycling over the initial 60 cycles but still suffers from the common Zn dendrite growth at the anode. To extend the life of these systems we report our novel methodology to completely remove Zn dendrites by exploiting the flow-through nature of our electrode architecture.

开发和部署廉价的储能技术对于实现清洁能源网至关重要。电池正在发挥这一作用，但仍需要对专门用于固定储能的系统进行研究，重点是降低总体成本，而不是优先考虑系统的能量密度、比能量和功率输出。在此，我们报告了带有工程流道的超厚（1 厘米厚）电极的开发情况，并探讨了决定这些电极可行厚度的各种变量。我们的概念验证电池采用了碱性镍锌化学成分，在最初的 60 次循环中显示出稳定的循环性能，但阳极仍存在常见的锌枝晶生长问题。为了延长这些系统的使用寿命，我们报告了利用电极结构的流动性彻底去除锌枝晶的新方法。

引用次数: 0

Rapid estimation of lithium-ion battery capacity and resistances from short duration current pulses 通过短时电流脉冲快速估算锂离子电池容量和电阻值

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235813

Benjamin Nowacki , Jayanth Ramamurthy , Adam Thelen , Chad Tischer , Cary L. Pint , Chao Hu

Rapid onboard diagnosis of battery state of health enables the use of real-time control strategies that can improve product safety and maximize battery lifetime. However, onboard prediction of battery state-of-health is challenging due to the limitations imposed on diagnostic tests so as not to negatively affect the user experience and impede normal operation. To this end, we demonstrate a lightweight machine learning model capable of predicting a lithium-ion battery’s discharge capacity and internal resistance at various states of charge using only the raw voltage-capacity time-series data recorded during short-duration (100 s) current pulses. Tested on two battery aging datasets, one publicly available and the other newly collected for this work, we find that the best models can accurately predict cell discharge capacity with an average mean-absolute-percent-error of 1.66%. Additionally, we quantize and embed the machine learning model onto a microcontroller and show comparable accuracy to the computer-based model, further demonstrating the practicality of on-board rapid capacity and resistance estimation.

通过对电池健康状况进行快速车载诊断，可以采用实时控制策略，从而提高产品安全性并最大限度地延长电池使用寿命。然而，为了不对用户体验造成负面影响和妨碍正常操作，对诊断测试施加了限制，因此车载电池健康状况预测具有挑战性。为此，我们展示了一种轻量级机器学习模型，该模型能够仅利用短时（100 秒）电流脉冲期间记录的原始电压-容量时间序列数据，预测锂离子电池在不同充电状态下的放电容量和内阻。我们在两个电池老化数据集（一个是公开数据集，另一个是为这项工作新收集的数据集）上进行了测试，发现最佳模型可以准确预测电池放电容量，平均平均绝对百分比误差为 1.66%。此外，我们将机器学习模型量化并嵌入到微控制器中，结果显示其准确性与基于计算机的模型相当，进一步证明了板载快速容量和电阻估算的实用性。

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引用次数: 0

Enhance the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with effective compact layers and direct contact cell structure 利用有效的致密层和直接接触式电池结构提高染料敏化太阳能电池的性能

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235889

Shanmuganathan Venkatesan , Yi-Che Chang , Hsisheng Teng , Yuh-Lang Lee

Compact layers (CLs) characterized by dense structures play a crucial role in enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Previous studies focus on preparing CLs using a single precursor through one-step methods. In this study, the new CLs are prepared by sequentially depositing films using titanium tetrachloride and titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) via chemical bath deposition and spray pyrolysis, respectively. Scanning electron microscope images show that the resulting CL has a denser structure compared to those prepared by one-step methods. Moreover, electrochemical impedance analysis indicates that they can efficiently inhibit charge recombination at the interface, leading to higher PCE. Furthermore, when the CL and direct contact (DC) structure are applied simultaneously to fabricate the DSSCs using Y123 dye and Co^2+/3+ electrolyte, efficiencies of 9.86 % and 24.74 % can be obtained respectively, under one-sun and room light conditions (200 lx). Additionally, tandem cells using the DC structure for both top and bottom cells can achieve an efficiency of 29.68 % under room light illumination of 200 lx.

以致密结构为特征的致密层（CL）在提高染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）的功率转换效率（PCE）方面发挥着至关重要的作用。以往的研究侧重于通过一步法使用单一前驱体制备 CL。在本研究中，通过化学沉积法和喷雾热解法，分别使用四氯化钛和二异丙氧基双（乙酰丙酮）钛依次沉积薄膜，制备出了新型 CL。扫描电子显微镜图像显示，与一步法制备的 CL 相比，所制备的 CL 具有更致密的结构。此外，电化学阻抗分析表明，它们能有效抑制界面上的电荷重组，从而获得更高的 PCE。此外，当 CL 和直接接触（DC）结构同时用于制造使用 Y123 染料和 Co2+/3+ 电解质的 DSSC 时，在单太阳和室光条件（200 lx）下可分别获得 9.86 % 和 24.74 % 的效率。此外，在 200 lx 的室内光照条件下，上下电池均采用直流结构的串联电池可实现 29.68 % 的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Optimising lithium lanthanum cerate garnet ceramic electrolytes for fast lithium-ion conduction 优化镧铈石榴石锂陶瓷电解质，实现快速锂离子传导

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235801

Zipei Wan , Ioanna M. Pateli , Gavin J. Irvine , David Miller , Ronald I. Smith , Robert Armstrong , Mihkel Vestli , Chengzhi Sun , JohnT.S. Irvine

The garnet-type electrolytes are promising for solid-state lithium-metal batteries, while it is still challenging to realize fast lithium-ion conduction with moderate sintering process. To solve the problem, we proposed a novel cerium (Ce)-based cubic garnet electrolyte – Li_6.25La₃Ce_1.25Ta_0.75O₁₂ (LLCTO-0.75). The Ta⁵⁺ doping of the tetragonal Li₇La₃Ce₂O₁₂ (LLCO) results in a stable cubic phase at room temperature, whilst the presence of Ce⁴⁺ is associated with enlarging lattice parameters to facilitate lithium-ion migration and promoting sintering. As a result, the LLCTO-0.75 achieves a dense ceramic microstructure with only 30 min sintering at 1150 °C, and an outstanding lithium-ion conductivity of 1.09 mS cm⁻¹ at 30 °C. Benefiting from a small Li/LLCTO-0.75 interfacial resistance of 52.8 Ω cm² at 30 °C, the Li-Li symmetric cell cycles for over 700 h without short circuit, and the quasi-solid state LiFePO₄/LLCTO 0.75/Li battery delivers a satisfying specific capacity of 127.0 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles. This work provides new insights into the development of practical solid-state oxide electrolytes for safe high-energy batteries.

石榴石型电解质在固态锂金属电池中大有可为，但要在适度烧结过程中实现锂离子的快速传导仍具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新型铈（Ce）基立方石榴石电解质--Li6.25La3Ce1.25Ta0.75O12（LLCTO-0.75）。在四方 Li7La3Ce2O12（LLCO）中掺入 Ta5+ 可在室温下形成稳定的立方相，而 Ce4+ 的存在则会扩大晶格参数，从而促进锂离子迁移并促进烧结。因此，LLCTO-0.75 在 1150 °C 下烧结仅需 30 分钟，就能获得致密的陶瓷微观结构，并在 30 °C 下获得 1.09 mS cm-1 的出色锂离子电导率。由于锂/LLCTO-0.75 在 30 ℃ 时的界面电阻较小，仅为 52.8 Ω cm2，因此锂-锂对称电池可循环使用超过 700 小时而不会发生短路，并且准固态 LiFePO4/LLCTO 0.75/Li 电池在循环使用 300 次后可提供令人满意的 127.0 mAh g-1 比容量。这项工作为开发用于安全高能电池的实用固态氧化物电解质提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Large-scale preparation of amorphous silicon materials for high-stability lithium-ion battery anodes 大规模制备用于高稳定性锂离子电池阳极的非晶硅材料

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Power Sources

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235835

Jijun Lu , Shaoyuan Li , Liao Shen , Yanfeng Wang , Kuixian Wei , Yuelong Yu , Fengshuo Xi , Wenhui Ma , Zhi Wang

Silicon (Si) anodes have emerged as promising candidates in the field of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their exceptionally high theoretical specific capacity. However, the practical application of Si anodes has been severely hindered by the cracking and pulverization caused by the anisotropic volume expansion of crystalline Si during the lithiation process. Here, we have developed an efficient and cost-effective method for preparing amorphous Si materials. This method utilizes electron beam-induced direct heating to provide ultra-high temperatures (>3000 °C), driving the evaporation of Si sources and forming non-crystalline Si materials during rapid quenching. Simultaneously, the unevaporated Si can be deeply purified to prepare high-purity Si (purity greater than 99.9999 %) for use in photovoltaic solar cells. The isotropic characteristics of non-crystalline Si during lithium insertion significantly alleviate Si particle fragmentation and enhance lithium-ion transport rates. As a LIB anode, it exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability, with 1200 cycles at 0.5 A/g, and a reversible capacity of more than 88.8 %. The capacity retention of the full cell assembled with LiFePO₄ cathode is greater than 80 % after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. The results presented in this article confirm the significant applicability of the developed method in large-scale synthesis of amorphous Si.

硅（Si）阳极具有极高的理论比容量，因此已成为高能量密度锂离子电池（LIB）领域的理想候选材料。然而，由于结晶硅在锂化过程中各向异性的体积膨胀会导致开裂和粉化，这严重阻碍了硅阳极的实际应用。在此，我们开发了一种高效且经济的方法来制备非晶硅材料。该方法利用电子束诱导直接加热提供超高温（3000 °C），在快速淬火过程中推动硅源蒸发并形成非结晶硅材料。同时，未蒸发的硅可被深度提纯，制备出用于光伏太阳能电池的高纯度硅（纯度大于 99.9999 %）。非结晶硅在锂插入过程中的各向同性特性大大减轻了硅颗粒的破碎，提高了锂离子传输速率。作为锂离子负极，它表现出卓越的长期循环稳定性，在 0.5 A/g 条件下可循环 1200 次，可逆容量超过 88.8%。在 0.5 C 下循环 300 次后，与磷酸铁锂正极组装的完整电池的容量保持率大于 80%。

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引用次数: 0