Materials & Design最新文献_第8页

Comparison of pure Cu and Cu friction stirred with W and Gr reinforcements for wear strength and hardness under its varying parameters maintaining low electrical resistivity 比较纯Cu和纯Cu摩擦搅拌与W和Gr增强剂在不同参数下保持低电阻率的耐磨强度和硬度

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115579

Mohammed Yunus , Rami Alfattani , Turki Alamro

High electrical conductivity materials like copper (Cu) are utilized for resistance welding electrodes and heavy-duty electrical connections, among other things. It is not appropriate for applications requiring high strength and strong wear resistance because of its low mechanical and wear qualities. The study sought to increase Cu’s surface wear resistance and hardness by reinforcing Tungsten (W) and Graphene (Gr) particles by maintaining low electrical resistivity utilizing friction stir processing (FSP) by altering the tool’s traverse speed (TS). To optimize the process parameters, with groove breadth (GB), TS and volume (Vf) % of reinforcement (W, Gr) being the selected parameters. The optical micrographs demonstrated that reinforcement was equally distributed across the treated zone, resulting in an 85% greater hardness than the base metal. Commercial pure Cu was first treated at one rotating speed and different GB, TS and %Vf using single pass FSP. FSP increased wear resistance and hardness by 58%, while there was a minor decline in electrical resistivity (2.3% Ωm) at the 900 rpm–150 mm/min speed, Using single pass FSP, copper-tungsten (Cu-W) and copper-graphene (Cu-Gr) composites were made in the second phase to create Cu surface composites with good electrical resistivity and strength. Cu-W and Cu-Gr composites showed 130% and 64% increases in hardness. The composites’ wear rate was reduced yet their electrical resistivity (3.3% Ωm) was simply pacified by rise.

像铜（Cu）这样的高导电性材料被用于电阻焊电极和重型电气连接等。由于其机械和磨损质量低，因此不适合要求高强度和强耐磨性的应用。该研究试图通过利用搅拌摩擦处理（FSP）通过改变工具的横移速度（TS）来保持低电阻率，从而增强钨(W)和石墨烯（Gr）颗粒，从而提高铜的表面耐磨性和硬度。以槽宽（GB）、补强率（TS）和补强量（Vf） % （W, Gr）为优选工艺参数。光学显微照片显示，强化均匀分布在整个处理区域，导致硬度比母材高85%。首先用单次FSP在一个转速下处理不同GB、TS和%Vf的商品纯铜。在900 rpm-150 mm/min速度下，FSP的耐磨性和硬度提高了58%，而电阻率略有下降（2.3% Ωm）。第二阶段采用单道FSP制备了铜钨（Cu- w）和铜石墨烯（Cu- gr）复合材料，制备出具有良好电阻率和强度的Cu表面复合材料。Cu-W和Cu-Gr复合材料的硬度分别提高了130%和64%。复合材料的磨损率降低，但其电阻率（3.3% Ωm）只是升高而已。

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引用次数: 0

Compositionally grading alloy stacking fault energy using autonomous path planning and additive manufacturing with elemental powders 基于自主路径规划和元素粉末增材制造的合金层错能成分分级

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115547

James Hanagan , Nicole Person , Daniel Salas , Marshall Allen , Wenle Xu , Daniel Lewis , Cafer Acemi , Brady Butler , James D. Paramore , George M. Pharr , Ibrahim Karaman , Raymundo Arróyave

Whereas compositionally graded alloys (CGAs) are often proposed for use in structural components where the combination of alloys within a single part can substantially improve performance, this work proposes and demonstrates the rapid design, synthesis, and characterization of CGAs for the purpose of alloy space exploration. To illustrate this, a composition gradient in the CoCrFeNi alloy space was planned between the maximum and minimum stacking fault energy (SFE) predicted by an existing state-of-the-art machine learning model. One of the goals of this study was to investigate the applicability of this model across a large range of output values and compositions. The compositional gradient path was designed to be monotonic in the SFE and to avoid regions that did not meet constraints predicted via CALculation of PHase Diagrams (CALPHAD). Compositions were selected to produce a linear gradient in SFE and were built using laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) with elemental powders. The resulting gradient was characterized for microstructure and mechanical properties, including hardness, elastic modulus, and strain rate sensitivity. More broadly, the results of this investigation demonstrate the ability of the methods employed to expose blind spots in alloy models and gain knowledge about alloy design spaces in a high-throughput manner.

虽然成分梯度合金（CGAs）经常被提议用于结构部件，其中合金在单个部件内的组合可以大大提高性能，但本工作提出并展示了用于合金空间探索目的的成分梯度合金的快速设计，合成和表征。为了说明这一点，在CoCrFeNi合金空间中，根据现有最先进的机器学习模型预测的最大和最小层错能（SFE）之间规划了一个成分梯度。本研究的目标之一是研究该模型在大范围输出值和组合物中的适用性。组成梯度路径在SFE中被设计为单调的，并避免了不满足通过相图计算（CALPHAD）预测的约束的区域。选择了在SFE中产生线性梯度的成分，并使用元素粉末的激光定向能沉积（L-DED）建立了SFE。对所得到的梯度进行了微观结构和力学性能表征，包括硬度、弹性模量和应变速率敏感性。更广泛地说，这项调查的结果表明，所采用的方法能够揭示合金模型中的盲点，并以高通量的方式获得有关合金设计空间的知识。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-objective field-based collaborative design of multi-layer IWP lattice enhancement mechanisms and mechanical properties 多层IWP晶格增强机制与力学性能的多目标协同设计

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115588

Mingzhi Yao , Penghuan Wang , Senlin Wang , Minzheng Zhu , Mingkai Tang

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures face challenges in balancing lightweighting with mechanical performance. This study proposes a multi-objective field-driven design strategy. Using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology, we fabricated multi-layer lattice structures from 316 L stainless steel, including isotropic (IWP-IWP) and anisotropic (IWP-D) configurations. Through quasi-static compression experiments, finite element simulations, and theoretical predictions, their compressive behavior, energy absorption characteristics, and deformation mechanisms were systematically investigated. Results demonstrate that multi-layer structures exhibit significant performance enhancements over primary structures at equivalent densities. Specifically, the heterogeneous IWP-D-21% structure achieved maximum increases of 57.46% and 64.72% in yield strength and elastic modulus, respectively. While the IWP-IWP-27% structure achieved maximum increases of 76.11% and 59.87% in plateau stress and energy absorption per unit volume, respectively. The deformation mechanisms differ markedly: IWP-IWP exhibits “drum-shaped” deformation, while IWP-D demonstrates uniform overall deformation. The established finite element model based on Johnson-Cook constitutive mechanics accurately predicts mechanical properties with an error below 9.82%. This strategy opens new avenues for designing high-performance multifunctional lattice structures in fields such as aerospace critical load-bearing components.

三周期最小表面（TPMS）结构在平衡轻量化和力学性能方面面临着挑战。本研究提出了一种多目标领域驱动设计策略。采用激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）技术，制备了316l不锈钢的多层晶格结构，包括各向同性（IWP-IWP）和各向异性（IWP-D）两种构型。通过准静态压缩实验、有限元模拟和理论预测，系统地研究了其压缩行为、能量吸收特性和变形机制。结果表明，在同等密度下，多层结构比初级结构表现出显著的性能增强。其中，非均相IWP-D-21%结构的屈服强度和弹性模量分别提高了57.46%和64.72%。而IWP-IWP-27%结构的高原应力和单位体积能量吸收最大增幅分别为76.11%和59.87%。变形机制明显不同：IWP-IWP表现为“鼓形”变形，而IWP-D表现为均匀的整体变形。基于Johnson-Cook本构力学建立的有限元模型准确预测力学性能，误差在9.82%以下。该策略为在航空航天关键承重部件等领域设计高性能多功能点阵结构开辟了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

LPBF-processed high-density Nd-Fe-B Magnets: From gas atomized powders lpbf加工的高密度钕铁硼磁体：来自气体雾化粉末

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115610

Sudha Krishnan , Qilin Guo , Balamurugan Balasubramanian , Jeffrey E. Shield

Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets are crucial for high-performance applications, yet their fabrication by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is limited by defects, microstructural instability, and degradation of magnetic properties. This work examines printability, microstructure evolution, and defect formation in two Nd-rich gas-atomized Nd–Fe–B powders (Alloy A and Alloy B) as a function of laser power, scan speed, and hatch spacing. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) reveals that Alloy A consistently achieves > 99% relative density but attains a maximum coercivity of 0.58 kOe, whereas a specific processing condition for Alloy B reaches ∼99.99% density with a coercivity of 0.49 kOe at higher energy input. These results demonstrate that the optimal LPBF processing window is strongly composition dependent, and the resulting insights provide practical guidelines for tailoring process parameters to improve the performance and reliability of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets.

Nd-Fe-B永磁体对于高性能应用至关重要，但其通过激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）制造受到缺陷，微观结构不稳定和磁性退化的限制。本研究考察了两种富nd气体雾化Nd-Fe-B粉末（合金A和合金B）的可打印性、微观结构演变和缺陷形成与激光功率、扫描速度和hatch间距的关系。x射线计算机断层扫描（XCT）显示，合金A始终达到>； 99%的相对密度，但最大矫顽力为0.58 kOe，而合金B在特定的加工条件下，在更高的能量输入下达到~ 99.99%的密度，矫顽力为0.49 kOe。这些结果表明，最佳LPBF加工窗口与成分密切相关，由此得出的见解为定制工艺参数以提高Nd-Fe-B永磁体的性能和可靠性提供了实用指南。

引用次数: 0

Biomineralized manganese-based cascade nanosystem for augmented combinational therapy of oral cancer and dual-modal imaging-guided diagnosis 基于生物矿化锰级联纳米系统的口腔癌增强联合治疗和双模态成像引导诊断

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115575

Jinhuan Li , Ling Cai , Zhen Fu , Xiaodong Zhu , Yanqiang Huang , Yuan Wu , Jin Chen

Due to the spatiotemporal specificity and high efficacy, tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanozyme catalytic therapy has attracted considerable attentions. Nevertheless, it remained challenging to remodel TME for improving therapeutic benefits. Here, a TME-responsive nanozyme termed p-GOx-MnO₂-ICG (p-GMI) was synthesized via biomimetic mineralization using ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL) as the template. The obtained p-GMI comprised glucose oxidase (GOx), MnO₂ nanoparticles, and photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG), which exhibited prominent triple-enzyme activities (glucose oxidase, catalase-like, and peroxidase-like) enabling multimodal therapy. Specifically, starvation therapy (ST) was initiated through glutathione peroxidase-mediated glucose depletion. The released Mn²⁺ in TME utilized the produced H₂O₂ and gluconic acid to initiate Fenton-like reaction, enhancing chemodynamic therapy (CDT) efficacy. Meanwhile, the generated O₂ by catalase-like nanozyme can not only activate GOx but serve as the photodynamic therapy (PDT) substrate, leading to synergistically improved ST and PDT outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated p-GMI nanozyme enabled fluorescence imaging/magnetic resonance imaging-guided ST/CDT/PDT combinational therapy, while also exhibiting favorable biosafety in the CAL-27 xenograft mouse model. Therefore, the built TME-responsive and dual-modal imaging guided p-GMI nanozymes as integrated cascade nanosystem held potentials in dealing with oral cancer.

肿瘤微环境（tumor microenvironment， TME）反应性纳米酶催化治疗因其时空特异性和高效性而备受关注。然而，改造TME以提高治疗效果仍然具有挑战性。本文以ε-聚l -赖氨酸（EPL）为模板，通过仿生矿化合成了对tme响应的纳米酶p-GOx-MnO2-ICG （p-GMI）。获得的p-GMI由葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）、二氧化锰纳米颗粒和吲哚菁绿光敏剂（ICG）组成，具有突出的三酶活性（葡萄糖氧化酶、过氧化氢酶样和过氧化物酶样），可实现多模式治疗。具体来说，饥饿疗法（ST）是通过谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶介导的葡萄糖消耗开始的。TME中释放的Mn2+利用产生的H2O2和葡萄糖酸引发fenton样反应，提高CDT疗效。同时，过氧化氢酶样纳米酶产生的O2不仅可以激活GOx，还可以作为光动力治疗（PDT）底物，从而协同改善ST和PDT结果。体外和体内实验均表明，p-GMI纳米酶能够实现荧光成像/磁共振成像引导的ST/CDT/PDT联合治疗，同时在CAL-27异种移植小鼠模型中也表现出良好的生物安全性。因此，构建的tme响应和双模成像引导的p-GMI纳米酶作为集成级联纳米系统在口腔癌治疗中具有潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving ultrahigh modulus of resilience and enhanced thermal stability in ZnOx/SU-8 interpenetrating network polymer nanocomposite nanopillars 在ZnOx/SU-8互穿网络聚合物纳米复合纳米柱中实现超高弹性模量和增强的热稳定性

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115577

Zhongyuan Li , Won-Il Lee , Nikhil Tiwale , Kyle P. Wade , Mark Aindow , Chang-Yong Nam , Seok-Woo Lee

The modulus of resilience, a mechanical property that quantifies the maximum strain energy density a material can store during elastic deformation, is a crucial parameter for materials used in flexible displays, micro/nano-electro-mechanical system (M/NEMS) actuators, and ultra-sensitive pressure sensors. In this study, ZnO_x/SU-8 nanocomposite nanopillars with a diameter of 300 nm, fully infiltrated with a uniformly distributed, interpenetrating amorphous ZnO_x filler network, were synthesized via vapor-phase infiltration (VPI). In-situ uniaxial nano-compression tests revealed that the modulus of resilience of ZnO_x/SU-8 reaches ∼ 12 MJ/m³, which is an ultrahigh value among all engineering materials with comparable strength. In addition, the synthesis fidelity, inorganic infiltration depth, and mechanical performance were all significantly improved compared to VPI-synthesized AlO_x nanocomposites. Thermal stability, another key requirement for M/NEMS device materials operating under extreme environments, was also notably enhanced. Furthermore, partial crystallization of the amorphous ZnO_x fillers during annealing contributed to an additional increase in modulus of resilience, reaching up to ∼ 13.9 MJ/m³. This work presents an effective fabrication strategy for producing nanostructured organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites with ultrahigh modulus of resilience and superior thermal stability, paving the way for their integration into next-generation flexible displays and high-performance M/NEMS devices working under harsh environments.

弹性模量是一种量化材料在弹性变形过程中可以存储的最大应变能密度的力学性能，是柔性显示器、微/纳米机电系统（M/NEMS）致动器和超灵敏压力传感器中使用的材料的关键参数。在本研究中，采用气相渗透（VPI）法制备了直径为300 nm的ZnOx/SU-8纳米复合材料纳米柱，该纳米柱被均匀分布、互穿的非晶ZnOx填料网络完全浸润。原位单轴纳米压缩试验结果表明，ZnOx/SU-8的弹性模量达到了~ 12 MJ/m3，在同等强度的工程材料中是超高的。此外，与vpi合成的AlOx纳米复合材料相比，合成保真度、无机浸润深度和力学性能均有显著提高。热稳定性是M/NEMS器件材料在极端环境下工作的另一个关键要求，也得到了显著提高。此外，在退火过程中，非晶态ZnOx填料的部分结晶有助于回弹性模量的额外增加，达到~ 13.9 MJ/m3。这项工作提出了一种有效的制造策略，用于生产具有超高弹性模量和优异热稳定性的纳米结构有机-无机杂化纳米复合材料，为其集成到下一代柔性显示器和在恶劣环境下工作的高性能M/NEMS设备中铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of Si accumulation in a 7108 Al–Zn–Mg alloy in the context of recycling 7108 Al-Zn-Mg合金中Si积累对回收利用的影响

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115578

Calin D. Marioara , Constantinos Hatzoglou , Yngve Langsrud , Grethe Waterloo

Recycled 7108 alloys were simulated by additions of 0.2–0.3 wt% Si, alone or in combination with Mn or Cu. Si had a negative impact on mechanical properties by slowing precipitation kinetics and reducing the overall hardness due to the formation of L-phase needle/laths of the Al–Mg–Si-Cu alloy system co-existing with typical metastable η precipitates of the Al–Zn–Mg(–Cu) alloys, which led to a coarsening of the later. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of a new type of metastable η consisting of overlapping and laterally intertwined ORR⁻¹ and OR⁻¹R sequences of stacked R and O units across the platelet thickness. Most L-phase precipitates contained C sub-units with Zn replacing Cu positions, associated with a local Zn enrichment of adjacent {1 0 0}Al planes at the interface. Adding 0.29 wt% Mn to a 7108 alloy with 0.20 wt% Si led to partial removal of Si from solid solution into α-AlSi(Fe + Mn) dispersoids. This increased the hardness, although at levels below the standard alloy with no Si added. The addition of 0.17 wt% Cu to the same alloy enhanced the precipitation of L-phase leading to the highest peak hardness and a shift of the hardening curve to longer aging times.

通过添加0.2-0.3 wt%的Si，单独或与Mn或Cu结合来模拟回收的7108合金。由于Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金体系中l相针/板条的形成与Al-Zn-Mg （-Cu）合金的典型亚稳η析出相共存，导致Al-Zn-Mg （-Cu）合金的粗化，Si对al - mg （-Cu）合金的力学性能产生了负面影响，减缓了析出动力学，降低了整体硬度。环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜证实了一种新型亚稳η的存在，该亚稳η由重叠和横向缠绕的ORR - 1和OR - 1R序列组成，这些序列由堆叠的R和O单元组成，横跨血小板厚度。大多数l相沉淀含有C亚基，Zn取代Cu的位置，与界面附近{1 0 0}Al面局部富集Zn有关。在Si含量为0.20 wt%的7108合金中加入0.29 wt%的Mn，可以使Si从固溶体中部分析出，形成α-AlSi（Fe + Mn）分散体。这增加了硬度，尽管在没有添加Si的标准合金的水平之下。当Cu含量为0.17 wt%时，合金中l相的析出增强，峰值硬度最高，时效时间延长。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring interfacial reactive layer for high-strength maraging steel/high-entropy alloy dissimilar joints 高强度马氏体时效钢/高熵合金异种接头的裁剪界面反应层

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115540

Qianning Dai , Bijun Xie , Bin Xu , Yujie Song , Honglin Zhang , Zhengwang Zhu , Mingyue Sun , Dianzhong Li

Joining ultra-high-strength maraging steels and high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is crucial for advanced applications. However, the formation of brittle intermetallics often limits interfacial performance. Here, we demonstrate a rapid hot-compression bonding strategy that uses a niobium (Nb) interlayer to control interfacial reactions and produce a high-strength joint between 18Ni350 maraging steel and AlNbTi₃Zr_1.5 HEA. The effects of bonding temperatures on the interfacial microstructures, mechanical properties, and fracture mechanisms were systematically investigated. An exceptional joint tensile strength exceeding 1 GPa was achieved at an optimal bonding temperature of 850 °C. This is attributed to the formation of a continuous, ultra-thin nanocrystalline Fe₂Nb reactive layer (RL) at the 18Ni350/Nb interface, coupled with a well-bonded, intermetallic-free HEA/Nb interface. However, increasing the temperature to 1000 °C thickens the Fe₂Nb RL to over 300 nm and promotes grain coarsening, reducing the joint strength to 747 MPa. Correspondingly, the fracture mode transitions from a complex path involving both interfaces and the interlayer at low temperatures to preferential fracture along the thickened Fe₂Nb RL at 1000 °C. These findings reveal the central role of intermetallic design in governing interfacial performance, demonstrating that controlling interfacial nanostructures is a critical strategy for fabricating high-strength dissimilar joints.

连接超高强度马氏体时效钢和高熵合金（HEAs）对于先进应用至关重要。然而，脆性金属间化合物的形成往往限制了界面性能。在这里，我们展示了一种快速热压缩键合策略，该策略使用铌（Nb）中间层来控制界面反应，并在18Ni350马氏体时效钢和AlNbTi3Zr1.5 HEA之间产生高强度接头。系统地研究了结合温度对界面显微组织、力学性能和断裂机制的影响。在850°C的最佳结合温度下，接头的抗拉强度超过1 GPa。这是由于在18Ni350/Nb界面处形成了一个连续的超薄纳米晶Fe2Nb反应层（RL），加上一个键合良好的无金属间化合物HEA/Nb界面。然而，当温度升高到1000℃时，Fe2Nb RL增厚至300 nm以上，晶粒粗化，接头强度降至747 MPa。相应的，断裂模式由低温时的界面和夹层复合断裂转变为1000℃时沿增厚的Fe2Nb RL优先断裂。这些发现揭示了金属间设计在控制界面性能方面的核心作用，表明控制界面纳米结构是制造高强度异种接头的关键策略。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced anti-plasticizer migration in GO/EPDM insulation for composite solid propellants: Experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation 复合固体推进剂在氧化石墨烯/三元乙丙橡胶绝缘中增强抗增塑剂迁移：实验研究和分子动力学模拟

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115622

Zhehong Lu , Fuyao Chen , Baoying Liu , Yuanqing Xu , Xiaomin Fang , Wei Zhao , Tao Ding , Jiantong Li , Yubing Hu , Yiqing Xue , Wei Jiang

Ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) is widely used as an insulation in composite solid propellants. However, the migration of plasticizers from the propellant into the insulation seriously affects the long-term reliability. In this study, graphene oxide (GO)/EPDM insulation were prepared and their anti-migration behavior against typical plasticizers, including dioctyl sebacate (DOS), N-butyl-N-(2-nitroxyethyl) nitramine (Bu-NENA), and nitroethyl nitrate (En), was systematically investigated. The incorporation of GO significantly reduced the migration of plasticizers through nanobarrier mechanism. Migration experiments showed that the overall performance was optimized at a GO content of 3 phr. Compared with pure EPDM, the equilibrium migration amount of DOS decreased to 37.17%, Bu-NENA to 24.69%, and En to 41.86%. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed higher storage modulus and lower tan δ, while contact angle tests revealed reduced wettability to plasticizers, both evidencing stronger interfacial interactions and weaker thermodynamic compatibility. SEM and XRD demonstrated that GO nanosheets were well dispersed, constructing tortuous diffusion pathways. Molecular dynamics simulations (MD simulations) further verified the mechanism, showing that the diffusion coefficient of DOS decreased by ∼ 32% in GO/EPDM, and binding energy analysis indicated reduced compatibility between plasticizers and the GO/EPDM. This research provide a practical route for designing high-performance anti-migration insulation.

三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）是一种广泛应用于复合固体推进剂的绝缘材料。然而，增塑剂从推进剂向绝缘体的迁移严重影响了绝缘体的长期可靠性。在本研究中，制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)/EPDM绝热材料，并系统地研究了其对典型增塑剂（包括癸二酸二辛酯（DOS）、n -丁基-n -（2-硝基乙基）硝胺（Bu-NENA）和硝酸硝基乙酯（En））的抗迁移行为。氧化石墨烯的掺入显著减少了增塑剂通过纳米屏障机制的迁移。迁移实验表明，当氧化石墨烯含量为3 phr时，整体性能最优。与纯EPDM相比，DOS的平衡迁移量降至37.17%，Bu-NENA降至24.69%，En降至41.86%。动态力学分析证实了较高的存储模量和较低的tan δ，而接触角测试表明增塑剂的润湿性降低，两者都表明界面相互作用更强，热力学相容性更弱。SEM和XRD分析表明，氧化石墨烯纳米片具有良好的分散性，形成了弯曲的扩散路径。分子动力学模拟（MD模拟）进一步验证了这一机制，表明DOS在GO/EPDM中的扩散系数降低了~ 32%，结合能分析表明增塑剂与GO/EPDM之间的相容性降低。本研究为设计高性能抗迁移绝缘材料提供了一条实用途径。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement of stir zone of friction stir welded 2xxx aluminum-alloy joints 焊后热处理对2xxx铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头搅拌区组织及氢脆的影响

IF 7.9 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115517

Xiaogang Li , Junfeng Nie , Yong Liu , Xu Zhang , Haiquan Zhang

Stir zone was weakest constituent of friction stir welded (FSW) aluminum-alloy joints, however, hydrogen embrittlement on the isolated stir zone has not been clarified. Here, effect of post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and hydrogen embrittlement of the stir zone of FSW 2xxx aluminum-alloy joints is investigated by electrochemical hydrogen charging, tensile tests and advanced micro-characterization methods. Samples of stir zones extracted from the as-welded FSW joint and PWHT FSW joint are labeled sample A and sample B, respectively. Pristine sample A contains very few θ precipitates. PWHT causes abundant θ′ phase re-precipitation in sample B, following a (0 0 1)_θ′//(0 01 )_α-Al and [1 0 0]_θ′//[1 0 0]_α-Al orientation relationship. After PWHT, the tensile strength of stir zone could be increased by 9%, accompanied by the decrease in the plasticity, which is attributed to the dislocation movement obstruction and dislocation accumulation caused by θ′ phases. Notably, hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity index by tensile strength was 13.9% for sample B, much higher than that for sample A because of θ′ phase re-precipitation in the stir zone. Abundant θ′ precipitates in sample B obstruct dislocation movement, cause dislocation pile-ups, and function as hydrogen-trap sites enabling hydrogen-atom accumulation, leading to significant hydrogen embrittlement failure triggered by hydrogen-enhanced local plasticity.

搅拌区是搅拌摩擦焊铝合金接头中最弱的组成部分，但对搅拌区氢脆的研究尚不明确。通过电化学充氢、拉伸试验和先进的微观表征方法，研究了焊后热处理对fsw2xxx铝合金接头搅拌区微观组织和氢脆的影响。从焊接状态FSW接头和PWHT FSW接头中提取的搅拌区样品分别标记为样品A和样品B。原始样品A含有很少的θ沉淀。PWHT导致样品B中大量的θ′相再沉淀，遵循(0 01)θ′//(0 01)α-Al和[1 0 0]θ′//[1 0 0]α-Al取向关系。PWHT后，搅拌区的抗拉强度可提高9%，但塑性下降，这是由于θ′相阻碍位错运动和位错积累所致。值得注意的是，试样B的抗拉强度氢脆敏感性指数为13.9%，远高于试样A，原因是搅拌区θ′相的再析出。样品B中大量的θ′沉淀阻碍了位错的运动，导致位错堆积，并作为氢原子聚集的氢阱位点，导致氢增强的局部塑性引发明显的氢脆破坏。

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