Materials & Design最新文献_第8页

Intravitreal injection of TA-III with sustained release to simultaneously impart anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and vascular remodeling activities in diabetic retinopathy

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113832

Jie Zhang , Yu Liu , Yu Gong , Yanyu Shangguan , Pengli Wang , Yanlong Bi , Yong Xu , Bo Tao , Bing Li

Diabetes negatively impacts vision and retinal function. However, current therapeutic options for diabetic retinopathy (DR) often present limitations, including targeting specific pathways, short duration of action, and need for frequent injections. Timosaponin AIII (TA-III) exhibited the potential of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress and promoting vascular remodeling abilities from bioinformatics analysis tool. Additionally, polyethylene glycol succinimide succinate [PEG-(SS)₂]-human serum albumin (HSA) (Hp) hydrogel, known for its excellent biocompatibility and sustained drug release properties, was employed to encapsulate TA-III to exhibit a long-acting, sustained release profile. In vitro results demonstrated that the TA-III/Hp hydrogel upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and zonula occludens-1, while reducing the level of vascular endothelial growth factor A. We further observed a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α under high glucose conditions by using the TA-III/Hp hydrogel in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Notably, intravitreal delivery of TA-III/Hp hydrogel in the DR mouse model effectively increased retinal thickness and numbers of mature blood vessels, while inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory factor levels. In conclusion, intravitreal injection of TA-III/Hp hydrogel facilitates sustained release of TA-III, simultaneously providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and vascular remodeling effects in DR.

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引用次数: 0

Efficient design of Voronoi energy-absorbing foams using Bayesian optimization

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113822

Youngtaek Oh , Byungjo Kim , Hayoung Chung

Recently, many studies have increasingly focused on developing bio-inspired structures, leveraging their lightweight and high-energy absorption properties, which are crucial across many engineering fields. Structural optimization aiming for bio-inspired structures having superior energy absorption capability, however, has been considered a challenging problem. One of these challenges is that nonlinear material behaviors induced by external forces, such as buckling and self-contact of constituting ligaments, intervene in the energy absorption process. Such nonlinearities not only make the relationship between design changes and energy absorption nonlinear, but also exacerbate the difficulties of design, given the complexity of the ligament configurations. To address this, a novel design optimization method for bio-inspired cellular structures with high energy absorption is proposed. First, Voronoi tessellation is used to capture configurations of bio-inspired material, parameterized by geometric variables. Then, Bayesian optimization with Kriging efficiently updates the design, exploring the complex design space through high-fidelity nonlinear finite element analysis. The proposed design method is efficient in structural optimization as it combines a strategy to reduce the number of samples required for surrogate modeling of structural response and optimal search, but it also generates multiple design outcomes with similar advantages due to the intrinsic variance of the Voronoi structures.

最近，许多研究越来越关注开发生物启发结构，利用其轻质和高能量吸收特性，这在许多工程领域都至关重要。然而，以具有卓越能量吸收能力的生物启发结构为目标的结构优化一直被认为是一个具有挑战性的问题。其中一个挑战是，由外力诱发的非线性材料行为，如构成韧带的屈曲和自接触，会干扰能量吸收过程。鉴于韧带结构的复杂性，这种非线性不仅使设计变化与能量吸收之间的关系变得非线性，而且加剧了设计的难度。针对这一问题，我们提出了一种新型的高能量吸收生物启发细胞结构优化设计方法。首先，使用 Voronoi 网格来捕捉生物启发材料的配置，并以几何变量为参数。然后，通过高保真非线性有限元分析探索复杂的设计空间，利用克里金贝叶斯优化法有效地更新设计。所提出的设计方法结合了减少结构响应代理建模和优化搜索所需的样本数量的策略，因此在结构优化方面非常高效，而且由于 Voronoi 结构的内在差异，它还能产生具有相似优势的多种设计结果。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of continuous annealing on the interfacial compound evolution and mechanical behavior of hot-rolled titanium/steel composite plates

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113818

Zhenxiong Wei , Peng Huang , Qiang Gao , Xixi Su , Zhanhao Feng , Lin Peng , Jun Li , Yonghui Sun , Guoyin Zu

To investigate the effect of continuous annealing on the interfacial compound evolution and mechanical properties of hot-rolled TA1/St12 composite plates, the hot-rolled composites underwent heat treatments at 850 °C–950 °C for 10 min. The influence of the pre-existing TiC interlayer on interfacial reaction behavior and compound evolution was analyzed, revealing the interfacial bonding and failure mechanisms of the Ti/steel composites. Results show that at annealing temperatures ≤900 °C, the pre-existing TiC layer effectively suppressed the interdiffusion between Fe and Ti, thereby preventing the formation of Fe-Ti phases. The interfacial layer consisted of nanoscale and submicron-scale TiC. During deformation and failure, microcracks were prone to initiate at the nanoscale TiC/steel interface and subsequently propagate towards the nanoscale TiC/submicron-scale TiC interface. At 950 °C, the pre-existing TiC layer at the interface dissolved, and the interfacial compound layer evolved into a mixture of nanoscale TiC, FeTi, and Fe₂Ti. The FeTi/TiC + Fe₂Ti and FeTi/Fe₂Ti interfaces became the primary crack propagation paths, severely degrading the bonding quality of the Ti/steel composite. After annealing at 850 °C, the ductility and deformation compatibility of the Ti/steel composite plate were significantly enhanced, resulting in optimal overall mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength, shear strength, and elongation were 286 MPa, 127 MPa, and 44 %, respectively.

为了研究连续退火对热轧 TA1/St12 复合材料板界面化合物演化和力学性能的影响，热轧复合材料在 850 °C-950 °C 下进行了 10 分钟的热处理。分析了预先存在的 TiC 夹层对界面反应行为和化合物演化的影响，揭示了钛/钢复合材料的界面结合和失效机理。结果表明，在退火温度≤900 °C时，预先存在的TiC层有效地抑制了铁和钛之间的相互扩散，从而阻止了铁钛相的形成。界面层由纳米级和亚微米级 TiC 组成。在变形和失效过程中，微裂纹容易在纳米级 TiC/钢界面上产生，随后向纳米级 TiC/亚微米级 TiC 界面扩展。950 °C时，界面上原有的TiC层溶解，界面化合物层演变成纳米级TiC、FeTi和Fe2Ti的混合物。FeTi/TiC + Fe2Ti 和 FeTi/Fe2Ti 界面成为主要的裂纹扩展路径，严重降低了钛/钢复合材料的结合质量。在 850 °C 退火后，钛/钢复合板的延展性和变形相容性显著增强，从而获得了最佳的整体机械性能。极限拉伸强度、剪切强度和伸长率分别为 286 兆帕、127 兆帕和 44%。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructure and composition evolution of SPPs in the oxide film of Zr-1.0Sn-0.25Nb-0.2Fe-0.1Cr during corrosion

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113830

Tianguo Wei , Xun Dai , Yi Zhao , Dong Wang , Yufeng Du , JiYun Zheng , Chongsheng Long , Chao Sun

The microstructure and composition evolution of SPPs in the oxide film of Zr-1.0Sn-0.25Nb-0.2Fe-0.1Cr alloy during aqueous corrosion at 360 °C is investigated by HRTEM. The results show that SPPs with their distances to the O-M interface less than 500 nm remain metallic and exhibit similar structure and composition as those in Zr matrix. However, the SPPs with their distances to the O-M interface more than 1 μm exhibit obvious oxidation, characterized by the high O content and the appearance of the oxides of Fe, Cr and Zr inside the SPPs. The cracks connected to the SPPs could provide a good O supply and enhance the oxidation of the SPPs. Such cracks also promote the outwards diffusion of Fe and Cr from the SPPs during oxidation. In the oxidized Zr(FeCrNb)₂ particles, Fe has a faster outwards diffusion rate than Cr, while Nb seems to be almost immobile. Under certain conditions, small oxidized SPPs will leave porous regions within the oxide film locally. Tetragonal ZrO₂ is observed occasionally nearby the oxidized SPPs, which is thought to be caused by the doping effect of Fe depleted from the dissolved SPPs.

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引用次数: 0

Geometric design and mechanical performance of isotropic bone scaffolds

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113829

Rongwei Xu , Zhou Zhang , Zhen Peng , Fuyuan Deng , Zhong Li , Xu Liu , Liang He

Bone tissue engineering scaffolds with reduced elastic anisotropy, enhanced mechanical performance, and high ratio of surface to volume are continuous pursuits. In this work, a mechanical metamaterial design strategy for isotropic bone scaffolds is proposed. The design of isotropic bone scaffolds is realized by interactive clipping of the lattice structure without nesting and complex adjustments. Employing homogenization, elastic stiffness tensors were estimated to evaluate the anisotropic measure, according to Zener ratio and elastic modulus. The designed scaffolds have a Zener ratio of nearly 1.0 and an increase of 20 % in stiffness over the pristine lattice. Quasi-static compression experiments were performed to investigate the Ti4Al6V scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting, and the results showed that the isotropic scaffolds had compressive strengths of 100.59–198.53 MPa and stiffnesses of 1.86–4.88 GPa, which met the requirements for bone implants. Finite element simulations further revealed the structure’s mechanical response mechanism. Computational fluid dynamics results demonstrated that the structure’s permeability of 8.56 × 10⁻⁹-1.29 × 10⁻⁸ m², matches well with the requirements of human trabecular bone. Its large surface area facilitates osteogenic differentiation and enhances osseointegration. This study has important contribution in overcoming the constraints in the clinical applications of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

降低弹性各向异性、提高机械性能和高表面体积比的骨组织工程支架一直是人们追求的目标。本研究提出了各向同性骨支架的机械超材料设计策略。各向同性骨支架的设计是通过交互式剪切晶格结构实现的，无需嵌套和复杂调整。采用均质化方法，根据齐纳比率和弹性模量估算弹性刚度张量，以评估各向异性措施。设计的支架齐纳比率接近 1.0，刚度比原始晶格增加了 20%。实验结果表明，各向同性支架的抗压强度为 100.59-198.53 MPa，刚度为 1.86-4.88 GPa，符合骨植入物的要求。有限元模拟进一步揭示了该结构的机械响应机制。计算流体动力学结果表明，该结构的渗透率为 8.56 × 10-9-1.29 × 10-8 m2，完全符合人体骨小梁的要求。它的大表面积有利于成骨分化并增强骨结合。这项研究对于克服骨组织工程支架在临床应用中的制约因素具有重要贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Molecular dynamics and machine learning study of tensile behavior in single-crystal tungsten containing He bubbles

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113831

Pan-dong Lin , Yan Lin , Hong-guang Li , Shu-gang Cui , Jun-feng Nie , Bai-wen Zhong , Yu-peng Lu

Tungsten is commonly used in nuclear fusion plants, where irradiation defects (e.g., He bubbles) are frequently generated. This study investigates the impact of He bubbles on the tensile behavior of single-crystal tungsten through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The analysis considers varying He bubble sizes, He/V ratios (the number of helium atoms with respect to the number of vacancies in helium bubble), temperatures, and strain rates. The findings indicate that He bubbles significantly affect the material’s mechanical properties, with larger bubble sizes reducing tensile strength. Dislocation emission initiates from the void surface during tensile deformation. While the He/V ratio slightly influences peak stress values, it does not alter the overall stress–strain curve. Elevated temperatures lower peak stress, whereas higher strain rates increase it. Additionally, machine learning models predict the combined effects of bubble size, He/V ratio, strain rate, and temperature on the peak stress of tungsten, utilizing MD simulation data. This work offers important insights into tungsten’s behavior under irradiation conditions.

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引用次数: 0

Quantification and evaluation of strain reduction from small-bubble gas injection in Spallation Neutron Source target vessels

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113797

Hao Jiang, Drew E. Winder, David A. McClintock

Small-bubble gas injection has been routinely utilized in the operation of Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) mercury targets since 2017 to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage to target vessels. Strain measurements of target vessels collected in-situ during initial operation with gas injection were used to study the gas injection effect on the structural response of targets to proton pulses. A significant strain reduction owing to gas injection was found by comparing the strain measurement data during operation with and without gas injection. The research presented here focuses on quantifying strain reductions in SNS targets and evaluating the effect of small-bubble gas injection by comparing different bubbler types and target designs. The strain measurement results show the gas injection significantly reduced strain in SNS target vessels; strain values decreased by 30% to 80% for targets operating with gas injection. Stress and strain responses of SNS targets were simulated to numerically evaluate the gas injection effect. Based on the predicted stresses with and without gas injection, the fatigue lifetimes of SNS jet-flow design target were estimated using fe-safe fatigue analysis software. The simulations show these reductions should improve the fatigue life of target vessels and allow SNS targets to meet their fatigue design goal.

{"title":"Quantification and evaluation of strain reduction from small-bubble gas injection in Spallation Neutron Source target vessels","authors":"Hao Jiang, Drew E. Winder, David A. McClintock","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small-bubble gas injection has been routinely utilized in the operation of Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) mercury targets since 2017 to mitigate cavitation-induced erosion damage to target vessels. Strain measurements of target vessels collected in-situ during initial operation with gas injection were used to study the gas injection effect on the structural response of targets to proton pulses. A significant strain reduction owing to gas injection was found by comparing the strain measurement data during operation with and without gas injection. The research presented here focuses on quantifying strain reductions in SNS targets and evaluating the effect of small-bubble gas injection by comparing different bubbler types and target designs. The strain measurement results show the gas injection significantly reduced strain in SNS target vessels; strain values decreased by 30% to 80% for targets operating with gas injection. Stress and strain responses of SNS targets were simulated to numerically evaluate the gas injection effect. Based on the predicted stresses with and without gas injection, the fatigue lifetimes of SNS jet-flow design target were estimated using fe-safe fatigue analysis software. The simulations show these reductions should improve the fatigue life of target vessels and allow SNS targets to meet their fatigue design goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 113797"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of in-situ polymerization for enhancing washout resistance of cement paste

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113825

Zhaoyang Sun , Ming Sun , Dongshuai Hou , Binmeng Chen

Conventional concrete is generally unsuitable for underwater construction, typically requiring the addition of anti-washout admixtures (AWAs) to improve its washout resistance. Herein, we demonstrate the enhancement of cement paste washout resistance through the in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and sodium acrylate (SA) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Macroscopic experiments reveal a significant improvement, with washout loss reduced to 12 % and 2 % of that observed in REF at 60 min for cement pastes modified by the in-situ polymerization of AM and SA, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a more flocculated microstructure, where smaller flocs agglomerate into larger ones due to increased floc strength induced by the bridging effect of the resultant polymers. Consequently, flocs in cement pastes with in-situ polymerized SA exhibit higher strength and a denser structure, with a fractal dimension (

D_{f}

) exceeding 2.00, shifting the floc break mode from surface erosion to large-scale fragmentation and thereby improving washout resistance. Nevertheless, the in-situ polymerization of both AM and SA retards cement hydration, albeit through distinct mechanisms: the non-adsorbing PAM molecules primarily hinder the nucleation and formation of hydration products, whereas the adsorbed PAAS molecules predominantly inhibit the dissolution of aqueous species.

{"title":"Mechanisms of in-situ polymerization for enhancing washout resistance of cement paste","authors":"Zhaoyang Sun , Ming Sun , Dongshuai Hou , Binmeng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional concrete is generally unsuitable for underwater construction, typically requiring the addition of anti-washout admixtures (AWAs) to improve its washout resistance. Herein, we demonstrate the enhancement of cement paste washout resistance through the in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and sodium acrylate (SA) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Macroscopic experiments reveal a significant improvement, with washout loss reduced to 12 % and 2 % of that observed in REF at 60 min for cement pastes modified by the in-situ polymerization of AM and SA, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a more flocculated microstructure, where smaller flocs agglomerate into larger ones due to increased floc strength induced by the bridging effect of the resultant polymers. Consequently, flocs in cement pastes with in-situ polymerized SA exhibit higher strength and a denser structure, with a fractal dimension (<span><math><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span>) exceeding 2.00, shifting the floc break mode from surface erosion to large-scale fragmentation and thereby improving washout resistance. Nevertheless, the in-situ polymerization of both AM and SA retards cement hydration, albeit through distinct mechanisms: the non-adsorbing PAM molecules primarily hinder the nucleation and formation of hydration products, whereas the adsorbed PAAS molecules predominantly inhibit the dissolution of aqueous species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 113825"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the microstructure and dynamic mechanical behavior of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy manufactured by high-power laser powder bed fusion

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113826

Nadia Azizi , Hamed Asgari , Mahyar Hasanabadi , Akindele Odeshi , Ehsan Toyserkani

This study explores high-power laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy, focusing on its high strain rate dynamic mechanical response and microstructural evolution. The alloy undergoes significant strain hardening during dynamic impact loading, primarily attributed to intensified dislocation interactions and multiplication. This is accompanied by thermal softening induced by adiabatic heating, therefore improving strain accommodation. As the strain rate increases from 4400 s⁻¹ to 11300 s⁻¹, the ultimate compressive strength (UCS) enhances from 173 ± 8 MPa to 489 ± 14 MPa, demonstrating a high strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of ∼ 1. Microstructural examinations reveal that higher strain rates intensify the occurrence of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs), leading to severe localized plastic deformation. These ASBs generate localized stress concentrations, which in turn accelerate crack initiation and propagation through pore formation and coalescence within the ASBs. Despite this severe plastic deformation, texture analysis indicates that the crystallographic texture remains largely stable which suggests that the deformation mechanism is primarily governed by dislocation motion and interaction, rather than by crystal structure reorientation. Overall, the alloy balances strain hardening and strain accommodation at high strain rates, making it well-suited for applications requiring strength and resilience under dynamic impacts.

本研究探讨了 Cu-Cr-Zr 合金的高功率激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）加工，重点是其高应变速率动态机械响应和微观结构演变。在动态冲击加载过程中，合金发生了显著的应变硬化，这主要归因于位错相互作用和倍增的加剧。与此同时，绝热加热引起了热软化，从而改善了应变容纳性。随着应变速率从 4400 s-1 增加到 11300 s-1，极限抗压强度（UCS）从 173 ± 8 兆帕增加到 489 ± 14 兆帕，显示出 ∼ 1 的高应变速率敏感性（SRS）。微观结构检查显示，较高的应变速率会加剧绝热剪切带（ASB）的出现，导致严重的局部塑性变形。这些绝热剪切带产生局部应力集中，进而通过在绝热剪切带内形成孔隙和凝聚加速裂纹的产生和扩展。尽管发生了严重的塑性变形，但纹理分析表明结晶纹理在很大程度上保持稳定，这表明变形机制主要受位错运动和相互作用的支配，而不是晶体结构的重新定向。总体而言，该合金在高应变速率下兼顾了应变硬化和应变容纳，非常适合需要在动态冲击下具有强度和韧性的应用。

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引用次数: 0

A novel concept for self-healing metallic structural materials: Internal soldering of damage using low melting eutectics

IF 7.6 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials & Design

Pub Date : 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113821

L. Tanure , L. Patterer , S. Balakumar , M. Fekete , S. Mráz , S. Karimi Aghda , M. Hans , J.M. Schneider , H. Springer

A novel self-healing concept for metallic structural materials based on internal soldering using low-melting constituents is presented. The proof-of-principle study is based on a binary Al–4.28 wt%-Sn alloy, where a Sn-rich eutectic with a liquidus temperature of 228 °C acts as a self-assembling healing agent, and validated by a two-pronged approach: (i) A bulk sample with artificial damage is exploited to evaluate the healing effect on large cracks open to the sample surface and to gauge its mechanical effectiveness, whereas (ii) a 3.5 µm-thick Al₂O₃-Al-Sn-Al thin film multilayer architecture was used as a model system to study the healing mechanisms of small-scale internal damage induced by bending of the brittle Al₂O₃ layer. A crack length of ∼1.6 mm could be successfully re-filled by the low-melting eutectic with a simple annealing treatment at 400 °C for 30 min, which increased the bulk tensile ductility to more than 120 % compared to a similarly damaged pure Al sample. Furthermore, it is shown that the dispersion of the Sn-rich eutectic can be effectively controlled by utilising the polymorphy of Sn during material production. Alloy design perspectives for translating these findings towards industrial materials and applications are outlined and discussed.

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引用次数: 0