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Theological Decolonization and Training Local Translators 神学非殖民化和培训当地翻译
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-3hr2j
C. Hemphill
Over the past several years in the United States, one paradigm-shifting theme in Christian higher education has been decolonization, the decentering of white, Western scholarship when it comes to theology and biblical interpretation. Concurrently, in SIL there has been a push toward localization, adopting the perspectives and structures that will allow people in a regional context to function in locally viable ways instead of foreign ones. Although the intent of localization is to reshape numerous areas of operation and organizational culture, when it comes to the area of training, sometimes the default focus has been on getting more “locals” to hold the microphone in training contexts, but not necessarily on evaluating the recommended teaching methods, the content that is considered standard, or the resources recommended to partners. This article summarizes some of the important insights from emerging key voices speaking to the issue of decolonizing theological training in the American seminary context. Reflecting and retooling existing local translator training in light of these insights would further the goals of localization, indigenized translations, and appropriately contextualized Scripture engagement.
在过去的几年里,在美国,基督教高等教育中一个范式转变的主题是去殖民化,当涉及到神学和圣经解释时,白人和西方学术的去中心化。与此同时,在SIL中,有一种推动本地化的趋势,采用的观点和结构将允许处于区域背景下的人们以当地可行的方式而不是以外国方式工作。虽然本地化的目的是重塑许多运营领域和组织文化,但当涉及到培训领域时,有时默认的重点是让更多的“当地人”在培训环境中拿着麦克风,而不一定是评估推荐的教学方法,被认为是标准的内容,或者推荐给合作伙伴的资源。这篇文章总结了一些重要的见解,从新兴的关键声音谈到美国神学院的非殖民化神学培训问题。根据这些见解,反思和重组现有的本地翻译培训将进一步实现本地化、本土化翻译和适当的上下文化圣经参与的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Translating ἐὰν μή ‘unless’ Conditionals 翻译“除非”条件句
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-yt9kd
S. Nicolle
The Greek conditional construction ἐὰν μή is usually translated into English using unless, which is a portmanteau combining the ideas of a conditional if and a negative not. Sentences containing ἐὰν μή ‘unless’ can often be challenging to translate for a combination of reasons: 1) in the majority of cases, the usual order of protasis (conditional clause) and apodosis (consequence clause) is reversed; 2) typically, both clauses are negative (or the protasis is negative and the apodosis is a rhetorical question expecting a negative response); 3) at the pragmatic level, the protasis usually describes the only situation or fact that would invalidate the apodosis. In this paper I will show that in many cases conditional sentences with ἐὰν μή ‘unless’ can be rephrased by removing the negative elements in both clauses and making explicit the pragmatic idea of exclusivity. However, this type of rephrasing is not always appropriate, and I discuss a number of situations in which it should potentially be avoided.
希腊条件句ν μή通常用unless翻译成英语,unless是条件句if和否定句not的合成词。包含“除非”的句子往往很难翻译,原因有以下几点:1)在大多数情况下,通常的proasis(条件从句)和apodosis(结果从句)的顺序是颠倒的;2)典型地,两个分句都是否定的(或者主句是否定的,主句是反问句,期望得到否定的回答);3)在语用层面上,谓语通常描述使谓语无效的唯一情况或事实。在本文中,我将说明,在许多情况下,带有“除非”的条件句可以通过去除两个分句中的否定元素和明确排他性的语用概念来改写。然而,这种类型的措辞并不总是合适的,我讨论了一些应该避免这种情况的情况。
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引用次数: 3
At Home in All Languages and Cultures: Bible Translation and World Christianity in the Twenty-First Century 在所有语言和文化中的家:21世纪的圣经翻译和世界基督教
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-8n8tc
Michel Kenmogne
Bible translation enables the advance of what Lamin Sanneh (2007a) calls a “World Christianity,” a global religion which aims to be at home in every context. As such, Bible translation empowers and yet relativises all languages and cultures, thereby furthering an equality in dignity among the speakers of all the languages of the world. In this paper, we ask: To what extent does the current and blossoming Bible translation movement contribute to the growth and maturing of a World Christianity? In other words, in what ways do current engagements in Bible translation further or hinder the reality of Christianity as a religion that aims to be at home in all languages and cultures? To approach this question, we will use the framework proposed by Andrew Walls (1997), which claims that the process of the transmission and reception of Christianity is multi- generational, involving at least three stages. We will aim to discern the stage at which the current Bible translation movement operates in the twenty-first century, identify some of the critical issues that affect the reception of the gospel, and suggest implications for Bible translation practice that would effectively further the rise of a World Christianity.
圣经翻译促进了Lamin Sanneh (2007a)所说的“世界基督教”的发展,这是一种全球性的宗教,旨在在任何情况下都能立足。因此,圣经翻译赋予了所有语言和文化权力,但又相对化了,从而促进了世界上所有语言使用者之间的尊严平等。在本文中,我们的问题是:当前蓬勃发展的圣经翻译运动在多大程度上促进了世界基督教的成长和成熟?换句话说,当前的圣经翻译在哪些方面进一步或阻碍了基督教作为一个旨在在所有语言和文化中立足的宗教的现实?为了解决这个问题,我们将使用Andrew Walls(1997)提出的框架,他认为基督教的传播和接受过程是多代人的,至少涉及三个阶段。我们的目标是辨别当前圣经翻译运动在21世纪运作的阶段,确定影响福音接受的一些关键问题,并提出圣经翻译实践的启示,这将有效地进一步推动世界基督教的兴起。
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引用次数: 0
Conditionals in the New Testament: Interpretation and Translation 新约中的条件句:解释与翻译
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-6cpw9
S. Nicolle
There are over six hundred conditional sentences in the Greek New Testament, defined as sentences consisting of two clauses, one of which contains the conjunction εἰ or ἐάν and expresses the condition under which the other clause holds. The conditions which εἰ and ἐάν introduce encompass a wide range of meanings, which are unlikely to be expressed by any single conjunction, particle, or construction in another language. Understanding the range of meanings associated with Greek conditional constructions is therefore an essential first step in translating them appropriately. This paper describes the various constructions that are used in New Testament Greek to express conditionality (following the traditional classification of conditionals), demonstrating that the form of each construction does not entirely determine how it should be interpreted. The paper also looks at constructions containing εἰ or ἐάν that express specific meanings, which may be more or less conditional in nature.
希腊文新约中有超过600个条件句,定义为由两个分句组成的句子,其中一个包含连词ε ι或ν ν,并表达另一个分句所处的条件。ε ι和ν引入的条件包含了广泛的含义,这些含义在另一种语言中不太可能通过任何单一的连词、助词或结构来表达。因此,理解与希腊条件句相关的意义范围是正确翻译它们的重要的第一步。本文描述了新约希腊语中用于表达条件的各种结构(遵循传统的条件分类),并证明每种结构的形式并不完全决定它应该如何解释。本文还研究了包含ε ι或ν ν的结构,这些结构表达了特定的含义,这些含义在本质上或多或少是有条件的。
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引用次数: 2
Linguistic Gaps in the English-Kiswahili Translation of Agropesticide Texts in Tanzania 坦桑尼亚农用农药英-斯瓦希里语翻译中的语言差异
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-twj2v
Kulwa Matalu, R. Y. Sebonde
This paper investigates the linguistic gaps in the English- Kiswahili translation of agropesticide texts in Tanzania. The Kiswahili translation of such information enables farmers to be familiar with the proper ways of controlling and managing pests and diseases. Different agropesticide texts were collected from farm input shops and analysed, and informants were interviewed based on the words, phrases, and sentences from the texts. The data were then analysed through thematic analysis. The translation of such information faces some challenges including coinage in the source language, meaning distinction in the source language, formal differences between English and Kiswahili, lack of Kiswahili equivalents for the names of some Kiswahili diseases and pests, and the traditional agricultural practices. Given the genealogical and typological differences between English and Kiswahili, translating through descriptions would overcome non-equivalence between the two languages at the word level. Translating agropesticide texts in Tanzania has implications for proper farming practices among farmers. Directions on the proper use of agropesticides are meant to make farmers practice productive farming. The challenges facing the translation between the two languages can be mitigated through descriptive equivalence and borrowing which is adapted to the morphological and phonological patterns of the target language.
本文研究了坦桑尼亚英语-斯瓦希里语农用农药文本翻译中的语言差异。斯瓦希里语翻译的这类信息使农民能够熟悉控制和管理病虫害的适当方法。从农场投入品商店收集不同的农用农药文本并进行分析,并根据文本中的单词、短语和句子对线人进行访谈。然后通过专题分析对数据进行分析。这些信息的翻译面临着一些挑战,包括在源语言中造新词,意思是源语言的区别,英语和斯瓦希里语之间的正式差异,斯瓦希里语中一些疾病和害虫的名称缺乏对应的斯瓦希里语,以及传统的农业做法。鉴于英语和斯瓦希里语在系谱和类型学上的差异,通过描述进行翻译将克服两种语言在单词水平上的不对等。在坦桑尼亚翻译农用农药文本对农民的适当耕作做法有影响。关于正确使用农药的指示是为了使农民从事生产性耕作。两种语言之间的翻译面临的挑战可以通过描述对等和借鉴,以适应目的语的形态和语音模式来缓解。
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引用次数: 1
Honorifics and the Japanese Bible: Goliath is “Ruder” than Pharaoh? 敬语与日本圣经:歌利亚比法老“粗鲁”?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-t8vm5
S. Doi
This paper is dedicated to the study of honorifics (lexically, morphologically, and/or grammatically marked polite/appropriate speech or language) in Bible translation. It includes a brief history of honorific studies, definitions of important terms (e.g., honorifics vs. politeness), challenges of honorifics in general, sociolinguistic factors or rules in Japanese honorifics, how honorifics are reflected in the Japanese Bible (e.g., pronouns, titles, familial terms, in-group vs. out-group, verbal honorifics including prefixes, suffixes, benefactives, imperatives), and specific issues or challenges found in the Japanese Bible. Unfortunately, the original languages of the Bible do not have much to say about honorifics. As such, translators are faced with difficult decisions, as the language may require every utterance to be marked as either “polite” or “casual” to some degree, i.e., one cannot keep the level of politeness “neutral.” I approach this issue of honorifics in Bible translation by observing how honorifics are reflected in one of the most read versions of the Japanese Bible, Shinkaiyaku Seisho 2017 ‘New Japanese Bible 2017,’ mainly focusing on the conversational discourse found within the New Testament, and particularly the Gospel according to Matthew. My hope is that this paper will contribute to raising awareness of honorifics, and at the same time provide some clues and a framework for those who are translating the Bible into languages which utilize them.
本文致力于研究圣经翻译中的敬语(词汇、形态和/或语法标记的礼貌/适当的言语或语言)。它包括敬语研究的简史,重要术语的定义(例如,敬语与礼貌),敬语的挑战,日语敬语中的社会语言学因素或规则,敬语如何反映在日语圣经中(例如,代词,头衔,家族术语,群体内vs群体外,言语敬语包括前缀,后缀,恩惠,祈令),以及在日语圣经中发现的具体问题或挑战。不幸的是,圣经的原始语言并没有太多关于敬语的说法。因此,翻译人员面临着困难的决定,因为语言可能要求每句话都在某种程度上被标记为“礼貌”或“随意”,也就是说,一个人无法保持礼貌水平的“中立”。我研究圣经翻译中敬语的问题,是通过观察敬语是如何反映在最受欢迎的日文圣经版本之一的《新日本圣经2017》(Shinkaiyaku Seisho 2017)中,主要关注新约中的对话话语,尤其是马太福音。我希望这篇文章能够有助于提高人们对敬语的认识,同时为那些将圣经翻译成使用敬语的语言的人提供一些线索和框架。
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引用次数: 0
“Only If Father God Is with You”: Translating Post-nuclear Conditional Clauses in the Gospels “唯有天父与你同在”:福音书中后核条件从句的翻译
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-kh524
S. Levinsohn
Most conditional clauses in NT Greek are pre-nuclear and provide a frame for what follows. In contrast, most conditional clauses that are post-nuclear are either clausal complements (if introduced with εἰ) or focal protases (whether introduced with εἰ or with ἐάν). In verb- object languages like English, placing the protasis after the apodosis often implies that the protasis is focal. If the protasis is negative in Greek, another way to show that it is focal in many languages (including verb- final ones) is to make it positive and use an adverb such as “only” or “always.” In many verb-final languages, all conditional clauses are pre- nuclear, so translators need to distinguish those that provide a frame from those that are focal. This paper includes examples from four verb-final Quichuan languages that show how they made this distinction.
新约希腊语中的大多数条件从句都是前核的,为后面的句子提供了一个框架。相比之下,大多数后核条件从句要么是小句补语(如果引入ε ι),要么是焦点蛋白酶(无论是引入ε ι还是引入ν)。在像英语这样的动宾语言中,把主句放在主句之后通常意味着主句是焦点。如果在希腊语中主谓语是否定的,另一种表明它在许多语言中(包括动词-结尾语)是焦点的方法是使它成为肯定的,并使用副词,如“only”或“always”。在许多动词结尾语言中,所有的条件从句都是前核的,所以翻译人员需要区分那些提供框架的和那些焦点的。本文列举了四种曲川语动词尾的例子,说明了曲川语是如何做出这种区分的。
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引用次数: 0
Translation Strategies for Conditionals in Kabwa and Simbiti 卡布瓦语和辛比特语条件句的翻译策略
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-62ehh
Rebekah M. Mészároš
In the Kabwa and Simbiti New Testaments, the translators have chosen to translate conditional constructions using a combination of various conjunctions, tense-aspect affixes, or both. Although Kabwa and Simbiti are very similar languages, the translation style used by the Simbiti translators often differs significantly from that used by the Kabwa translators, especially when the protasis is factual or non-factual – Simbiti translators preferred to make this interpretation explicit. This paper compares conditionals in Kabwa and Simbiti from a descriptive linguistic perspective, presenting several ways of translating conditionals, including some alternative non-conditional options. Such methods may be helpful for languages where it is not possible or desirable to use a conditional construction.
在Kabwa和Simbiti新约中,译者选择使用各种连词、时态词缀或两者的组合来翻译条件结构。虽然卡布瓦语和辛比提语是非常相似的语言,但辛比提语译者所使用的翻译风格往往与卡布瓦语译者所使用的翻译风格有很大的不同,尤其是当原意是事实或非事实时——辛比提语译者倾向于将这种解释明确化。本文从描述语言学的角度对卡布瓦语和辛比提语的条件句进行了比较,提出了几种条件句的翻译方法,包括一些非条件句的翻译方法。对于不可能或不希望使用条件结构的语言,这些方法可能会有所帮助。
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引用次数: 1
Conditionals in Galatians: A Guide for Translators 加拉太书的条件句:翻译指南
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-6c3ch
S. Nicolle
These notes cover every conditional sentence in Paul’s letter to the Galatians. They are designed to give guidance to translators in the field, and to complement—rather than replace—Translator’s Notes and other exegetical and translation helps. The emphasis in this study will be to show how Paul uses conditionals to argue, rebuke, exhort, etc., and to discuss how to translate these conditionals so that the translation achieves the same effect.
这些注释涵盖了保罗写给加拉太人的每一个条件句。它们旨在为该领域的翻译人员提供指导,并补充而不是取代译者笔记和其他注释和翻译帮助。本研究的重点是展示保罗如何使用条件句来争辩、责备、劝勉等,并讨论如何翻译这些条件句,使翻译达到同样的效果。
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引用次数: 1
Towards a Theoretical Framework for a Systematic Study of Theological Influence in Bible Translation 为系统研究神学对圣经翻译的影响建立理论框架
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-59ed2
Chao Liu
Although Bible scholars have generally acknowledged that theology plays an important role in Bible translation, affecting it from beginning to end, no studies have been done to date to offer a systematic, theoretical explanation of this phenomenon, thus leaving this subject a largely unmapped territory for study. As an initial attempt to fill this gap, this paper explores theological influence in Bible translation in terms of its theoretical foundation and seeks to find suitable theoretical concepts from both the fields of translation studies and Biblical translation studies in order to construct a theoretical framework that can be used to sharpen and enrich the study of this phenomenon. The paper first addresses the generally negative or fearful attitude toward the subject and then explores the possibility of applying the theoretical concepts of norms (Toury and Chesterman), narrative (Baker), constraints (Lefevere), “Skopos” (Nord), “contextual frame of reference” (Wendland), and “Bible translation polysystem theory” (Kerr) for developing a theoretically-sound, disciplined, and comprehensive study of theological influence in Bible translation. Convinced that Bible translation is inherently a theological task and it is important to enhance our understanding of the theological nature and dimension of Bible translation for theoretical, pedagogical, and translational purposes, this paper proposes that with these five theoretical frameworks at our disposal, it is possible for the multifaceted theological influence involved in Bible translation to be studied in a more objective and systematic way in order to achieve a greater awareness and understanding of their profound and consequential interrelationships.
虽然圣经学者普遍承认神学在圣经翻译中起着重要的作用,从头到尾影响着它,但迄今为止还没有研究对这一现象提供系统的理论解释,因此这一主题在很大程度上是一个未绘制的研究领域。作为填补这一空白的初步尝试,本文从理论基础上探讨神学对圣经翻译的影响,并试图从翻译研究和圣经翻译研究两个领域中寻找合适的理论概念,以构建一个理论框架,用以充实和丰富这一现象的研究。本文首先阐述了对这一主题的普遍消极或恐惧态度,然后探讨了应用规范(Toury和Chesterman)、叙事(Baker)、约束(Lefevere)、“目的论”(Nord)、“上下文参考框架”(Wendland)和“圣经翻译多系统理论”(Kerr)等理论概念的可能性,以发展一种理论上健全的、有纪律的、全面的圣经翻译神学影响研究。我们深信圣经翻译本质上是一项神学任务,加强我们对圣经翻译的神学性质和维度的理解对于理论、教学和翻译的目的是很重要的。本文提出,我们可以利用这五个理论框架,我们有可能以一种更客观和系统的方式来研究圣经翻译中涉及的多方面的神学影响,以便更好地认识和理解它们之间深刻而重要的相互关系。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation
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