An odd question-answer exchange pops up in 2 Kings 3.11 as King Jehoshaphat of Judah seeks oracular support for his budding alliance with the northern kingdom against Moab. In response to his question “Is there no prophet of the Lord here through whom we may inquire of the Lord?” a servant-official of the king of Israel replies, “Elisha the son of Shaphat is here, who poured water on the hands of Elijah” (ESV). Commentators hesitate when it comes to explaining the relative clause, 3 and with a number of modern readercentred translations take it to be synonymous with servitude; Elisha was Elijah’s servant, so BBE, GNB NET, NIV, or assistant, so NLT, GWN.
{"title":"Short Note: Ritual Washing","authors":"R. J. Sim","doi":"10.54395/jot-y3f46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-y3f46","url":null,"abstract":"An odd question-answer exchange pops up in 2 Kings 3.11 as King Jehoshaphat of Judah seeks oracular support for his budding alliance with the northern kingdom against Moab. In response to his question “Is there no prophet of the Lord here through whom we may inquire of the Lord?” a servant-official of the king of Israel replies, “Elisha the son of Shaphat is here, who poured water on the hands of Elijah” (ESV). Commentators hesitate when it comes to explaining the relative clause, 3 and with a number of modern readercentred translations take it to be synonymous with servitude; Elisha was Elijah’s servant, so BBE, GNB NET, NIV, or assistant, so NLT, GWN.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90733918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts an extended version of the polysystem theory combined with corpus linguistics techniques in translating the Qur'an. The original version of the theory focuses on the network of relations around the target text, while the extended version includes the network of relations (or systems) of both the source and target text, be they linguistic, social, historical, etc. To explore the systems of both the source and target text, a model was developed for translating the Sacred Text which can serve as a framework for the translators to capture the early and late Arab contributions from linguistic, historical and social perspectives to maintain the original message and present it afresh to the modern generations. The model consists of three stages and each stage involves a number of systems, including the linguistic analysis of the original and target text, the network of relations of the early context, and the network of relations of the modern context. Three verses were selected in this paper to demonstrate the validity of the model. The verses deal with some social, historical, theological and legal debatable issues in the field of Sacred Text exegesis, theology and Islamic jurisprudence. The different readings of the verses are mirrored in the various translations of the Sacred Text.
{"title":"Translating the Sacred Text: A Polysystem Approach","authors":"A. Elewa","doi":"10.54395/jot-v5pkk","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-v5pkk","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts an extended version of the polysystem theory combined with corpus linguistics techniques in translating the Qur'an. The original version of the theory focuses on the network of relations around the target text, while the extended version includes the network of relations (or systems) of both the source and target text, be they linguistic, social, historical, etc. To explore the systems of both the source and target text, a model was developed for translating the Sacred Text which can serve as a framework for the translators to capture the early and late Arab contributions from linguistic, historical and social perspectives to maintain the original message and present it afresh to the modern generations. The model consists of three stages and each stage involves a number of systems, including the linguistic analysis of the original and target text, the network of relations of the early context, and the network of relations of the modern context. Three verses were selected in this paper to demonstrate the validity of the model. The verses deal with some social, historical, theological and legal debatable issues in the field of Sacred Text exegesis, theology and Islamic jurisprudence. The different readings of the verses are mirrored in the various translations of the Sacred Text.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84607415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our understanding of ethics in the field of translation studies shows a secular bias which has distorted our moral vision. This article examines recent accounts of the role of ethics when communication is translated by interpreters and translators. Rather than relying on professional codes or relativist approaches, the potential value in adopting a religious perspective to our understanding of ethics is underlined, reclaiming the spiritual dimension of moral action and reconceptualising notions of the Other, power and ideology in translation. Examples are given from the literature in the field of contemporary translation studies.
{"title":"A Religious Ethics of Translation: The Love Command","authors":"A. Wolf","doi":"10.54395/jot-9e82x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-9e82x","url":null,"abstract":"Our understanding of ethics in the field of translation studies shows a secular bias which has distorted our moral vision. This article examines recent accounts of the role of ethics when communication is translated by interpreters and translators. Rather than relying on professional codes or relativist approaches, the potential value in adopting a religious perspective to our understanding of ethics is underlined, reclaiming the spiritual dimension of moral action and reconceptualising notions of the Other, power and ideology in translation. Examples are given from the literature in the field of contemporary translation studies.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89379859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short Note: On an Assyriological Interpretation of the Book of Daniel 5:1-28","authors":"Immanuel Freedman","doi":"10.54395/jot-thjwr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-thjwr","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86088731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John 4 is usually believed to portray a woman who is morally disreputable and socially marginal. The paper challenges this popular view, showing that the assumptions on which it is based are less secure than commonly thought, questioning a bridging reference, pointing out a word-play in the text built around the two contextual senses of ἀνήρ, and re-reading the text within an expanded and nuanced context of assumptions that were accessible to 1st century readers. This offers a more positive reading which should caution Bible interpreters and translators against relying on their initial presuppositions, which may over-influence a translation along one direction, and instead taking time to examine the best context for reading a text.
{"title":"The Samaritan Woman in John 4","authors":"R. J. Sim","doi":"10.54395/jot-vex9t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-vex9t","url":null,"abstract":"John 4 is usually believed to portray a woman who is morally disreputable and socially marginal. The paper challenges this popular view, showing that the assumptions on which it is based are less secure than commonly thought, questioning a bridging reference, pointing out a word-play in the text built around the two contextual senses of ἀνήρ, and re-reading the text within an expanded and nuanced context of assumptions that were accessible to 1st century readers. This offers a more positive reading which should caution Bible interpreters and translators against relying on their initial presuppositions, which may over-influence a translation along one direction, and instead taking time to examine the best context for reading a text.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85210463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assuming that the author of Job placed the essence of his poetic message near the end of the text, where it would be most noticed and remembered (literary end stress), I would argue that Job’s final cited speech (42:2–6) is likely to convey such thematic significance. This short discourse occurs immediately after and in response to the climactic speeches of Yahweh (chapters 38–41) and right before the book’s narrative resolution in 42:7–17 (the so-called epilogue). So what has Job learned from this challenging divine discourse as reflected in his concluding, now confessional reply? 1 ׃ר ַֽ מַאֹּ יוַ ה ָ֗ והיְ־תאֶ בו ֹּ֥ יאִ ןעַַּ֖ יַוַ ל ָ֑ כוּתּ ל ֹ֣ ֹּכ־יכִ )יתִּעְדַ ָ֭ י( תּעְדַ י 2 ׃ה ַֽ מזִמְ ֹ֣ ךמְמִ ר ַּ֖ צ ביִ־אֹּ לוְ תעַ ֹּ֥ ד י ִ֫ לִ ַֽ בְ ה ָ֗ צ ע םי ֹּ֥ לִעְמַ ׀ ה ֶ֨ זֶ י ִ֤ מִ 3 ןי ָ֑ בִ א א ֹ֣ ֹּ לוְ יתִּדְגַ ָ֭ הִ ן ֹ֣ כ ל ׃ע ַֽ ד א א ֹ֣ ֹּ לוְ ינִ ָ֗ מֶ ִ֝ מִ תו ֹּ֥ א לפְנִ 4 ר ָ֑ בדַאֲ י ֹ֣ כִֹּ נ אוְ א ָ֭ נ־ע ַֽ מַ ַֽ שְ ׃ינִ ַֽ עידִוהוְ ָ֗ ךלְ אשְ ִ֝ אֶ 5 ֶז ֹּ֥ ֹּ א־עמַ ַֽ שלְ ךי ָ֑ תִּעְמַשְ ן ׃ךתְ ַֽ א ר י ֹּ֥ נִי ע ה ָ֗ תּעִַ֝ וְ ס ֹ֣ אַמְאֶ ן ָ֭ כ־לעַ 6 יתִּמְ ָ֑ חַנִוְ פ ׃רפֶ ַֽ א ו ר ֹּ֥ פ ע־לעַ
{"title":"Short Note: Job 42:2-6, a (Possible) Key to the Message of the Book","authors":"E. Wendland","doi":"10.54395/jot-dx2w2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-dx2w2","url":null,"abstract":"Assuming that the author of Job placed the essence of his poetic message near the end of the text, where it would be most noticed and remembered (literary end stress), I would argue that Job’s final cited speech (42:2–6) is likely to convey such thematic significance. This short discourse occurs immediately after and in response to the climactic speeches of Yahweh (chapters 38–41) and right before the book’s narrative resolution in 42:7–17 (the so-called epilogue). So what has Job learned from this challenging divine discourse as reflected in his concluding, now confessional reply? 1 ׃ר ַֽ מַאֹּ יוַ ה ָ֗ והיְ־תאֶ בו ֹּ֥ יאִ ןעַַּ֖ יַוַ ל ָ֑ כוּתּ ל ֹ֣ ֹּכ־יכִ )יתִּעְדַ ָ֭ י( תּעְדַ י 2 ׃ה ַֽ מזִמְ ֹ֣ ךמְמִ ר ַּ֖ צ ביִ־אֹּ לוְ תעַ ֹּ֥ ד י ִ֫ לִ ַֽ בְ ה ָ֗ צ ע םי ֹּ֥ לִעְמַ ׀ ה ֶ֨ זֶ י ִ֤ מִ 3 ןי ָ֑ בִ א א ֹ֣ ֹּ לוְ יתִּדְגַ ָ֭ הִ ן ֹ֣ כ ל ׃ע ַֽ ד א א ֹ֣ ֹּ לוְ ינִ ָ֗ מֶ ִ֝ מִ תו ֹּ֥ א לפְנִ 4 ר ָ֑ בדַאֲ י ֹ֣ כִֹּ נ אוְ א ָ֭ נ־ע ַֽ מַ ַֽ שְ ׃ינִ ַֽ עידִוהוְ ָ֗ ךלְ אשְ ִ֝ אֶ 5 ֶז ֹּ֥ ֹּ א־עמַ ַֽ שלְ ךי ָ֑ תִּעְמַשְ ן ׃ךתְ ַֽ א ר י ֹּ֥ נִי ע ה ָ֗ תּעִַ֝ וְ ס ֹ֣ אַמְאֶ ן ָ֭ כ־לעַ 6 יתִּמְ ָ֑ חַנִוְ פ ׃רפֶ ַֽ א ו ר ֹּ֥ פ ע־לעַ","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87087813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biblical Hebrew (BH) poetry poses unique challenges to translators and exegetes because of its often complex textual development, its defamiliarized mode of communication, and its understudied relationship to its co-text. While a comprehensive analysis is welcomed for any discourse type, the unique challenges of BH poetry call for a holistic approach that marshals insights from the extra-linguistic setting, co-text, and multifaceted discourse features. The method of discourse analysis proposed by Wendland (1994) seems to provide a helpful framework for such investigation. Applying this approach to Psalm 70—a short, but incredibly multifaceted text—reveals the value of this sort of comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis. Additionally, following the application of Lambrecht’s (1994) theory of information structure (IS) to BH by Van der Merwe et al. (forthcoming), I propose that the Psalms may use parallel word order variation patterns beyond their IS purposes to create coherence relations at the discourse level.
圣经希伯来语(BH)诗歌对译者和注释者提出了独特的挑战，因为它通常复杂的文本发展，其陌生的交流模式，以及它与共同文本的未充分研究的关系。虽然对任何话语类型的全面分析都是受欢迎的，但BH诗歌的独特挑战需要一种整体的方法，从语言外的环境、共同文本和多方面的话语特征中整理见解。Wendland(1994)提出的话语分析方法似乎为这种调查提供了一个有益的框架。把这种方法应用在诗篇70篇上——这是一篇短小但内容丰富得令人难以置信的文本——揭示了这种全面、跨学科分析的价值。此外，在Van der Merwe等人(即将出版)将Lambrecht(1994)的信息结构(IS)理论应用于《圣经》之后，我提出《诗篇》可能使用了超越其IS目的的平行词序变化模式，以在话语层面创造连贯关系。
{"title":"Translating and Exegeting Hebrew Poetry: Illustrated with Psalm 70","authors":"Christian Locatell","doi":"10.54395/jot-p46yv","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-p46yv","url":null,"abstract":"Biblical Hebrew (BH) poetry poses unique challenges to translators and exegetes because of its often complex textual development, its defamiliarized mode of communication, and its understudied relationship to its co-text. While a comprehensive analysis is welcomed for any discourse type, the unique challenges of BH poetry call for a holistic approach that marshals insights from the extra-linguistic setting, co-text, and multifaceted discourse features. The method of discourse analysis proposed by Wendland (1994) seems to provide a helpful framework for such investigation. Applying this approach to Psalm 70—a short, but incredibly multifaceted text—reveals the value of this sort of comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis. Additionally, following the application of Lambrecht’s (1994) theory of information structure (IS) to BH by Van der Merwe et al. (forthcoming), I propose that the Psalms may use parallel word order variation patterns beyond their IS purposes to create coherence relations at the discourse level.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82425344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Bible translation slowly develops into a discipline of its own, ethical standards need to be defined. In functional and skopos-oriented translation theories, an obligatory work plan gives support to expressing and regulating the expectations, capabilities and the contextual environments of a Bible translation project. Such agreements should also describe a code of ethics to which all agree. The interdisciplinary and professional nature of Bible translation leads increasingly to a collection of expertise that also requires an ethical framework to guarantee mutual understanding. Balancing out divine intervention against human responsibility is foundational to a code of ethics in Bible translation with Scripture-internal (emic), outward-oriented (etic) and mediating ethical aspects. To deal with the ethics of translating a text of divine origin, the author presents a perspective on the notion of divine inspiration that he calls impact-inspiration. A general code of ethics in Bible translation states the general but minimal agreements of those involved in Bible translation, and an individual code of ethics in Bible translation builds on the former and states the ethical agreement in Bible translation projects as part of a work plan.
{"title":"Toward a Code of Ethics in Bible Translation","authors":"E. Werner","doi":"10.54395/jot-kefrd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-kefrd","url":null,"abstract":"As Bible translation slowly develops into a discipline of its own, ethical standards need to be defined. In functional and skopos-oriented translation theories, an obligatory work plan gives support to expressing and regulating the expectations, capabilities and the contextual environments of a Bible translation project. Such agreements should also describe a code of ethics to which all agree. The interdisciplinary and professional nature of Bible translation leads increasingly to a collection of expertise that also requires an ethical framework to guarantee mutual understanding. Balancing out divine intervention against human responsibility is foundational to a code of ethics in Bible translation with Scripture-internal (emic), outward-oriented (etic) and mediating ethical aspects. To deal with the ethics of translating a text of divine origin, the author presents a perspective on the notion of divine inspiration that he calls impact-inspiration. A general code of ethics in Bible translation states the general but minimal agreements of those involved in Bible translation, and an individual code of ethics in Bible translation builds on the former and states the ethical agreement in Bible translation projects as part of a work plan.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84792878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short Note: Received...Perfected","authors":"J. H. Greenlee","doi":"10.54395/jot-fhd9m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-fhd9m","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79383829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this article is to explore the different features of religious translation in an attempt to provide translators with an objective model to use in this domain. Following the linguistic approach to translation, I propose a model of translation, starting from simple structures into more sophisticated structures focusing on phonology, morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics, in an attempt to circumvent the peculiarities of the source text and translated text.
{"title":"Features of Translating Religious Texts","authors":"A. Elewa","doi":"10.54395/jot-j2ccn","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54395/jot-j2ccn","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to explore the different features of religious translation in an attempt to provide translators with an objective model to use in this domain. Following the linguistic approach to translation, I propose a model of translation, starting from simple structures into more sophisticated structures focusing on phonology, morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics, in an attempt to circumvent the peculiarities of the source text and translated text.","PeriodicalId":38669,"journal":{"name":"SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72649305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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