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The Demonstrative Pronouns זֶה Zeh / זאֹת Zōʾt / אֵלּהֶ Ēlleh: Referring Backward or Forward? 指示代词“”Zeh /“”zh /“”Ēlleh:向后指还是向前指?
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-6nf34
Peter Schmidt
In some places, it is not immediately clear whether the Hebrew demonstrative pronouns of the זֶה zeh paradigm refer backward (anaphoric) or forward (cataphoric). The translator cannot continue without deciding this. Standard resources do not discuss the problem satisfactorily. In this article, an exegetical “checklist” is presented as a guideline for determining the meaning of such pronouns. Then five debatable cases are discussed in detail, with reference to the pertinent literature and including the consequences for translation. The following four points emerge from the investigation: (1) The debatable cases are typically discourse deictic pronouns. These are an element of metadiscourse, and they link paragraphs. (2) General predictions are not possible. Context decides. (3) Nevertheless, there is a higher likelihood for backward-orientation. (4) The translation will guide the reader. Apart from choosing the right demonstrative pronoun, punctuation and layout need attention.
在一些地方,我们并不清楚希伯来语的指示代词是指向后(回指)还是向前(回指)。翻译不作出决定就不能继续下去。标准资源不能令人满意地讨论这个问题。在这篇文章中,一个训诂“清单”提出了一个指导方针,以确定这类代词的意义。然后详细讨论了五个有争议的案例,并参考了相关文献,包括翻译的后果。调查得出以下四点结论:(1)有争议的情况是典型的话语指示代词。它们是元话语的一个元素,它们连接段落。(2)一般的预测是不可能的。上下文决定。(3)然而,存在较高的向后导向可能性。(4)译文将引导读者。除了选择正确的指示代词外,还需要注意标点和布局。
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引用次数: 0
Dressing for Spiritual Battle and Other Challenges: Translating Passages with Underlying Conceptual Metaphors 为精神战斗和其他挑战而穿衣:翻译带有潜在概念隐喻的段落
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-6j9c9
C. Hemphill
Traditionally, the approach to translating metaphor in Scripture assumed that metaphors are descriptive literary devices with an underlying “literal meaning.” Research in cognitive linguistics has challenged this idea, and a new field of study, conceptual metaphor theory, has emerged. Conceptual metaphor theory draws a distinction between image metaphors, where a target is described in comparison to a source, and conceptual metaphors, where an abstract or complex conceptual domain is actually understood in terms of a more concrete or familiar conceptual domain drawn from embodied human experience. This paper examines the importance of identifying conceptual metaphors and analyzing their accessibility when translating Scripture. Translators who encounter figurative language derived from underlying conceptual metaphors that are not culturally conventional may try to convert the mapped elements of the source domain into a series of descriptive image metaphors. This skewing of meaning could be mitigated if translators were trained to identify conceptual metaphors licensing figurative language and consider making them explicit. As a case study, a translation of Ephesian 6:13–17 in Tlacoapa Meꞌphaa (tpl) produced by a translator guided by Paratext notes and trained in the traditional approach to the translation of metaphors (Larson 1984) is compared with a second translation produced after encouragement to make the underlying conceptual metaphor PREPARATION IS GETTING DRESSED explicit at the beginning of the passage.
传统上,翻译《圣经》中的隐喻的方法假定隐喻是具有潜在“字面意义”的描述性文学手段。认知语言学的研究挑战了这一观点,并出现了一个新的研究领域——概念隐喻理论。概念隐喻理论对意象隐喻和概念隐喻进行了区分,意象隐喻是将目标与源进行比较来描述,而概念隐喻是将抽象或复杂的概念领域从具体的人类经验中提取出来的更具体或熟悉的概念领域来理解。本文探讨了在翻译圣经时识别概念隐喻和分析其可及性的重要性。译者在遇到不符合文化传统的概念隐喻衍生的比喻性语言时,可能会尝试将源域的映射元素转化为一系列描述性的形象隐喻。如果译者经过培训,能够识别使用比喻性语言的概念隐喻,并考虑将其明确化,那么这种意义偏差就可以得到缓解。作为一个案例研究,以以弗所书6:13-17的翻译为例,由一位译者在Paratext笔记的指导下,在传统的隐喻翻译方法的训练下(Larson 1984)完成的翻译(tpl)与鼓励在段落开头将潜在的概念隐喻“准备是穿衣服”明确化后完成的第二种翻译进行了比较。
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引用次数: 1
Short Note: Chichewa and Hindi Back Translations of the Bible: A Comparative Check of Translation Techniques 注:《圣经》的奇切瓦语和印地语回译:翻译技巧的比较检查
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-69624
S. Sharma
The Bible in India has been seen by some as an offshoot of the missionary movement in pre- and post-independence times. Such allegations belie a technical or stylistic reading of the translated scriptures into Hindi, which is the great unread aspect of the Bible. The Bible translated into Hindi is titled Dharmasastra. The present study aims to compare the Hindi version with another translation in a completely different part of the world, the Chichewa Bible. Chichewa is a Bantu language widely spoken in SE Africa. It turns out that the Hindi translation of the Bible is surprisingly close to the Chichewa Buku Loyera translation, a fact which might motivate further comparative research into these two languages and cultural domains.
在印度,圣经被一些人视为独立前后传教运动的一个分支。这样的指控不符合对翻译成印地语的经文的技术或风格阅读,这是圣经未读的重要方面。翻译成印地语的《圣经》名为《Dharmasastra》。本研究的目的是比较印地语版本和世界上另一个完全不同的地方的另一个译本——奇切瓦圣经。奇切瓦语是非洲东南部广泛使用的班图语。事实证明,《圣经》的印地语译本与Chichewa Buku Loyera译本惊人地接近,这一事实可能会激发对这两种语言和文化领域的进一步比较研究。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Best Practice in Representing The Authors’ Explanatory Notes in Old Testament Translation 《旧约》翻译中代表作者注释的最佳实践
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-8c3tv
Peter Schmidt
This article will help translation teams to develop a best practice for dealing with explanatory notes that are made by the Biblical authors themselves. To my knowledge there is no standard resource for Bible translators that addresses in some detail the issue of explanatory (or: parenthetical) notes. However, every Bible translator will face numerous such notes and has to decide what to do with them. Some standard versions appear unsystematic in this and are of limited help. This article discusses what options a translator has in dealing with such notes. Special attention is given to explanatory notes that need explanation themselves for the modern reader. In order to explore translation problems and solutions regarding explanatory notes, I collected examples – partly when I encountered them incidentally, partly by reading through several Biblical books and looking for them. I discuss the options for translation on the basis of three types of examples. An annotated translation of Deuteronomy 3:8–17 shows how explanatory notes can be represented. I argue that each translation project should make two conscious choices: (1) whether or not to mark explanatory notes, and (2) if yes, in what way; this is largely a question of how punctuation and footnotes are used. The principles should be applied consistently. This is to achieve three goals: (1) doing justice to the Biblical text with its own history and different levels, (2) being systematic and transparent in the method of translation, and (3) having efficient ways of working within the translation team. A model guideline and a list of explanatory notes complete the article.
本文将帮助翻译团队开发一种最佳实践,以处理圣经作者自己所做的解释性注释。据我所知,对于圣经译者来说,没有一个标准的资源可以详细说明解释性(或:括号)注释的问题。然而,每个圣经译者都会面对大量这样的注释,并必须决定如何处理它们。一些标准版本在这方面显得不系统,帮助有限。本文讨论了译者在处理这类注释时有哪些选择。特别注意的是解释性注释,需要解释自己的现代读者。为了探索关于注释的翻译问题和解决方案,我收集了一些例子——一部分是偶然遇到的,一部分是通过阅读几本圣经书籍来寻找它们。我在三种类型的例子的基础上讨论翻译的选项。申命记3:8-17的注释翻译显示了解释性注释是如何表示的。我认为,每个翻译项目都应该有意识地做出两个选择:(1)是否标注解释性注释;(2)如果标注,以何种方式标注;这在很大程度上是一个标点和脚注如何使用的问题。这些原则应该始终如一地适用。这是为了达到三个目标:(1)公正地对待具有自身历史和不同层次的圣经文本;(2)在翻译方法上系统透明;(3)在翻译团队内部具有高效的工作方式。一个示范指南和解释性注释列表完成了文章。
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引用次数: 1
Polysemy and Homonymy in Biblical Hebrew 《圣经》希伯来语中的一词多义与谐音
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-3rkrr
Gerhard Tauberschmidt
In the analysis of Hebrew lexical items there is sometimes a tendency to interpret words exclusively based on their root meaning. In fact, the one-sided etymological analysis of Hebrew words is particularly tempting, because most Hebrew words are constructed around lexical roots consisting of two or three (sometimes four) consonants that are shared in common by a family of related words. Deriving the meaning of a lexical item exclusively from its root meaning while disregarding the phenomenon of semantic shift, which is frequently caused by metonymy, can lead to incorrect interpretations. Hebrew lexicons such as Brown–Driver–Briggs (BDB) sometimes contribute to this error due to interpreting words as polysemous lexical items when they should be interpreted as homonyms with non-related meanings.
在对希伯来语词汇项目的分析中,有时有一种倾向,即只根据词根的意思来解释单词。事实上,片面地分析希伯来词的词源学是特别诱人的,因为大多数希伯来词都是围绕词根构成的,词根由两个或三个(有时是四个)辅音组成,这些辅音是一个相关词族所共有的。仅从词根义推导词义,而忽视转喻常常引起的语义转移现象,会导致不正确的解释。像Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)这样的希伯来词汇有时会导致这种错误,因为它们将单词解释为多义词,而实际上它们应该被解释为具有不相关含义的同音异义词。
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引用次数: 0
Short Note: Bē̂t Āb 'Father’s House' in Numbers 短注:b æ t Āb“父亲的家”在数字
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-5k6w2
P. Schmidt
The purpose of this compilation is to give an overview over the use of the key phrase “father’s house” to alert to differences in meaning in various places and to discuss further issues connected with this phrase.
本汇编的目的是概述关键短语“父亲的家”的使用,以提醒不同地方的含义差异,并进一步讨论与此短语相关的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Using Features of Indigenous Poetry and Music in the Oral Performance of Some Praise Psalms in Isizulu 利用土著诗歌和音乐的特点在伊祖鲁语一些赞美诗的口头表演中
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-v622c
J. Dickie
Translation needs to be accessible and acceptable to the receptor community. In the case of the Zulu people, the medium of communication most accessible to the majority is oral performance. Thus biblical text needs to be translated in a way that is prepared for the ear and not the eye. To be acceptable, the translation should sound like “my language,” using indigenous forms and contemporary vocabulary. When translating biblical psalms into isiZulu, they should sound like Zulu songs or poems, with all the richness of performance texture that is part of the long history of Zulu oral art. With this goal in mind, and given the tradition of Zulu praise poetry and the passion Zulu youth today have for poetry, a study was conducted in which young Zulu people, taking cognizance of their Zulu traditions in poetry and music, applied these to the translation and performance of some biblical praise psalms. The results show the value of focusing on orality, indigenous poetics, and performance in communicating effectively the message of some praise psalms.
翻译必须是可理解的,并为受众群体所接受。在祖鲁人的情况下,大多数人最容易接触的交流媒介是口头表演。因此,圣经文本需要以一种为耳朵而不是眼睛准备的方式翻译。为了让人接受,翻译应该听起来像“我的语言”,使用土著形式和当代词汇。当将圣经诗篇翻译成isiZulu语时,它们听起来应该像祖鲁歌曲或诗歌,具有丰富的表演质感,这是祖鲁口头艺术悠久历史的一部分。考虑到这一目标,并考虑到祖鲁赞美诗的传统和祖鲁青年对诗歌的热情,我们进行了一项研究,让祖鲁青年认识到他们在诗歌和音乐方面的祖鲁传统,并将这些传统应用于一些圣经赞美诗的翻译和表演。结果表明,注重口头、本土诗学和表演在有效传达某些赞美诗篇的信息方面具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Cognitive Linguistics and Translation: Advances in Some Theoretical Models and Applications 书评:认知语言学与翻译:一些理论模型和应用的进展
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-cr3kn
E. Wendland
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引用次数: 0
The Semantics and Translation of Technical Terms: A Case Study on Ἀπόστολος 专业术语的语义与翻译——以Ἀπόστολος为例
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-txw5x
Ben Kuwitzky
Key biblical terms present one of the greatest challenges in Bible translation, due in part to their theological significance and deep integration with the biblical cultures in which they were used. This paper posits that a linguistic study of technical terms, a linguistic classification that has not received much focused attention, reveals useful insights that can be applied to the translation of key biblical terms. Drawing from both classical and cognitive models, it presents an overview of the semantic features of technical terms, namely their linkage to discrete categories and exclusivity to a particular cultural group. Important diachronic and pragmatic considerations are also discussed. A case study on the Greek word ἀπόστολος provides application to the theory presented, arguing that a diachronic study of the technical category’s origins influences an understanding of the concept, and providing an overview of the category structure. Finally, some practical suggestions for the translation of this term are provided, positing that longer-term strategies are necessary for the fullest understanding of a technical term.
关键圣经术语是圣经翻译中最大的挑战之一,部分原因是它们的神学意义以及与使用它们的圣经文化的深刻融合。本文认为,对技术术语这一尚未受到广泛关注的语言分类进行语言学研究,可以揭示出一些有用的见解,这些见解可以应用于圣经关键术语的翻译。从经典模型和认知模型中,它概述了技术术语的语义特征,即它们与离散类别的联系和特定文化群体的排他性。重要的历时性和实用性的考虑也进行了讨论。本文以希腊单词“ο π ο στολος”为例,对本文提出的理论进行了应用,论证了对技术范畴起源的历时研究影响了对概念的理解,并提供了范畴结构的概述。最后,对该术语的翻译提出了一些切实可行的建议,认为要充分理解一个技术术语,就必须采取更长期的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Review of: In Translation: Translators on Their Work and What It Means, Esther Allen and Susan Bernofsky, Editors 《在翻译中:译者的工作及其意义》,埃斯特·艾伦、苏珊·伯诺夫斯基主编
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.54395/jot-jfcfe
E. Wendland
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引用次数: 0
期刊
SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation
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