Clause-chains and converbs represent typologically distinctive ways of clause combination. Modern Tibetan has highly elaborated clause-chain and converbial structures, which are also quite unique among TibetoBurman languages. The clause-chain and converbial structures of Mdungnag Tibetan are representative in Tibetan, and their morphosyntactic features are mainly reflected in four aspects. In Mdungnag Tibetan, there are different markers for converbial and medial clauses depending on whether the clause is realis or irrealis. Converbial clauses and medial clauses are non-finite, while the matrix clauses are finite. Converb clauses and medial clauses can switch reference freely. The clause-chain and converbial structures of Mdungnag Tibetan are morphosyntactically distinct from conjunctive structures as well as juxtaposed structures.
{"title":"The Clause-Chain and Converb in Tibetan (In Chinese)","authors":"Mingyuan Shao","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0112","url":null,"abstract":"Clause-chains and converbs represent typologically distinctive ways of clause combination. Modern Tibetan has highly elaborated clause-chain and converbial structures, which are also quite unique among TibetoBurman languages. The clause-chain and converbial structures of Mdungnag Tibetan are representative in Tibetan, and their morphosyntactic features are mainly reflected in four aspects. In Mdungnag Tibetan, there are different markers for converbial and medial clauses depending on whether the clause is realis or irrealis. Converbial clauses and medial clauses are non-finite, while the matrix clauses are finite. Converb clauses and medial clauses can switch reference freely. The clause-chain and converbial structures of Mdungnag Tibetan are morphosyntactically distinct from conjunctive structures as well as juxtaposed structures.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45571482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After investigating the usages of -men in Linxia Dialect. It is found that -men in Linxia dialect is not only used to express plurality, but also approximation, respect, exaggeration and so on. These semantics are consistent with the uses of the plural marker in Altaic Turkic family. We believe that the special usages in Linxia dialect are the result of language contact. Different from previous scholars who think that -men is a plural marker, a meaningless affix or a topic marker, we argue that the core semantics of -men in Linxia dialect is to express “bigness”. We regard it as an augmentative marker.
{"title":"Beyond Plural Marker: A New Approach to the Nature of -Men 们 In Linxia Dialect (In Chinese)","authors":"Xingbing Liu, Chunfang Min","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0110","url":null,"abstract":"After investigating the usages of -men in Linxia Dialect. It is found that -men in Linxia dialect is not only used to express plurality, but also approximation, respect, exaggeration and so on. These semantics are consistent with the uses of the plural marker in Altaic Turkic family. We believe that the special usages in Linxia dialect are the result of language contact. Different from previous scholars who think that -men is a plural marker, a meaningless affix or a topic marker, we argue that the core semantics of -men in Linxia dialect is to express “bigness”. We regard it as an augmentative marker.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48593830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is an initial report on Pareto distribution (the 80/20 rule) of grammatical constructions; namely, about 20% of the types of grammatical constructions for causative situations account for about 80% of the uses in conversation. I use a data-driven approach to investigate the grammatical constructions that Chinese L1 speakers choose in spontaneous talk show conversations to describe causative situations. I identify two specific Pareto distributional patterns. 1) The distribution of all 22 constructions for causative situations constitutes a Pareto ABC diagram with the A-class (ba-; unmarked passive; rang-; bei-; resultative; gei-) containing 27.3% of the types but accounting for 88.8% of all the 1,497 uses. 2) Most uses of a grammatical construction come from a small set of subtypes: The full baaccounts for 87.9% of all ba- uses; the reduced bei- accounts for 86.8%; 37.5% of rang- subtypes account for 84.2%. These patterns can be explained by the Lens concept. I conclude that a few constructions account for most grammatical choices of L1 Chinese speakers in conversation. Understanding these grammatical distributions in natural discourse can improve the efficiency and efficacy of language teaching and Natural Language Processing (NLP).
{"title":"Early Evidence of the Pareto Principle In Grammatical Distribution: Causative Situations in Chinese Conversational Discourse","authors":"Danjie Su","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0113","url":null,"abstract":"This study is an initial report on Pareto distribution (the 80/20 rule) of grammatical constructions; namely, about 20% of the types of grammatical constructions for causative situations account for about 80% of the uses in conversation. I use a data-driven approach to investigate the grammatical constructions that Chinese L1 speakers choose in spontaneous talk show conversations to describe causative situations. I identify two specific Pareto distributional patterns. 1) The distribution of all 22 constructions for causative situations constitutes a Pareto ABC diagram with the A-class (ba-; unmarked passive; rang-; bei-; resultative; gei-) containing 27.3% of the types but accounting for 88.8% of all the 1,497 uses. 2) Most uses of a grammatical construction come from a small set of subtypes: The full baaccounts for 87.9% of all ba- uses; the reduced bei- accounts for 86.8%; 37.5% of rang- subtypes account for 84.2%. These patterns can be explained by the Lens concept. I conclude that a few constructions account for most grammatical choices of L1 Chinese speakers in conversation. Understanding these grammatical distributions in natural discourse can improve the efficiency and efficacy of language teaching and Natural Language Processing (NLP).","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47922771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Biological Basis of Prosody: A Response to Duanmu's Rhythmic Analysis","authors":"Shengli Feng","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41828959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Families immigrating to English-speaking countries, such as Chinese families in the USA, typically undergo language shift to English within three generations. In principle, however, language shift can be reversed, as documented in the case of certain endangered languages. In a case study of a three-generation Chinese American family, we show how heritage language attrition and inter-generational language shift can be reversed. The birth of a third generation motivates the second-generation parents to resume speaking and acquiring Chinese. Awareness of the advantages of bilingualism and recognition of a Chinese American identity lead the second-generation parents to transmit Chinese language and culture to the third generation.
{"title":"Turning the Tide: Reversing Heritage Language Attrition and Shift in a Chinese American Family","authors":"Yen-Hui Audrey Li, S. Matthews","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0108","url":null,"abstract":"Families immigrating to English-speaking countries, such as Chinese families in the USA, typically undergo language shift to English within three generations. In principle, however, language shift can be reversed, as documented in the case of certain endangered languages. In a case study of a three-generation Chinese American family, we show how heritage language attrition and inter-generational language shift can be reversed. The birth of a third generation motivates the second-generation parents to resume speaking and acquiring Chinese. Awareness of the advantages of bilingualism and recognition of a Chinese American identity lead the second-generation parents to transmit Chinese language and culture to the third generation.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syntactic properties of the negative marker mei6 in the preverbal and sentence final positions in Cantonese are examined in this paper. It is argued that the preverbal mei6 is the head of NegP in the lexical layer while the sentence-final mei6 is a sentence-final particle of the temporal type in the head of TP that belongs to the inflectional layer, forming VP-Neg questions. A number of empirical facts, such as matching restrictions on the predicate, coexistence with the sentence-final particles of the temporal type, occurrence in embedded clauses, and distribution of the adverb zung6 ‘still’, can be explained under the base-generation approach to the derivation of the VP-Neg questions.
{"title":"On the Syntax of the Negative Marker mei6 in Cantonese","authors":"Sze-wing Tang","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2017.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2017.0107","url":null,"abstract":"Syntactic properties of the negative marker mei6 in the preverbal and sentence final positions in Cantonese are examined in this paper. It is argued that the preverbal mei6 is the head of NegP in the lexical layer while the sentence-final mei6 is a sentence-final particle of the temporal type in the head of TP that belongs to the inflectional layer, forming VP-Neg questions. A number of empirical facts, such as matching restrictions on the predicate, coexistence with the sentence-final particles of the temporal type, occurrence in embedded clauses, and distribution of the adverb zung6 ‘still’, can be explained under the base-generation approach to the derivation of the VP-Neg questions.","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49410511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the history of Chinese general language, with the back vowel raised chain shift, the front vowel raised chain shift occurred in the early period of the Middle Ancient. This front raising is a push chain started slightly later than the back vowel raised chain shift which also happened in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Comparing the front and back vowel raised chain shift, the symmetrical and non-symmetric sound-change output patterns can be observed. A series of vowel rephonologization resulted from front vowel raised chain shift was characterized by the differentiation and merging of rhyme groups Ge1 歌1 Ge3 歌3, Zhi 支 Ge2 歌2, and Zhi2 脂2 Zhi1 脂1, which formed Ma-Er 麻二, Jia 佳, Jie 皆, Ma-San 麻三, Zhi 支, Zhi 脂, and Qi 齐 rhymes in the Middle Ancient with fronting and collaboration of rhyme groups Wei1 微1 Wei2 微2 and Zhi 之. As for the patterns in Qieyun 切韵 of rhymes, Jia 佳 and Qi 齐 were shaped in Liu Song Dynasty, while the formation of Jie 皆 rhyme was after the Liu Song, and the Zhi 支 and Zhi 脂 rhymes were not earlier than the Jin Dynasty. The form of front vowel raised chain shift is incomplete and belongs to localized chain shift. The structural adjustment of Chinese vowel system occurred after the start of the long vowel raising and before the completion of the short vowel lengthening.
摘要:中古前期，汉语通语语音史上，与后高化链移相伴，发生了前高化链 移。此次前高化是推链，启动较后高化略晚，也在东汉。比较前后高 化链移，可以观察到对称和不对称的音变输出格局。前高化链移引起 一系列元音的系统重组，表现为歌1 歌3 部、支歌2 部、脂2 脂1 部的 分化、合并，其间还掺入微1 微2 部、之部的前化与合流，至中古形成 麻二佳皆麻三支脂齐韵。《切韵》格局的佳齐韵形成于刘宋时期，皆韵 形成在刘宋时期之后，支脂韵形成则不早于晋代。前高化链移形态不 完整，属于局部链移。汉语元音系统构型调整发生于长元音高化开始 之后，短元音长化完成之前。ABSTRACT:In the history of Chinese general language, with the back vowel raised chain shift, the front vowel raised chain shift occurred in the early period of the Middle Ancient. This front raising is a push chain started slightly later than the back vowel raised chain shift which also happened in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Comparing the front and back vowel raised chain shift, the symmetrical and non-symmetric sound-change output patterns can be observed. A series of vowel rephonologization resulted from front vowel raised chain shift was characterized by the differentiation and merging of rhyme groups Ge1 歌1 Ge3 歌3, Zhi 支 Ge2 歌2, and Zhi2 脂2 Zhi1 脂1, which formed Ma-Er 麻二, Jia 佳, Jie 皆, Ma-San 麻三, Zhi 支, Zhi 脂, and Qi 齐 rhymes in the Middle Ancient with fronting and collaboration of rhyme groups Wei1 微1 Wei2 微2 and Zhi 之. As for the patterns in Qieyun 切韵 of rhymes, Jia 佳 and Qi 齐 were shaped in Liu Song Dynasty, while the formation of Jie 皆 rhyme was after the Liu Song, and the Zhi 支 and Zhi 脂 rhymes were not earlier than the Jin Dynasty. The form of front vowel raised chain shift is incomplete and belongs to localized chain shift. The structural adjustment of Chinese vowel system occurred after the start of the long vowel raising and before the completion of the short vowel lengthening.
{"title":"Front vowel chain shift and the vowel rephonologization in Early Middle Chinese","authors":"Yong Zhao","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>摘要:</p><p>中古前期，汉语通语语音史上，与后高化链移相伴，发生了前高化链 移。此次前高化是推链，启动较后高化略晚，也在东汉。比较前后高 化链移，可以观察到对称和不对称的音变输出格局。前高化链移引起 一系列元音的系统重组，表现为歌1 歌3 部、支歌2 部、脂2 脂1 部的 分化、合并，其间还掺入微1 微2 部、之部的前化与合流，至中古形成 麻二佳皆麻三支脂齐韵。《切韵》格局的佳齐韵形成于刘宋时期，皆韵 形成在刘宋时期之后，支脂韵形成则不早于晋代。前高化链移形态不 完整，属于局部链移。汉语元音系统构型调整发生于长元音高化开始 之后，短元音长化完成之前。</p><p>ABSTRACT:</p><p>In the history of Chinese general language, with the back vowel raised chain shift, the front vowel raised chain shift occurred in the early period of the Middle Ancient. This front raising is a push chain started slightly later than the back vowel raised chain shift which also happened in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Comparing the front and back vowel raised chain shift, the symmetrical and non-symmetric sound-change output patterns can be observed. A series of vowel rephonologization resulted from front vowel raised chain shift was characterized by the differentiation and merging of rhyme groups <i>Ge1</i> 歌1 <i>Ge3</i> 歌3, <i>Zhi</i> 支 <i>Ge2</i> 歌2, and <i>Zhi2</i> 脂2 <i>Zhi1</i> 脂1, which formed <i>Ma-Er</i> 麻二, <i>Jia</i> 佳, <i>Jie</i> 皆, <i>Ma-San</i> 麻三, <i>Zhi</i> 支, <i>Zhi</i> 脂, and <i>Qi</i> 齐 rhymes in the Middle Ancient with fronting and collaboration of rhyme groups <i>Wei1</i> 微1 <i>Wei2</i> 微2 and <i>Zhi</i> 之. As for the patterns in <i>Qieyun</i> 切韵 of rhymes, <i>Jia</i> 佳 and <i>Qi</i> 齐 were shaped in Liu Song Dynasty, while the formation of <i>Jie</i> 皆 rhyme was after the Liu Song, and the <i>Zhi</i> 支 and <i>Zhi</i> 脂 rhymes were not earlier than the Jin Dynasty. The form of front vowel raised chain shift is incomplete and belongs to localized chain shift. The structural adjustment of Chinese vowel system occurred after the start of the long vowel raising and before the completion of the short vowel lengthening.</p>","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"231 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41520300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:In the Chinese art song repertoire, "How can I help but think of you" has long enjoyed enormous prestige since its publication in the 1920s. The song is memorable not only because of its innovative use of language by Liu Bannong in the lyrics but also because of the ingenious arrangement of tonalities, forms, and melodies by Chao Yuen Ren in the music. This essay will be devoted to a cultural and empirical analysis of the song, with the aim of understanding the efforts made by eminent scholars at the early stage of modernization of Chinese music and language. To this end, we will first explore how the lyrics are structured phonetically and syntactically. Tonal complexity and ambiguity in the music will then be analyzed, followed by the discussion of qǐ-chéng-zhuǎn-hé in the musical form. The pentatonicism embedded in the song and its relationship with what generally makes music "sound Chinese" will also be examined. In the end, we will also review an essential concept, yìjìng (or mindscape), in Chinese aesthetics and philosophy to better appreciate how various components in the music and lyrics together contribute to the aesthetic success of the song.摘要:在中国艺术歌曲曲目中，《教我如何不想他》自上世纪 20 年代发表以 来便一直享有极高的声誉。作品中刘半农创造性的语言用法让人耳目 一新，而赵元任融汇中西的和声技法及曲式运用更是中国音乐近代化 的代表性诠释。本文旨在通过对该歌曲的文化与实证分析，探讨中国 音乐和语言中的近代化元素。我们首先对歌词的语音语义以及篇章结 构进行分析，然后在中西方乐理的比较框架下研究音乐的调性、曲式 结构以及旋律构成。其中我们将具体讨论曲中转调的丰富性、离调的 歧义性、起承转合的运用以及五声调式与中国风音乐的关系。最后， 我们还将分析歌曲音乐背后所体现的中国传统美学中的一个关键概念——意境。
ABSTRACT: In the Chinese art song repertoire, "How can I help but think of you" has long been engaged enormous pressure since its publication in the 1920s The song is memorable not only because of its innovative use of language by Liu Bannong in the lyrics but also because of the ingenious arrangement of analyses, forms, and audiences by Chao Yuen Ren in the music This essay will be explored to a cultural and empirical analysis of the song, with the aim of understanding the effects made by emergency schools at the early stage of modernization of Chinese music and language To this end, we will first explore how the lyrics are structured phonetically and symmetrically Tonal complexity and ambiguity in the music will then be analyzed, followed by the discussion of q ǐ- Ch é ng zhu ǎ N-h é in the musical form. The pentatonism embedded in the song and its relationship with what generally makes music "sound Chinese" will also be examined In the end, we will also review an essential concept, y ì j ì ng (or mindscape), in Chinese aesthetics and philosophy to better apply how variable components in the music and lyrics together contribute to the aesthetic success of the song. Summary: In Chinese art song repertoire, "Teach me how not to miss him" has enjoyed a high reputation since its publication in the 1920s. The creative language usage of Liu Bannong in his works is refreshing, while Zhao Yuanren's fusion of Chinese and Western harmony techniques and musical forms is a representative interpretation of the modernization of Chinese music. This article aims to explore the modernization elements in Chinese music and language through cultural and empirical analysis of the song. We first analyze the phonetic semantics and textual structure of lyrics, and then study the tonality, musical structure, and melody composition of music within a comparative framework of Chinese and Western music theory. Among them, we will specifically discuss the richness of tone transitions in the music, the ambiguity of off tones, the use of starting and ending transitions, and the relationship between pentatonic modes and Chinese style music. Finally, we will also analyze a key concept in traditional Chinese aesthetics reflected behind song music - artistic conception.
{"title":"The musical language of Yuen Ren Chao: A cultural and empirical study of the modernization of Chinese music","authors":"Ivan Yifan Zou, William S-Y. Wang","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:In the Chinese art song repertoire, \"How can I help but think of you\" has long enjoyed enormous prestige since its publication in the 1920s. The song is memorable not only because of its innovative use of language by Liu Bannong in the lyrics but also because of the ingenious arrangement of tonalities, forms, and melodies by Chao Yuen Ren in the music. This essay will be devoted to a cultural and empirical analysis of the song, with the aim of understanding the efforts made by eminent scholars at the early stage of modernization of Chinese music and language. To this end, we will first explore how the lyrics are structured phonetically and syntactically. Tonal complexity and ambiguity in the music will then be analyzed, followed by the discussion of qǐ-chéng-zhuǎn-hé in the musical form. The pentatonicism embedded in the song and its relationship with what generally makes music \"sound Chinese\" will also be examined. In the end, we will also review an essential concept, yìjìng (or mindscape), in Chinese aesthetics and philosophy to better appreciate how various components in the music and lyrics together contribute to the aesthetic success of the song.摘要:在中国艺术歌曲曲目中，《教我如何不想他》自上世纪 20 年代发表以 来便一直享有极高的声誉。作品中刘半农创造性的语言用法让人耳目 一新，而赵元任融汇中西的和声技法及曲式运用更是中国音乐近代化 的代表性诠释。本文旨在通过对该歌曲的文化与实证分析，探讨中国 音乐和语言中的近代化元素。我们首先对歌词的语音语义以及篇章结 构进行分析，然后在中西方乐理的比较框架下研究音乐的调性、曲式 结构以及旋律构成。其中我们将具体讨论曲中转调的丰富性、离调的 歧义性、起承转合的运用以及五声调式与中国风音乐的关系。最后， 我们还将分析歌曲音乐背后所体现的中国传统美学中的一个关键概念——意境。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"39 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41776924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Mandarin Chinese has a modifier [V-de X] construction with a cluster of properties: X is both syntactically and semantically a predicate of the event denoted by V, unique per clause and demonstrably in the complement position of V. Whereas these properties collectively set X apart from postverbal adverbials in European languages, X not only can be interpreted as if it were one of a wide range of adverb classes but also interacts with actual preverbal adverbials of certain types and yields a minimality effect. We present an explanation that makes use of the probe-goal theory of syntactic dependencies and the association of adverb classes adv to their corresponding licensing heads H. It will be shown that the morpheme -de embodies agreement between adv and H. When coupled with a strict Kayne-style clausal structure that Chinese has, this characterization of -de helps explain all the properties of the modifier [V-de X] construction.摘要:传统语法中描写性补语结构[V-de X]中的 X 有一系列区别于印欧语中 动词后副词的特征：X 是谓词性成分，语义上描述事件的特征，这些 特征不仅限于表示频率、方式和结果等对应于印欧语言中低位副词的 特征，也可指事件施事者特征及对事件的评论等高位副词特征；在句 法上 X 是动词 V 的唯一补足语。在此基础上，本文发现此结构中动词 前出现 A-de 类副词时，A-de 类副词只能是比 X 更高位的副词而不能 是更低位的副词，本文认为这是极近效应的作用，并用目标–探针理 论对这种现象进行了解释：语素 de 语义上表修饰，句法上激发修饰语 A/X（探针）与核心词 H（目标）之间一致关系的确立，位于 X 的 C-统治域内的低位副词 A 会阻断 X 搜寻到相对应的核心词 H 因而产生 极近效应。
ABSTRACT: Mandarin Chinese has a modifier [V-de X] construction with a cluster of properties: X is both syntactically and semantically a predicate of the event annotated by V, unique per clause and demonstration in the complete position of V. Where are these properties collectively set X part from postverbal advertisements in European languages, X not only can be interpreted as if it were one of a wide range of advisory classes but also contacts with actual preliminary advisors of certain types and yields a minimal effect We present an explanation that makes use of the probe goal theory of syntactic dependencies and the association of advisory classes adv to their corresponding licensing heads H. It will be shown that the theme de embankments agreement between adv and H. When coupled with a strict Kayne style class structure that Chinese has, This characterization of - de help explain all the properties of the modifier [V-de X] construction, It can also refer to high-level adverb features such as the characteristics of the event executor and comments on the event; Syntactically, X is the only complement to verb V. On this basis, this article found that when A-de adverbs appear in front of verbs in this structure, A-de adverbs can only be adverbs with higher positions than X and cannot be adverbs with lower positions. This article believes that this is the effect of the proximity effect and explains this phenomenon using the target probe theory: morphemes are semantically modified, and syntactically stimulate the establishment of a consistent relationship between the modifier A/X (probe) and the core word H (target), The low order adverb A located within the C-ruling domain of X will block X from searching for the corresponding core word H, resulting in a very close effect.
{"title":"A probe-goal approach to the minimality effect in Chinese modifier V-de construction","authors":"Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Mandarin Chinese has a modifier [V-de X] construction with a cluster of properties: X is both syntactically and semantically a predicate of the event denoted by V, unique per clause and demonstrably in the complement position of V. Whereas these properties collectively set X apart from postverbal adverbials in European languages, X not only can be interpreted as if it were one of a wide range of adverb classes but also interacts with actual preverbal adverbials of certain types and yields a minimality effect. We present an explanation that makes use of the probe-goal theory of syntactic dependencies and the association of adverb classes adv to their corresponding licensing heads H. It will be shown that the morpheme -de embodies agreement between adv and H. When coupled with a strict Kayne-style clausal structure that Chinese has, this characterization of -de helps explain all the properties of the modifier [V-de X] construction.摘要:传统语法中描写性补语结构[V-de X]中的 X 有一系列区别于印欧语中 动词后副词的特征：X 是谓词性成分，语义上描述事件的特征，这些 特征不仅限于表示频率、方式和结果等对应于印欧语言中低位副词的 特征，也可指事件施事者特征及对事件的评论等高位副词特征；在句 法上 X 是动词 V 的唯一补足语。在此基础上，本文发现此结构中动词 前出现 A-de 类副词时，A-de 类副词只能是比 X 更高位的副词而不能 是更低位的副词，本文认为这是极近效应的作用，并用目标–探针理 论对这种现象进行了解释：语素 de 语义上表修饰，句法上激发修饰语 A/X（探针）与核心词 H（目标）之间一致关系的确立，位于 X 的 C-统治域内的低位副词 A 会阻断 X 搜寻到相对应的核心词 H 因而产生 极近效应。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"102 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45708725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:-Haa5 (吓) 'a bit' is a frequently used affix attached to verbal and adjectival phrases in Cantonese. The investigation of the distributions, grammatical properties and functions of -haa5 reveals that all usages of -haa5 are derived from its original meaning 'a stroke, a bit, or a tiny amount'. The distributions of -haa5 are highly restricted: predicates eligible to co-occur with -haa5 are verbs/adjectives with an innate event/degree argument, excluding those whose semantics are of extreme/polarity reading. The function of -haa5 is to delimit events when following verb phrases (henceforth VPs) and make slight adjustments of degree when attached to adjective phrases (henceforth APs). Moreover, -haa5 is of the function of subjectivity encoding. -Haa5 has been grammaticalized from a verb classifier, event delimiter/degree adjuster to a subjectivity marker and is syntactically at the left periphery of the extended projection of predicative lexical categories.摘要:"-吓"是粤语动词和形容词短语之后经常出现的一个后缀。通过对 "-吓"的句法分布、语法性质和功能的研究，本文发现"-吓"的所 有用法都源自其"一下"的初始意义。"-吓"的句法分布非常受限： 能与"-吓"合法共现的谓词都是内含事件/程度论元的动词/形容词， 并且这些谓词不能包含极限/极项意义。当附着在动词短语之后时， "-吓"的功能是切分事件，当它出现在形容词短语后时，其作用是 对形容词表达的程度意义进行细微调整。除此之外，"-吓"还能表达 说话者的主观判断。我们认为粤语的"-吓"已经完成了从动量词、事 件切分/程度调节成分到主观性标记的语法化，它在句法上处于谓词 性词汇短语扩展投射的左边界位置。
{"title":"A unified study of verbal and adjectival -haa5 in Cantonese","authors":"Qingwen Zhang, Jinwei Ye","doi":"10.1353/jcl.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jcl.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:-Haa5 (吓) 'a bit' is a frequently used affix attached to verbal and adjectival phrases in Cantonese. The investigation of the distributions, grammatical properties and functions of -haa5 reveals that all usages of -haa5 are derived from its original meaning 'a stroke, a bit, or a tiny amount'. The distributions of -haa5 are highly restricted: predicates eligible to co-occur with -haa5 are verbs/adjectives with an innate event/degree argument, excluding those whose semantics are of extreme/polarity reading. The function of -haa5 is to delimit events when following verb phrases (henceforth VPs) and make slight adjustments of degree when attached to adjective phrases (henceforth APs). Moreover, -haa5 is of the function of subjectivity encoding. -Haa5 has been grammaticalized from a verb classifier, event delimiter/degree adjuster to a subjectivity marker and is syntactically at the left periphery of the extended projection of predicative lexical categories.摘要:\"-吓\"是粤语动词和形容词短语之后经常出现的一个后缀。通过对 \"-吓\"的句法分布、语法性质和功能的研究，本文发现\"-吓\"的所 有用法都源自其\"一下\"的初始意义。\"-吓\"的句法分布非常受限： 能与\"-吓\"合法共现的谓词都是内含事件/程度论元的动词/形容词， 并且这些谓词不能包含极限/极项意义。当附着在动词短语之后时， \"-吓\"的功能是切分事件，当它出现在形容词短语后时，其作用是 对形容词表达的程度意义进行细微调整。除此之外，\"-吓\"还能表达 说话者的主观判断。我们认为粤语的\"-吓\"已经完成了从动量词、事 件切分/程度调节成分到主观性标记的语法化，它在句法上处于谓词 性词汇短语扩展投射的左边界位置。","PeriodicalId":44675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"140 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46714687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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