J. Mudrak, Katerina Zabrodska, Kateřina Machovcová
While the Czech academic profession faces a range of challenges and problems, quantitative surveys indicate a relatively high level of high job satisfaction among academic faculty. This article addresses this ‘satisfaction paradox’ by exploring the perceived work conditions of Czech academics based on their own reports. The data for this study included academics’ (N = 1202) qualitative responses to open-ended questions regarding the main problems and benefits of their current academic work and workplace. Content analysis was used to categorise the respondents’ answers. Academics reported heavy workloads (26.5% of participants), a lack of financial resources (26.3%), poorquality leadership (23.7%), excessive administration (16.3%), and job insecurity (10.9%) as the most problematic aspects of their workplaces. In contrast, academics reported that good social relationships in the workplace (46.3%), autonomy of academic work (41.8%), personal fulfilment (28.9%), and work/contact with students (25.3%) were the aspects of their workplaces they valued most. These positive features appear to be prevalent, as most (80%) academics reported overall satisfaction with their work. The authors draw on job demands–resources theory to suggest that the relatively high level of satisfaction is due to (still) high levels of key job resources that support the intrinsic motivation of academics despite an environment that can be considered suboptimal in some aspects. They also point to inequalities in job demands and job resources between subgroups of academics and highlight key systemic issues that should be addressed to improve the work conditions at Czech public higher education institutions.
{"title":"A Self-determined Profession? Perceived Work Conditions and the Satisfaction Paradox among Czech Academic Faculty","authors":"J. Mudrak, Katerina Zabrodska, Kateřina Machovcová","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.023","url":null,"abstract":"While the Czech academic profession faces a range of challenges and problems, quantitative surveys indicate a relatively high level of high job satisfaction among academic faculty. This article addresses this ‘satisfaction paradox’ by exploring the perceived work conditions of Czech academics based on their own reports. The data for this study included academics’ (N = 1202) qualitative responses to open-ended questions regarding the main problems and benefits of their current academic work and workplace. Content analysis was used to categorise the respondents’ answers. Academics reported heavy workloads (26.5% of participants), a lack of financial resources (26.3%), poorquality leadership (23.7%), excessive administration (16.3%), and job insecurity (10.9%) as the most problematic aspects of their workplaces. In contrast, academics reported that good social relationships in the workplace (46.3%), autonomy of academic work (41.8%), personal fulfilment (28.9%), and work/contact with students (25.3%) were the aspects of their workplaces they valued most. These positive features appear to be prevalent, as most (80%) academics reported overall satisfaction with their work. The authors draw on job demands–resources theory to suggest that the relatively high level of satisfaction is due to (still) high levels of key job resources that support the intrinsic motivation of academics despite an environment that can be considered suboptimal in some aspects. They also point to inequalities in job demands and job resources between subgroups of academics and highlight key systemic issues that should be addressed to improve the work conditions at Czech public higher education institutions.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"51 1","pages":"387-418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81007262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the fall of the communist regime, Slovakia saw the introduction and subsequent rapid growth of camera surveillance, particularly around the turn of the millennium. These developments occurred in a specific political, cultural, and historical context, which affects perceptions of and reactions to surveillance by individual citizens. The post-communist context is characterised by relatively low levels of resistance to the introduction of various technological surveillance mechanisms, including the rapid introduction of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in public spaces. However, individuals who are under surveillance (surveilled subjects) are not passive. They are aware of the surveillance and its mechanisms, they interact with the surveillance devices, and they self-manage their digital image in various surveillance contexts. Using semi-structured qualitative interviews this article examines experiences of and individual attitudes towards the camera surveillance of Slovak citizens against the wider backdrop of the characteristics of post-communist surveillance culture. It is based on an analysis of individual stories of attitudes towards and personal experiences with CCTV in private, semi-private, and public places. The analysis of individual-level interactions reveals that citizens are aware of the presence of cameras and react to them in various ways, ranging from compliance and various strategies of negotiation with surveillance systems right up to some forms of resistance.
{"title":"Individual Experiences of Surveillance: Attitudes towards Camera Surveillance in Slovakia","authors":"Martin Kovanič","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.021","url":null,"abstract":"After the fall of the communist regime, Slovakia saw the introduction and subsequent rapid growth of camera surveillance, particularly around the turn of the millennium. These developments occurred in a specific political, cultural, and historical context, which affects perceptions of and reactions to surveillance by individual citizens. The post-communist context is characterised by relatively low levels of resistance to the introduction of various technological surveillance mechanisms, including the rapid introduction of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in public spaces. However, individuals who are under surveillance (surveilled subjects) are not passive. They are aware of the surveillance and its mechanisms, they interact with the surveillance devices, and they self-manage their digital image in various surveillance contexts. Using semi-structured qualitative interviews this article examines experiences of and individual attitudes towards the camera surveillance of Slovak citizens against the wider backdrop of the characteristics of post-communist surveillance culture. It is based on an analysis of individual stories of attitudes towards and personal experiences with CCTV in private, semi-private, and public places. The analysis of individual-level interactions reveals that citizens are aware of the presence of cameras and react to them in various ways, ranging from compliance and various strategies of negotiation with surveillance systems right up to some forms of resistance.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"111 1","pages":"343-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77869479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article retraces the contradictions between the regulations and the practices shaping Romanian party membership in order to show why and how membership decline became an electoral-driven strategy. It contrasts high membership figures, the dynamics of legal definitions of party membership, and party routines. The results indicate that the Romanian example is an atypical case of incongruence between organisational configurations and party models of ‘constitutionalisation’. The frailty of party organisations in this post-communist country depends not only on the broken linkages between state and society but also on exogenous factors, such as the anti-corruption campaign and opportunistic intraparty agreements. The study uses a qualitative content analysis of party laws, party statutes, official statements, and desk research.
{"title":"Party Membership in Romania: Political Legitimacy, Party Finance and Organisational Changes","authors":"A. Iancu, S. Soare","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.020","url":null,"abstract":"The article retraces the contradictions between the regulations and the practices shaping Romanian party membership in order to show why and how membership decline became an electoral-driven strategy. It contrasts high membership figures, the dynamics of legal definitions of party membership, and party routines. The results indicate that the Romanian example is an atypical case of incongruence between organisational configurations and party models of ‘constitutionalisation’. The frailty of party organisations in this post-communist country depends not only on the broken linkages between state and society but also on exogenous factors, such as the anti-corruption campaign and opportunistic intraparty agreements. The study uses a qualitative content analysis of party laws, party statutes, official statements, and desk research.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"56 1","pages":"315-341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76913512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anti-minority rhetoric as an almost universal feature of extremeright parties is often analytically and empirically linked to their electoral success. This article tests the link between the presence of an outgroup and the vote for the extreme right in an attempt to explain the electoral success of the first openly anti-system extreme-right party to enter the Slovak parliament in 2016. A multilevel approach is used to analyse the connection between Roma presence in a municipality and extreme-right support while controlling for the individual characteristics of voters. Analysis using exit-poll data covering 161 municipalities and 20 128 voters reveals no relationship between the presence of Roma in a municipality and support for the extreme right. A partial exception seems to be observed for older voters and the university-educated, who are generally the least inclined to far-right support. Interaction effects suggest that, for these groups, Roma presence might be connected to a higher probability to cast a vote for the extreme right. However, a notably higher chance of voting for the extreme right was associated with young, male, manual labourers and people without university education.
{"title":"The Electoral Success of the Extreme Right: Is the Presence of a Minority Important?","authors":"M. Bahna, Jozef Zagrapan","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.019","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-minority rhetoric as an almost universal feature of extremeright parties is often analytically and empirically linked to their electoral success. This article tests the link between the presence of an outgroup and the vote for the extreme right in an attempt to explain the electoral success of the first openly anti-system extreme-right party to enter the Slovak parliament in 2016. A multilevel approach is used to analyse the connection between Roma presence in a municipality and extreme-right support while controlling for the individual characteristics of voters. Analysis using exit-poll data covering 161 municipalities and 20 128 voters reveals no relationship between the presence of Roma in a municipality and support for the extreme right. A partial exception seems to be observed for older voters and the university-educated, who are generally the least inclined to far-right support. Interaction effects suggest that, for these groups, Roma presence might be connected to a higher probability to cast a vote for the extreme right. However, a notably higher chance of voting for the extreme right was associated with young, male, manual labourers and people without university education.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"291-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77435002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obdělávat svou zahradu: Spekulativní etika Maríi Puig de la Bellacasa","authors":"Dana Hradcová, Michal Sýnek","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"38 1","pages":"259-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77055664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who Wants to Have Just One child and Who Wants to Remain Childless? The Factors behind Men's and Women's low-fertility Intentions","authors":"H. Hašková, Kristýna Pospíšilová","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66170501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines the intergenerational transmission of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among Czechs. Data from the Czech Household Panel Survey are used to compare levels of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among parents and their offspring between the ages of 15 and 26. The analyses confirm a similarity of attitudes between parents and children, but indicate differences according to the parent's sex. While a statistically significant similarity is observed between mothers and their children, fathers form a more heterogeneous group. The analyses also find a higher level of trust among children from Catholic families, but no connection is observed between generalised trust and a parent's level of education, sex, or the child's age. Conversely, the level of willingness to take risks is much greater among boys and older children but shows no link to what religion parents belong to.
{"title":"The Intergenerational Transmission of Generalised Trust and a Willingness to Take Risks","authors":"Jan Klusáček, Dana Hamplová","doi":"10.13060/csr.2020.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/csr.2020.002","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the intergenerational transmission of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among Czechs. Data from the Czech Household Panel Survey are used to compare levels of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among parents and their offspring between the ages of 15 and 26. The analyses confirm a similarity of attitudes between parents and children, but indicate differences according to the parent's sex. While a statistically significant similarity is observed between mothers and their children, fathers form a more heterogeneous group. The analyses also find a higher level of trust among children from Catholic families, but no connection is observed between generalised trust and a parent's level of education, sex, or the child's age. Conversely, the level of willingness to take risks is much greater among boys and older children but shows no link to what religion parents belong to.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66170409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.494
Michael L. Smith
This article introduces a new approach to the study of the association between education and socio-economic outcomes in the Czech Republic: educational pathways, which are the primary channels of study involving at least two educational transitions with qualitatively different tracks. Based on Czech Household Panel Study data, I operationalise Czech educational pathways between secondary and tertiary education and examine the role of eight different educational paths on ESeC-derived social classes, contrasted by parental education, gender, and birth cohort. Based on the ordered logit model, I compute the predicted probability that specific educational pathways would lead to a specific class status. I find that the educational pathway approach yields distinct insights about the education-class link that would be masked had I studied only highest level of education attained. The educational pathway approach could, therefore, be a fruitful way to approach other areas of Czech social stratification research.
{"title":"Educational Pathways and their Role in Occupational and Class Attainment in Czech Society","authors":"Michael L. Smith","doi":"10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.494","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a new approach to the study of the association between education and socio-economic outcomes in the Czech Republic: educational pathways, which are the primary channels of study involving at least two educational transitions with qualitatively different tracks. Based on Czech Household Panel Study data, I operationalise Czech educational pathways between secondary and tertiary education and examine the role of eight different educational paths on ESeC-derived social classes, contrasted by parental education, gender, and birth cohort. Based on the ordered logit model, I compute the predicted probability that specific educational pathways would lead to a specific class status. I find that the educational pathway approach yields distinct insights about the education-class link that would be masked had I studied only highest level of education attained. The educational pathway approach could, therefore, be a fruitful way to approach other areas of Czech social stratification research.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"68 1","pages":"853-878"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86088665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2019.55.6.08
H. Esser
The history of the social sciences resembles an endless sequence of two different processes: fragmentation into different and even combatting camps vs integrative attempts to develop some kind of unity of the (social) sciences. This applies especially to the relation between economics and sociology, mostly in the form of a disregard for the other fields and attempts at a more or less hostile take-over. In Individuality and Entanglement Herbert Gintis makes a new suggestion that is partly based on some earlier contributions to this discussion. The key points involve several extensions of classical concepts of economic reasoning: the systematic inclusion of moral motives within the established framework of axiomatic rational choice theory (RCT); the extension of the classic concepts of Walras equilibrium for markets to a system of dynamic processes with temporary equilibria; skipping the assumption of isolated and sovereign actors and replacing it with the notion of overlapping networks of actors with the shared mental models of a common culture and communication; linking the emergence of moral motives to longterm processes of gene-cultural evolution; and, last but not least, systematic empirical testing of the core assumptions of these concepts in the new movements of behavioural economics and in experimental game theory in particular. In a large part of the book, this can be understood as a direct attack on sociology with the injunction to save all the valuable and indispensable contributions sociology has made, its broad fundus of observations and conceptual descriptions of social processes and its socalled middle-range theories in particular for more analytical rigor and the use of formal instruments of economic analyses. One of the singularities of Gintis’s suggestion is that, unlike similar proposals in the past, in this case the author is familiar with sociology and even its details. Herbert Gintis knew Talcott Parsons personally and had several disputes with him early in his academic life. One chapter of the book is devoted to this exchange. It represents one pivotal point in his argumentation: consider what sociology has to contribute, i.e. norms, internalisation, and culture, but integrate these elements into the instruments of economic reasoning and model-building. This point alone highlights the contribution: It is once again a kind of imperialistic view of sociology, but clearly from a much better informed and sometimes even benevolent perspective, where the merits of sociology are appreciated much more than one is used to reading in comparable contributions from outside the camp of economics and RCT in general. The proposed concept is summarised very clearly right at the beginning of the book. Individual chapters deal with the particular elements focused on different directions and emphases. They can be briefly summarised in 12 points: 1. A society is constituted as a gigantic game with rules which is played by human beings. The rules
{"title":"Big Steps and Blind Spots: Herbert Gintis's Take-Over of Sociology Is Economic Imperialism","authors":"H. Esser","doi":"10.13060/00380288.2019.55.6.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2019.55.6.08","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the social sciences resembles an endless sequence of two different processes: fragmentation into different and even combatting camps vs integrative attempts to develop some kind of unity of the (social) sciences. This applies especially to the relation between economics and sociology, mostly in the form of a disregard for the other fields and attempts at a more or less hostile take-over. In Individuality and Entanglement Herbert Gintis makes a new suggestion that is partly based on some earlier contributions to this discussion. The key points involve several extensions of classical concepts of economic reasoning: the systematic inclusion of moral motives within the established framework of axiomatic rational choice theory (RCT); the extension of the classic concepts of Walras equilibrium for markets to a system of dynamic processes with temporary equilibria; skipping the assumption of isolated and sovereign actors and replacing it with the notion of overlapping networks of actors with the shared mental models of a common culture and communication; linking the emergence of moral motives to longterm processes of gene-cultural evolution; and, last but not least, systematic empirical testing of the core assumptions of these concepts in the new movements of behavioural economics and in experimental game theory in particular. In a large part of the book, this can be understood as a direct attack on sociology with the injunction to save all the valuable and indispensable contributions sociology has made, its broad fundus of observations and conceptual descriptions of social processes and its socalled middle-range theories in particular for more analytical rigor and the use of formal instruments of economic analyses. One of the singularities of Gintis’s suggestion is that, unlike similar proposals in the past, in this case the author is familiar with sociology and even its details. Herbert Gintis knew Talcott Parsons personally and had several disputes with him early in his academic life. One chapter of the book is devoted to this exchange. It represents one pivotal point in his argumentation: consider what sociology has to contribute, i.e. norms, internalisation, and culture, but integrate these elements into the instruments of economic reasoning and model-building. This point alone highlights the contribution: It is once again a kind of imperialistic view of sociology, but clearly from a much better informed and sometimes even benevolent perspective, where the merits of sociology are appreciated much more than one is used to reading in comparable contributions from outside the camp of economics and RCT in general. The proposed concept is summarised very clearly right at the beginning of the book. Individual chapters deal with the particular elements focused on different directions and emphases. They can be briefly summarised in 12 points: 1. A society is constituted as a gigantic game with rules which is played by human beings. The rules","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"883-889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89713571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.490
M. Hadler, M. Haller
This article compares Austria with three of its former state-socialist neighbouring countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The authors are guided by the assumption that it is necessary to analyse changes in both the structure and the perception of inequality and that the two are interconnected. They assume that some general differences exist as a result of the legacy of state socialism in the three post-communist countries, but also that significant differences exist between those three countries themselves that stem from their different paths of development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first part of this article, differences in the societal-political aims of a Western country such as Austria and those of state-socialist countries are discussed. The authors argue that the state-socialist countries were able to contain income inequality but were less successful at limiting other aspects of inequality. Austria, on the other hand, was able to avoid the severe income inequalities of the capitalist system by introducing democratic-corporatist institutions and a strong welfare state. In the second part of the article the authors investigate the subjective perception of inequality based on the ISSP inequality surveys. The majority of the population in all four countries think that income differences are too large, but there are significant differences in how people perceive and evaluate the stratification structure: in Austria, individuals rank themselves significantly higher than do people in the other three countries and see their society as dominated by the middle classes. The opposite is true in Hungary, where most people think that they live in a society characterised by a small elite, and they see the mass of the people at the bottom.
{"title":"Social Stratification and Its Perception in Austria and Its Central-East European Neighbouring Countries from 1960 to 2015: Historical Legacies, Socialist Pasts and Recent Developments","authors":"M. Hadler, M. Haller","doi":"10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2020.55.6.490","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares Austria with three of its former state-socialist neighbouring countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The authors are guided by the assumption that it is necessary to analyse changes in both the structure and the perception of inequality and that the two are interconnected. They assume that some general differences exist as a result of the legacy of state socialism in the three post-communist countries, but also that significant differences exist between those three countries themselves that stem from their different paths of development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first part of this article, differences in the societal-political aims of a Western country such as Austria and those of state-socialist countries are discussed. The authors argue that the state-socialist countries were able to contain income inequality but were less successful at limiting other aspects of inequality. Austria, on the other hand, was able to avoid the severe income inequalities of the capitalist system by introducing democratic-corporatist institutions and a strong welfare state. In the second part of the article the authors investigate the subjective perception of inequality based on the ISSP inequality surveys. The majority of the population in all four countries think that income differences are too large, but there are significant differences in how people perceive and evaluate the stratification structure: in Austria, individuals rank themselves significantly higher than do people in the other three countries and see their society as dominated by the middle classes. The opposite is true in Hungary, where most people think that they live in a society characterised by a small elite, and they see the mass of the people at the bottom.","PeriodicalId":45665,"journal":{"name":"Sociologicky Casopis-Czech Sociological Review","volume":"79 1","pages":"697-733"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77066406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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