Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100973
Maksim Sergeyev , Mark A. Ditmer , Kira Z. Deming , Natasha Goedert , Michael K. Schwartz , Sam Massman , George Wittemyer
Increasing participation in outdoor recreation is driving elevated levels of human presence in wildlands. If properly managed, outdoor recreation can benefit conservation goals while providing the public with numerous benefits. However, balancing increased demand for recreation opportunities and maintaining ecological integrity can pose difficult tradeoffs for managers. As such, there is a need for additional data-driven resources to help inform land management decisions. Traditional approaches of measuring recreational use, such as trail counters, are costly, labor intensive, and lack the ability to efficiently scale up across large areas. Human mobility data (HMD) offers a detailed, dynamic representation of the human footprint and can provide essential information for the management of human activity at a fine resolution across broad scales. HMD is relatively low-cost and can be analyzed to discern different types of recreation behaviors (e.g., snowmobiling, hiking). Our objective was to explore how HMD can be used to better understand recreation patterns and behaviors within the White River National Forest in Colorado, the nation's most visited National Forest. We leveraged 233 million smartphone locations over 4 years to 1) discern spatial visitor use patterns by creating interactive maps of human use intensity across the WRNF, 2) classify recreation behaviors and summarize user types, 3) quantify overlap between recreation and wildlife habitat.
{"title":"Leveraging human mobility data to assess recreational activity across the United States’ most visited National Forest","authors":"Maksim Sergeyev , Mark A. Ditmer , Kira Z. Deming , Natasha Goedert , Michael K. Schwartz , Sam Massman , George Wittemyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing participation in outdoor recreation is driving elevated levels of human presence in wildlands. If properly managed, outdoor recreation can benefit conservation goals while providing the public with numerous benefits. However, balancing increased demand for recreation opportunities and maintaining ecological integrity can pose difficult tradeoffs for managers. As such, there is a need for additional data-driven resources to help inform land management decisions. Traditional approaches of measuring recreational use, such as trail counters, are costly, labor intensive, and lack the ability to efficiently scale up across large areas. Human mobility data (HMD) offers a detailed, dynamic representation of the human footprint and can provide essential information for the management of human activity at a fine resolution across broad scales. HMD is relatively low-cost and can be analyzed to discern different types of recreation behaviors (e.g., snowmobiling, hiking). Our objective was to explore how HMD can be used to better understand recreation patterns and behaviors within the White River National Forest in Colorado, the nation's most visited National Forest. We leveraged 233 million smartphone locations over 4 years to 1) discern spatial visitor use patterns by creating interactive maps of human use intensity across the WRNF, 2) classify recreation behaviors and summarize user types, 3) quantify overlap between recreation and wildlife habitat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100973"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100972
Ning Shang , Kaijun Cao
World Natural Heritage Sites encompass extraordinary natural phenomena and aesthetic values and play a prominent role in natural ecological protection and meeting human needs. However, the increased demand for ecotourism in the outer suburbs has caused World Natural Heritage Sites to face degradation risk or even loss of cultural ecosystem service (CES) function. Simultaneously, the academic community's spatial quantification of its CES needs and identification of its relationship with the natural environment remain unclear. Realistic requirements for protecting and developing World Natural Heritage Sites have brought many challenges to planning. Therefore, this study obtained point data related to tourist demand preferences through subjective participatory mapping and social media photos and combined them with the objective MaxEnt model to explore the spatial distribution patterns and contribution rate of tourists to the Kalajan CES demand and environmental variables at the grid scale. Furthermore, a Geodetector tool identified the key driving factors of tourists' CSE demands and the interactions between factors. The findings demonstrate that the aesthetic service experience is always the most favored and widely distributed among tourists. The tourists for high-demand CES areas are mainly concentrated in the south-central part of East Kalajun and along sightseeing vehicles. In addition, the spatial distribution patterns of aesthetics and recreational services are closely related to the vertical three-dimensional landscape of forest, grasslands, and other landforms embedded in the Kalajun tourist area. Elevation, accessibility, and Human footprint (HFP) significantly impact the spatial differentiation of tourist demand, and when combined with elevation and accessibility, the remaining driving factors are significantly enhanced.
{"title":"Spatial assessment of tourists' demand for cultural ecosystem services in the Kalajun World Natural Heritage Site, China","authors":"Ning Shang , Kaijun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>World Natural Heritage Sites encompass extraordinary natural phenomena and aesthetic values and play a prominent role in natural ecological protection and meeting human needs. However, the increased demand for ecotourism in the outer suburbs has caused World Natural Heritage Sites to face degradation risk or even loss of cultural ecosystem service (CES) function. Simultaneously, the academic community's spatial quantification of its CES needs and identification of its relationship with the natural environment remain unclear. Realistic requirements for protecting and developing World Natural Heritage Sites have brought many challenges to planning. Therefore, this study obtained point data related to tourist demand preferences through subjective participatory mapping and social media photos and combined them with the objective MaxEnt model to explore the spatial distribution patterns and contribution rate of tourists to the Kalajan CES demand and environmental variables at the grid scale. Furthermore, a Geodetector tool identified the key driving factors of tourists' CSE demands and the interactions between factors. The findings demonstrate that the aesthetic service experience is always the most favored and widely distributed among tourists. The tourists for high-demand CES areas are mainly concentrated in the south-central part of East Kalajun and along sightseeing vehicles. In addition, the spatial distribution patterns of aesthetics and recreational services are closely related to the vertical three-dimensional landscape of forest, grasslands, and other landforms embedded in the Kalajun tourist area. Elevation, accessibility, and Human footprint (HFP) significantly impact the spatial differentiation of tourist demand, and when combined with elevation and accessibility, the remaining driving factors are significantly enhanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100968
Griffin Slimkowich, Pascal Haegeli
Snowshoeing and winter hiking have grown substantially in the last decade. To provide this community with better avalanche safety messages, it is critical to understand their existing avalanche awareness and safety practices. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted intercept interviews with snowshoers and winter hikers at a popular backcountry trailhead outside of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and surveyed students of introductory avalanche safety courses targeted at snowshoers. Study participants shared their typical trip destinations, which we used to determine their general exposure to avalanche terrain based on the Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale (ATES). Despite the fact that all but one participant expose themselves to avalanche terrain, we found very low levels of avalanche awareness, formal training, and use of avalanche information products like the public avalanche forecast. Participants’ main reason for not using existing avalanche safety products and services was their belief that they do not expose themselves to avalanche terrain. This highlights that initiatives raising awareness of what constitutes avalanche terrain, how to recognize it and when it is safe to travel into are key starting points for improving avalanche safety practices in this community. Comparisons between study participants without formal avalanche safety training, current course students, and participants with training highlight the value of formal training and offer insights on potential pathways for raising avalanche awareness among snowshoers and winter hikers.
{"title":"Understanding exposure to avalanche terrain and avalanche information product use of snowshoers and winter hikers: Insights from Mount Seymour Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Griffin Slimkowich, Pascal Haegeli","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snowshoeing and winter hiking have grown substantially in the last decade. To provide this community with better avalanche safety messages, it is critical to understand their existing avalanche awareness and safety practices. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted intercept interviews with snowshoers and winter hikers at a popular backcountry trailhead outside of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and surveyed students of introductory avalanche safety courses targeted at snowshoers. Study participants shared their typical trip destinations, which we used to determine their general exposure to avalanche terrain based on the Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale (ATES). Despite the fact that all but one participant expose themselves to avalanche terrain, we found very low levels of avalanche awareness, formal training, and use of avalanche information products like the public avalanche forecast. Participants’ main reason for not using existing avalanche safety products and services was their belief that they do not expose themselves to avalanche terrain. This highlights that initiatives raising awareness of what constitutes avalanche terrain, how to recognize it and when it is safe to travel into are key starting points for improving avalanche safety practices in this community. Comparisons between study participants without formal avalanche safety training, current course students, and participants with training highlight the value of formal training and offer insights on potential pathways for raising avalanche awareness among snowshoers and winter hikers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100958
K. Shenyoputro, Thomas E. Jones
A better understanding of deviant tourist behaviour could help mitigate environmental and cultural impacts on protected areas. Aside from trash thrown by hikers, illicit mementoes and vandalism pose problems for site managers, especially in mountainous areas. This study examines hikers' perceptions of deviant behaviours such as taking scoria and leaving graffiti in the context of self-stated compliance with the ‘Leave No Trace’ (LNT) Principles on Mount Fuji's trails. After an on-site questionnaire was conducted over two summer seasons (2023–2024), a combination of independent sample t-tests and one-way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to examine differences in LNT perceptions among the 525 respondents. Results revealed significant gaps among hikers linking their regular hiking experience with graffiti norms. Results also identified a link between deviant behaviour and collection of scoria as an illicit memento. A one-way MANCOVA indicated that prior experience hiking Fuji is amongst the significant covariances that influence hikers' scoria-collection behaviour. The findings may assist park managers in designing targeted educational outreach programs that discourage hikers' cultural impacts such as taking scoria and leaving graffiti.
{"title":"Take it or leave it: do regular hikers tend toward more responsible or deviant behaviour at Mount Fuji?","authors":"K. Shenyoputro, Thomas E. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A better understanding of deviant tourist behaviour could help mitigate environmental and cultural impacts on protected areas. Aside from trash thrown by hikers, illicit mementoes and vandalism pose problems for site managers, especially in mountainous areas. This study examines hikers' perceptions of deviant behaviours such as taking scoria and leaving graffiti in the context of self-stated compliance with the ‘Leave No Trace’ (LNT) Principles on Mount Fuji's trails. After an on-site questionnaire was conducted over two summer seasons (2023–2024), a combination of independent sample t-tests and one-way Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to examine differences in LNT perceptions among the 525 respondents. Results revealed significant gaps among hikers linking their regular hiking experience with graffiti norms. Results also identified a link between deviant behaviour and collection of scoria as an illicit memento. A one-way MANCOVA indicated that prior experience hiking Fuji is amongst the significant covariances that influence hikers' scoria-collection behaviour. The findings may assist park managers in designing targeted educational outreach programs that discourage hikers' cultural impacts such as taking scoria and leaving graffiti.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100963
Iree Wheeler , Wayne Freimund , Ryan Knowles
Park and Protected Area (PPA) managers and researchers have identified a suite of tools to manage visitors to public lands, on a spectrum from indirect (education) to direct (enforcement) actions. Rationing and allocation techniques are a suite of frequently studied direct management actions in the context of wilderness, backcountry, and river use permitting. Recently, PPAs in the United States have implemented rationing and allocation techniques in high-use front-country settings, in the form of entrance reservation systems. In 2022, Arches National Park, Utah, implemented a pilot vehicle entry reservation system to address the impacts of congestion on visitor experience and biophysical resources. This study used a survey of Arches visitors (n = 537) to investigate visitor perceptions of Arches’ pilot reservation system, and how experience characteristics (i.e., ease of navigating the reservation system) and coping strategies employed by visitors (i.e., rationalization, product shift, and displacement) influence their support for public land reservation systems. Results of the study indicate high levels of support for this management action in the future. Satisfaction with the communication and navigation of the system predicted support the strongest. Coping strategies did not significantly influence support for reservation systems on future visits. These findings present valuable information for managers and policymakers when designing vehicle reservation systems in PPAs that both preserve the integrity of biophysical resources and alleviate congestion without diminishing the visitor experience.
公园和保护区（PPA）的管理者和研究人员已经确定了一套管理公共土地游客的工具，从间接（教育）到直接（执法）行动。配给和分配技术是一套经常研究的直接管理行动，在荒野，偏远地区和河流使用许可的背景下。最近，美国的购药计划在高使用率的前线国家环境中以入口预约制度的形式实施了定量配给和分配技术。2022年，犹他州拱门国家公园（Arches National Park）实施了一项试点车辆进入预订系统，以解决拥堵对游客体验和生物物理资源的影响。本研究通过对拱门游客的调查（n = 537）来调查游客对拱门试点预订系统的看法，以及游客的体验特征（即预订系统导航的便利性）和应对策略（即合理化，产品转移和流离失所）如何影响他们对公共土地保留系统的支持。研究结果表明，今后对这一管理行动的支持程度很高。对系统通信和导航的满意度预测支持度最强。应对策略对预约系统对未来访问的支持没有显著影响。这些发现为管理者和政策制定者在设计ppa中的车辆预约系统时提供了有价值的信息，这些系统既能保护生物物理资源的完整性，又能在不影响游客体验的情况下缓解拥堵。
{"title":"Using experience characteristics and coping strategies to understand visitor support for a national park managed access system: case study of arches National Park","authors":"Iree Wheeler , Wayne Freimund , Ryan Knowles","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Park and Protected Area (PPA) managers and researchers have identified a suite of tools to manage visitors to public lands, on a spectrum from indirect (education) to direct (enforcement) actions. Rationing and allocation techniques are a suite of frequently studied direct management actions in the context of wilderness, backcountry, and river use permitting. Recently, PPAs in the United States have implemented rationing and allocation techniques in high-use front-country settings, in the form of entrance reservation systems. In 2022, Arches National Park, Utah, implemented a pilot vehicle entry reservation system to address the impacts of congestion on visitor experience and biophysical resources. This study used a survey of Arches visitors (n = 537) to investigate visitor perceptions of Arches’ pilot reservation system, and how experience characteristics (i.e., ease of navigating the reservation system) and coping strategies employed by visitors (i.e., rationalization, product shift, and displacement) influence their support for public land reservation systems. Results of the study indicate high levels of support for this management action in the future. Satisfaction with the communication and navigation of the system predicted support the strongest. Coping strategies did not significantly influence support for reservation systems on future visits. These findings present valuable information for managers and policymakers when designing vehicle reservation systems in PPAs that both preserve the integrity of biophysical resources and alleviate congestion without diminishing the visitor experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100969
Oscar Jacobsson
Spatial planning plays a crucial role in preserving both ecological values and areas for outdoor recreation. Historically, outdoor recreation has been central to Swedish public health planning, but research shows that its integration into spatial planning has weakened, particularly in Sweden's decentralized system. Instead, outdoor recreation is often framed as an economic asset, providing attractiveness and supporting development rather than public health.
As Swedish municipalities hold a planning monopoly, they play a key role in preserving recreational areas. This study examines how 11 municipalities on the Swedish west coast—a region facing great development, conservation, and recreation pressures—integrate outdoor recreation into their plans. A qualitative analysis of comprehensive plans, combined with a case study of a nature reserve planning process in Marstrand, reveals that the primary motivation for outdoor recreation is economic growth. Coastal municipalities aim to attract both tourists and year-round residents, whereas urban and commuting areas focus on providing attractive living environments to preserve the residential population under regional/national competition.
A key conclusion is that without formal incentives, the incorporation of outdoor recreation in spatial planning is primarily motivated by an economic rationale rather than as a public health strategy. This suggests that in decentralized systems where health planning is not mandated, outdoor recreation remains secondary to economic priorities.
{"title":"Why municipalities plan for outdoor recreation: a case study from the Swedish west coast","authors":"Oscar Jacobsson","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial planning plays a crucial role in preserving both ecological values and areas for outdoor recreation. Historically, outdoor recreation has been central to Swedish public health planning, but research shows that its integration into spatial planning has weakened, particularly in Sweden's decentralized system. Instead, outdoor recreation is often framed as an economic asset, providing attractiveness and supporting development rather than public health.</div><div>As Swedish municipalities hold a planning monopoly, they play a key role in preserving recreational areas. This study examines how 11 municipalities on the Swedish west coast—a region facing great development, conservation, and recreation pressures—integrate outdoor recreation into their plans. A qualitative analysis of comprehensive plans, combined with a case study of a nature reserve planning process in Marstrand, reveals that the primary motivation for outdoor recreation is economic growth. Coastal municipalities aim to attract both tourists and year-round residents, whereas urban and commuting areas focus on providing attractive living environments to preserve the residential population under regional/national competition.</div><div>A key conclusion is that without formal incentives, the incorporation of outdoor recreation in spatial planning is primarily motivated by an economic rationale rather than as a public health strategy. This suggests that in decentralized systems where health planning is not mandated, outdoor recreation remains secondary to economic priorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kumano Kodo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient network of pilgrimage routes in Japan's Kii Peninsula, renowned for its cultural and spiritual significance. Recent research highlights (a) the importance of awe experiences in both nature-based and pilgrimage tourism contexts, and (b) that a kataribe, a local tour guide with historical insights, knowledge of conservation efforts, and the ability to interpret local culture and nature, may enhance awe experiences during walks on Kumano Kodo. This study aims to examine whether walking on Kumano Kodo with a kataribe contributes to awe experiences. Useable data were collected from 24 undergraduate students, 13 of whom were accompanied by a kataribe. Awe experiences were assessed using self-report and psychophysiological measurements, specifically salivary amylase levels. Findings revealed that walking on Kumano Kodo significantly increased awe experiences, regardless of the presence of the kataribe. However, follow-up analyses indicated that participants walking with the kataribe experienced significant increases in awe experiences at specific sites characterized by notable tourism attractions. This study suggests that while the intrinsic attributes of Kumano Kodo evoke awe, the information provided by the kataribe can enhance these experiences, with the impact being most pronounced at the beginning and end of the tour. No significant changes were observed in amylase levels, likely due to the counteracting effects of physical activity. The research highlights the pivotal role of a kataribe in enriching tourist experiences and emphasizes the importance of kataribe-led briefings at the beginning and end of the tour to enhance awe experiences.
{"title":"Awe experiences on Kumano Kodo with a kataribe","authors":"Eiji Ito , Shintaro Kono , Kei Tanisho , Tsukasa Kawanishi","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kumano Kodo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient network of pilgrimage routes in Japan's Kii Peninsula, renowned for its cultural and spiritual significance. Recent research highlights (a) the importance of awe experiences in both nature-based and pilgrimage tourism contexts, and (b) that a <em>kataribe</em>, a local tour guide with historical insights, knowledge of conservation efforts, and the ability to interpret local culture and nature, may enhance awe experiences during walks on Kumano Kodo. This study aims to examine whether walking on Kumano Kodo with a <em>kataribe</em> contributes to awe experiences. Useable data were collected from 24 undergraduate students, 13 of whom were accompanied by a <em>kataribe</em>. Awe experiences were assessed using self-report and psychophysiological measurements, specifically salivary amylase levels. Findings revealed that walking on Kumano Kodo significantly increased awe experiences, regardless of the presence of the <em>kataribe</em>. However, follow-up analyses indicated that participants walking with the <em>kataribe</em> experienced significant increases in awe experiences at specific sites characterized by notable tourism attractions. This study suggests that while the intrinsic attributes of Kumano Kodo evoke awe, the information provided by the <em>kataribe</em> can enhance these experiences, with the impact being most pronounced at the beginning and end of the tour. No significant changes were observed in amylase levels, likely due to the counteracting effects of physical activity. The research highlights the pivotal role of a <em>kataribe</em> in enriching tourist experiences and emphasizes the importance of <em>kataribe</em>-led briefings at the beginning and end of the tour to enhance awe experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100966"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2SFCA (two-step float catchment area) has been commonly adopted in the analysis of accessibility to parks. However, the allocation of parks with partly different and partly substitutable functions has not been supported by the current method. This study incorporates the conception of preference of people groups for park types and the group-type matrix into the analysis of accessibility, and improves 2SFCA for the case study of Chengdu, China. As results firstly, age groups 0–17, 18–59 and ≥ 60 have significantly different preferences for country, theme and comprehensive parks, and the spatial distribution of these age groups is not even. Secondly, for each park type, a single-peaked spatial gradient is observed, wherein accessibility values are highest in a central sub-district and decrease towards the periphery. However, the locations of these central sub-districts vary across the three park types. Thirdly in the scheme for optimization, the satisfactory accessibility values in the samples could be taken as the target for the units requiring optimization. As two clusters at the urban sub-core area are identified as lacking parks, one cluster needs to build country park 56509 m2, and the other one needs 20501 m2 comprehensive park at the east part, country park 81991 m2 and comprehensive park 73946 m2 at the north part. In addition, the area at the urban periphery requires exercise equipment, playing and educational fields although it has sufficient open space. The policy implication and measures are further proposed correspondingly.
{"title":"Optimizing spatial distribution of parks based on the preference for park types: A case study with an improved two-step floating catchment area method","authors":"Lingxiang Huang , Shuyuan Yang , Shixiang Xu , Zhu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2SFCA (two-step float catchment area) has been commonly adopted in the analysis of accessibility to parks. However, the allocation of parks with partly different and partly substitutable functions has not been supported by the current method. This study incorporates the conception of preference of people groups for park types and the group-type matrix into the analysis of accessibility, and improves 2SFCA for the case study of Chengdu, China. As results firstly, age groups 0–17, 18–59 and ≥ 60 have significantly different preferences for country, theme and comprehensive parks, and the spatial distribution of these age groups is not even. Secondly, for each park type, a single-peaked spatial gradient is observed, wherein accessibility values are highest in a central sub-district and decrease towards the periphery. However, the locations of these central sub-districts vary across the three park types. Thirdly in the scheme for optimization, the satisfactory accessibility values in the samples could be taken as the target for the units requiring optimization. As two clusters at the urban sub-core area are identified as lacking parks, one cluster needs to build country park 56509 m<sup>2</sup>, and the other one needs 20501 m<sup>2</sup> comprehensive park at the east part, country park 81991 m<sup>2</sup> and comprehensive park 73946 m<sup>2</sup> at the north part. In addition, the area at the urban periphery requires exercise equipment, playing and educational fields although it has sufficient open space. The policy implication and measures are further proposed correspondingly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100961
David Molero , Vanesa España-Romero , Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
There's current social interest in participating in outdoor activities, which necessitates a deeper examination of the psychosocial factors surrounding these sports. This proposal is part of the project "Evaluation of the physical and mental health of women practicing mountain and climbing sports". Mental health and psychosocial variables are analyzed in women who participate in these sports. The purpose of the study is to investigate the psychosocial well-being of the participants and to analyze the effect of age and sporting level (elite vs. non-elite). A total of 91 women participated, divided into two groups: 20 athletes from the Spanish national teams (junior and senior) in climbing, ski mountaineering, and mountain running (elite group), and 71 non-elite women. The following scales were used: the Spanish Subjective Happiness Scale Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, DASS Scale (for depression and stress), and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. All scales employed are validated. Significant differences were found by age (under 35 years vs. over 35 years) in resilience [Z = 688, p = .007, Hedges' g = .702]; depression [Z = 780, p = .05, Hedges' g = .452]; stress [Z = 789, p = .05, Hedges' g = .442]; cognitive anxiety [Z = 560, p < .001, Hedges' g = .863]; somatic anxiety [Z = 758, p = .03, Hedges' g = .453]; and self-confidence [Z = 688, p = .007, Hedges' g = .613]. By sporting level (elite vs. non-elite), elite athletes exhibited greater life satisfaction [Z = 482, p = .028, Hedges' g = .559] and lower cognitive anxiety [Z = 383, p = .002, Hedges' g = .841]. The linear regression analysis revealed that the two predictor variables accounted for 57.7 % of the variance in subjective happiness (R = .785, R2 = .586, R2 = .577, F(2–88) = 62.307, p < .001, power β-1 = .97783). The variable with the greatest weight was life satisfaction (Beta = .582, t = 6.901, p < .001), followed by resilience (Beta = .263, t = 3.118, p = .002). The discussion of the study's findings demonstrates that this research is consistent with other similar investigations. A potential limitation of the study is the relatively small sample size.
目前社会对参加户外活动有兴趣，这就需要对这些运动周围的社会心理因素进行更深入的研究。这项建议是“评估从事登山运动的妇女的身心健康”项目的一部分。对参加这些运动的妇女的心理健康和社会心理变量进行了分析。本研究的目的是调查参与者的心理社会健康状况，并分析年龄和运动水平（精英与非精英）的影响。共有91名女性参加，分为两组：20名来自西班牙国家队（初级和高级）的攀岩、滑雪登山和山地跑步运动员（精英组）和71名非精英女性。采用西班牙主观幸福量表、生活满意度量表、短期弹性应对量表、DASS量表（抑郁和压力）和竞争状态焦虑量表。所有使用的量表都经过验证。不同年龄（35岁以下与35岁以上）在心理弹性方面存在显著差异[Z = 688, p = 0.007， Hedges的g = 0.702]；抑郁[Z = 780, p = 0.05, Hedges' g = .452]；应力[Z = 789, p = 0.05, Hedges' g = .442]；认知焦虑(Z = 560, p & lt;措施,树篱的g = .863);躯体焦虑(Z = 758, p = 03,树篱的g = .453);和自信(Z = 688, p = .007树篱的g = .613]。在运动水平上，优秀运动员表现出更高的生活满意度[Z = 482, p = 0.028, Hedges' g = .559]和更低的认知焦虑[Z = 383, p = .002, Hedges' g = .841]。线性回归分析显示，这两个预测变量对主观幸福感方差的贡献率为57.7% （R = .785, R2 = .586, R2 = .577， F(2-88) = 62.307, p < 001，幂β-1 = .97783）。权重最大的变量是生活满意度（Beta = 0.582, t = 6.901, p < 0.001），其次是心理弹性（Beta = 0.263, t = 3.118, p = 0.002）。对研究结果的讨论表明，这项研究与其他类似的研究是一致的。该研究的一个潜在限制是样本量相对较小。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2025.100914
Kelsey M. Johansen , Raynald Harvey Lemelin
<div><div>Outdoor recreation voluntary associations (ORVAs) such as mountain biking associations play vital roles in the creation, management, and upkeep of trail systems in North America. While research on ORVAs has expanded in the last decade, studies have not sufficiently examined the challenges presented by the impacts of climate disruption on ORVAs, including increased demands on volunteers and event cancellations, nor the potential long-term impacts on the viability of trail-based activities coordinated by ORVAs. Based on interviews and surveys conducted in Northwestern Ontario (NWO) and Northeastern Minnesota (NEM), this study aimed to 1) ascertain the extent of fat biking participation in NWO and NEM and the ridership profiles of those engaged in this recreational activity, 2) assess their levels of engagement as volunteers within local ORVAs, 3) assess their willingness to volunteer in the future, and 4) explore the challenges and opportunities associated with the inclusion of fat biking as a climate change adaptive strategy within regional recreation offerings. Findings revealed that while fat bikers appreciated the volunteer efforts of trail groomers and event/race coordinators more than forty percent were unlikely to volunteer with local ORVAs. Existing ORVA volunteers reported higher demands on their time during heavy snow seasons, as well as burnout associated with a lack of volunteer recruitment and retention strategies. With climate disruption trends expected to continue, Mountain Biking ORVAs (MB-ORVAs) must proactively manage associated and compounded challenges by developing seasonal trail grooming and volunteer recruitment, management, and retention strategies and should consider rotating co-hosting duties for collaborative fat bike events to ensure the provision of safe and well-groomed trails, and regularly occurring events, which support the continued development and growth of regional winter fat biking engagement.</div></div><div><h3>Statement of management implications</h3><div>By highlighting how fat biking is employed to provide year-round trail riding opportunities, this study expands on current understandings of Mountain Biking Outdoor Recreation Voluntary Associations (MB-ORVAs) in the U.S. and Canada. MB-ORVAs must proactively manage the challenges associated with climate disruptions and the increased demand placed on volunteer groomers and administrative capacities. MB-ORVAs should:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Continually assess fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions (e.g., snow volume, frequency and severity of snow fall, depth of snowpack, etc.) within provided recreation settings, and the individual adaptive strategies fat bikers and other outdoor recreationists employ when faced with suboptimal conditions;</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Assess the impact of fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions and the severity of climate disruptions on their willingness to vo
{"title":"Is winter coming? Outdoor recreation voluntary associations and fat biking in Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Minnesota","authors":"Kelsey M. Johansen , Raynald Harvey Lemelin","doi":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jort.2025.100914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outdoor recreation voluntary associations (ORVAs) such as mountain biking associations play vital roles in the creation, management, and upkeep of trail systems in North America. While research on ORVAs has expanded in the last decade, studies have not sufficiently examined the challenges presented by the impacts of climate disruption on ORVAs, including increased demands on volunteers and event cancellations, nor the potential long-term impacts on the viability of trail-based activities coordinated by ORVAs. Based on interviews and surveys conducted in Northwestern Ontario (NWO) and Northeastern Minnesota (NEM), this study aimed to 1) ascertain the extent of fat biking participation in NWO and NEM and the ridership profiles of those engaged in this recreational activity, 2) assess their levels of engagement as volunteers within local ORVAs, 3) assess their willingness to volunteer in the future, and 4) explore the challenges and opportunities associated with the inclusion of fat biking as a climate change adaptive strategy within regional recreation offerings. Findings revealed that while fat bikers appreciated the volunteer efforts of trail groomers and event/race coordinators more than forty percent were unlikely to volunteer with local ORVAs. Existing ORVA volunteers reported higher demands on their time during heavy snow seasons, as well as burnout associated with a lack of volunteer recruitment and retention strategies. With climate disruption trends expected to continue, Mountain Biking ORVAs (MB-ORVAs) must proactively manage associated and compounded challenges by developing seasonal trail grooming and volunteer recruitment, management, and retention strategies and should consider rotating co-hosting duties for collaborative fat bike events to ensure the provision of safe and well-groomed trails, and regularly occurring events, which support the continued development and growth of regional winter fat biking engagement.</div></div><div><h3>Statement of management implications</h3><div>By highlighting how fat biking is employed to provide year-round trail riding opportunities, this study expands on current understandings of Mountain Biking Outdoor Recreation Voluntary Associations (MB-ORVAs) in the U.S. and Canada. MB-ORVAs must proactively manage the challenges associated with climate disruptions and the increased demand placed on volunteer groomers and administrative capacities. MB-ORVAs should:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Continually assess fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions (e.g., snow volume, frequency and severity of snow fall, depth of snowpack, etc.) within provided recreation settings, and the individual adaptive strategies fat bikers and other outdoor recreationists employ when faced with suboptimal conditions;</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Assess the impact of fat bikers' perceptions of natural resource conditions and the severity of climate disruptions on their willingness to vo","PeriodicalId":46931,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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