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Building bridges for anti-racism activism: Testing situational theory of problem solving and problem chain recognition effect 为反种族主义行动架设桥梁:测试问题解决的情境理论和问题链识别效应
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2024.102425
Myoung-Gi Chon , Joan R. Harrell

This study investigates how people participate in activism against Asian hate crimes (i.e., Asian Lives Matter (ALM)). In contrast to numerous studies that use Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) to predict information behaviors, this study introduced and examined a streamlined model focused on predicting activism behaviors. Moreover, this study tests the Problem Chain Recognition (PCR) effect by exploring how situational motivation in problem solving related to the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement affects individuals’ perceptions and communicative acquisition about the issue of anti-Asian hate crimes. Further, this study examines the differences among three American socialized racial groups in terms of problem recognition, constraint recognition, involvement recognition of activism against Asian hate crimes, and activism behaviors. The results of this study revealed that situational motivation in problem solving and referent criterion lead to activism against anti-Asian hate crime. In addition, this study found positive PCR effects between BLM and ALM. This represents a pioneering utilization of the PCR effect to the field of racial activism. Importantly, there were significant differences to perceive activism for anti-Asian hate crimes among three racial group (Blacks, Whites, and Asians). Therefore, the results of this study contribute to the theoretical building of STOPS and practical implications for understanding the complexity of the American socialized racial discourse and predicting racial activism in relation to BLM and ALM.

本研究调查了人们如何参与反对亚裔仇恨犯罪的行动主义(即 "亚裔生命重要"(ALM))。与众多使用情境问题解决理论(STOPS)来预测信息行为的研究不同,本研究引入并检验了一个简化模型,该模型重点预测激进主义行为。此外,本研究还通过探讨与黑人生命至上(BLM)运动相关的问题解决中的情境动机如何影响个人对反亚裔仇恨犯罪问题的认知和交流获取,检验了问题链识别(PCR)效应。此外,本研究还考察了三个美国社会化种族群体在问题认知、约束认知、对反亚裔仇恨犯罪行动主义的参与认知以及行动主义行为方面的差异。研究结果显示,问题解决中的情境动机和参照标准导致了反对反亚裔仇恨犯罪的行动主义。此外,本研究还发现了 BLM 和 ALM 之间的正 PCR 效应。这标志着 PCR 效应在种族行动主义领域的首次应用。重要的是,三个种族群体(黑人、白人和亚裔)对反亚裔仇恨犯罪的积极性认知存在显著差异。因此,本研究的结果有助于建立 STOPS 的理论体系,并对理解美国社会化种族话语的复杂性和预测与 BLM 和 ALM 相关的种族行动主义具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
A Delphi study on the state and future of hispanic public relations in the United States 关于美国西班牙裔公共关系现状和未来的德尔菲研究
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102415
Cen April Yue , Patrick D. Thelen

The Hispanic or Latina/o community is an important and growing part of the economy, culture, and politics of the United States. As such, public relations professionals need to be knowledgeable about and responsive to the needs of Hispanic or Latina/o publics. Despite a growing emphasis on diversity and inclusion in the field of public relations, research on Hispanic public relations (HPR) remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, the present study conducted a Delphi panel with 17 experts in HPR in the U.S. The panel used a multi-iteration and consensus-building approach to evaluate different aspects of HPR, including the state of the profession, the competencies required to practice HPR effectively, the value of incorporating HPR courses into academic curricula, and strategies for recruiting and retaining HPR students. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for public relations scholars, educators, and industry leaders. By examining the current state of HPR and identifying key issues and challenges, this study contributes to a better understanding of the profession and its potential for growth and development. By highlighting the importance of HPR education and training, this study also offers practical guidance for those interested in advancing the field of HPR.

西班牙裔或拉丁/裔社区是美国经济、文化和政治的一个重要组成部分,并且在不断增长。因此,公共关系职业人需要了解并满足拉美裔公众的需求。尽管公共关系领域越来越重视多样性和包容性,但关于拉美裔公共关系(HPR)的研究在很大 程度上仍然是空白。为了解决这个问题,本研究与美国 17 位 HPR 专家进行了 Delphi 小组讨论。小组使用了多迭代和建立共识的方法来评估 HPR 的不同方面,包括职业现状,有效实践 HPR 所需的能力,将 HPR 课程纳入学术课程的价值,以及招募和留住 HPR 学生的策略。这项研究的发现为公共关系学者,教育者和行业领导者提供了有价值的见解。通过考察 HPR 的现状,发现关键问题和挑战,这项研究有助于更好地理解这个职业及其成长和发展 的潜力。通过强调 HPR 教育和培训的重要性,本研究也为那些有志于推动 HPR 领域发展的人提供了实用的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Connecting issues, CSR, and OPRs: Unpacking identity mediators of the effect of CSR on relationship and the moderating role of intergroup dynamics 将问题、企业社会责任和 OPR 联系起来:解读企业社会责任对关系影响的身份中介以及群体间动态的调节作用
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102421
Sifan Xu

Dyadic assumptions permeate organization-public relationship (OPR) research. However, corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives need to be understood not only in the dyadic organization-public context (i.e., examining effects of an organization’s CSR on one particular public), but also in the multifaceted organization-publics context where the interconnectedness among publics themselves needs to be considered. The purpose of this study is to examine how CSR brings relational outcomes when intergroup dynamics are considered. Through an experimental design where a public’s identity threat was manipulated, the study suggests that CSR leads to relational outcomes through establishing identity congruity and a public’s self-expansion (validating and affirming one’s identity through the organization). Moderated mediation analysis also showed that the indirect effect of CSR on the relational outcome through congruity became greater when participants were exposed to potential identity threat. The study provides important implications for how we approach and understand the connections between a public and an organization.

组织-公众关系(OPR)研究普遍采用二元假设。然而,企业社会责任(CSR)倡议不仅需要在组织-公众的二元背景下理解(即研究一个组织的企业社会责任对某一特定公众的影响),还需要在组织-公众的多元背景下理解,即需要考虑公众之间的相互关联性。本研究的目的是考察企业社会责任如何在考虑群体间动力的情况下带来关系结果。通过操纵公众的身份威胁的实验设计,研究表明企业社会责任通过建立身份一致性和公众的自我扩张(通过组织验证和肯定自己的身份)而带来关系结果。调节中介分析还表明,当参与者面临潜在的身份威胁时,企业社会责任通过一致性对关系结果的间接影响会变得更大。这项研究为我们如何处理和理解公众与组织之间的联系提供了重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
It is all in the name: Toward a typology of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas 公共关系职业人的道德困境类型学
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102418
A. Gaara, M. Kaptein, G. Berens

Although scholarship discussing public relations professionals’ roles has been abundant, ethical dilemmas facing public relations professionals remain implicit in such roles. Specifically, a theoretically-derived typology explaining the origin of these dilemmas and categorizing them into distinct profiles has been lacking so far. We address this lacuna by utilizing role theory to elucidate the origin of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas and employ a deductive approach to extricate such dilemmas from each part of the name “public relations professional.” Each part of the name signifies a distinct role with specific functions and inherent expectations. Put differently, each part implies specific values that role constituents expect role incumbents to uphold. As such, the name “public relations professional” has been deliberately chosen as it carries value-laden meanings, referring to an individual who exhibits an orientation and a commitment to publicness while developing, maintaining, and promoting relationships and upholding professionalism. In building our typology, we portray the “public” role as the midpoint on a continuum, with organization at one end and society at the other; the “relations” role as the midpoint between transactions and bonds; and the “professional” role as the midpoint between employee and citizen. This leads to a multidimensional typology that includes three types of ethical dilemmas: organization-versus-society, transactions-versus-bonds, and employee-versus-citizen. We advance extant scholarship by explaining the origin of public relations professionals’ ethical dilemmas and unifying such dilemmas in an exclusive-inclusive typology.

尽管讨论公共关系职业人角色的学术研究已经非常丰富,但是公共关系职业人所面临的道德困具体来说,到目前为止,我们还缺乏一个理论上的类型学来解释这些困境的起源,并将它们分我们利用角色理论来阐明公共关系职业人道德困境的起源,并采用演绎的方法从 "公共关系职公共关系职业人 "这一名称的每一部分都象征着一个不同的角色,具有特定的功能和内在的期换句话说,每一部分都意味着特定的价值观,而这些价值观是角色成员所期望的。因此,我们特意选择了 "公共关系职业人 "这个名称,因为它带有价值含义,指的是一个在发在建立我们的类型学时,我们把 "公共 "角色描绘成一个连续体的中点,一端是组织,另一端是社会;把 "关系 "角色描绘成交易和纽带之间的中点;把 "专业 "角色描绘成雇员和公民之间的中点。这就产生了一种多维类型学,其中包括三种类型的伦理困境:组织与社会、交易与纽带以及雇员与公民。我们通过解释公共关系职业人的道德困境的起源,并将这些困境统一到一个包含专
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引用次数: 0
When controversy meets controversy, what do you see? Understanding the visual communication of cannabis companies’ corporate social advocacy on Instagram 当争议遇上争议,你会看到什么?了解大麻公司在 Instagram 上进行企业社会倡导的视觉传播
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102417
Chuqing Dong , Virginia Harrison , Qi Zheng

While businesses are increasingly active in raising voices for social and political issues, known as corporate social advocacy (CSA), the strategies, impacts, and ethics of controversial businesses’ CSA are largely unknown. This study draws on the visual framing theory and CSA literature to explore how visual framings are constructed in cannabis companies’ CSA and their effects on public engagement (i.e., likes and comments) on Instagram. Findings from content analysis of 502 Instagram posts by 42 cannabis companies reveal that cannabis companies construct the meaning of CSA via various visual strategies. However, they may still have a long way to go before initiating authentic image-based CSA. Regression analyses found that gender, color, and issue category are among influential visual characteristics that can foster or impede public engagement, raising critical consideration of cannabis companies’ positionality in corporate activism. This study advances the theory-driven, nuanced, and contextualized understanding of corporate communication in today’s polarized public opinion environment and increasingly visual-focused media landscape.

虽然企业越来越积极地为社会和政治问题发声,即所谓的企业社会倡导(CSA),但有争议的企业 CSA 的策略、影响和道德规范在很大程度上还不为人所知。本研究借鉴视觉框架理论和企业社会倡导文献,探讨大麻公司的企业社会倡导如何构建视觉框架及其对 Instagram 上公众参与(即点赞和评论)的影响。对 42 家大麻公司在 Instagram 上发布的 502 篇帖子进行内容分析后发现,大麻公司通过各种视觉策略构建了 CSA 的含义。不过,要启动真正的基于图像的 CSA,它们可能还有很长的路要走。回归分析发现,性别、肤色和问题类别是能够促进或阻碍公众参与的有影响力的视觉特征,从而引发了对大麻公司在企业行动主义中的地位的重要思考。在当今两极分化的舆论环境和日益注重视觉效果的媒体环境中,本研究推进了对企业传播的理论驱动、细致入微和情景化理解。
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引用次数: 0
Agonism in the arena: Analyzing cancel culture using a rhetorical model of deviance and reputational repair 竞技场上的激进主义:利用偏差和声誉修复的修辞模式分析取消文化
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102420
Mitchell John Hobbs , Sarah O’Keefe

Cancel culture is a socio-political movement that aims to financially punish or ostracize a person from the public sphere due to a transgression. Such offenses range from criminal acts to the public expression of controversial opinions. In response, digital activism coalesces into a socio-political force that seeks to shame, silence, or punish the offending individual. This study seeks to understand the agonistic reputational wrangle facilitated by cancel culture using an original theoretical framework that combines the rhetorical paradigm from public relations with deviance theory from sociology and media studies. Specifically, this study analyzes the cancellation and reputational repair strategies of four celebrities—Louis C.K., Logan Paul, Jussie Smollett, and J.K. Rowling. It utilizes large-scale social media sentiment analysis to reveal varying degrees of reputational decay and recovery. The study shows that factors impacting the severity of cancellation and the likelihood of reputational recovery include distinguishing between criminal acts and controversial opinions, as well as social variables and the strength of a parasocial relationship between a celebrity and their fandom.

取消文化是一种社会政治运动,旨在对因违法行为而受到经济惩罚或被排斥在公共领域之外的人进行惩罚。这些违法行为包括犯罪行为和公开表达有争议的观点。作为回应,数字激进主义凝聚成一股社会政治力量,旨在羞辱、压制或惩罚违规个人。本研究试图利用一个原创性的理论框架,将公共关系的修辞范式与社会学和媒体研究的偏差理论相结合,来理解取消文化所促成的激动人心的声誉角力。具体而言,本研究分析了路易斯-C.K.、洛根-保罗、朱西-斯莫莱特和 J.K. 罗琳四位名人的取消和声誉修复策略。研究利用大规模社交媒体情感分析,揭示了不同程度的声誉衰减和恢复。研究表明,影响名誉受损严重程度和名誉恢复可能性的因素包括区分犯罪行为和有争议的观点,以及社会变量和名人与其粉丝之间寄生社会关系的强度。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking the start date for media relations and press releases: The peace movement of the 1800s 重新思考媒体关系和新闻发布的开始日期:19 世纪的和平运动
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102409
Tyler G. Page , Christopher Wilson , Edward E. Adams

Public relations histories have frequently credited Ivy Lee as providing the first press release. This research uses primary and secondary historical sources to demonstrate that the American branch of the international peace movement was using press releases decades before Lee’s birth. Starting at least as early as 1819, the movement disseminated press releases to newspapers. This program of sending out press releases increased in size until it was reaching as many as 1,000 separate newspapers in the 1840s. At that time, a young advocate named Elihu Burritt took over the operation. Using a newspaper loophole in postage laws, Burritt was able to regularly disseminate messages to as many as 1,500 separate newspapers, averaging over 200 article placements per message and reaching hundreds of thousands of newspaper readers. This research discusses implications for public relations history.

公共关系史经常将艾薇-李(Ivy Lee)归功于第一份新闻稿。本研究利用第一手和第二手历史资料证明,国际和平运动的美国分支早在李的出生前几十年就开始使用新闻稿了。至少早在 1819 年,该运动就开始向报纸发布新闻稿。这一新闻发布计划的规模不断扩大,直到 19 世纪 40 年代,多达 1000 家报纸都收到了新闻稿。当时,一位名叫伊莱休-伯里特的年轻倡导者接管了这项活动。伯里特利用邮资法中的报纸漏洞,定期向多达 1500 家报纸发布消息,平均每条消息刊登 200 多篇文章,覆盖了数十万报纸读者。这项研究讨论了对公共关系史的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Identity resilience in times of mediatization: Comparing employees’ with citizens’ perceptions of a public organization 媒体化时代的身份复原力:比较员工和公民对公共组织的看法
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102416
Irina Lock , Sandra Jacobs

Some organizations are highly visible in the media. This media coverage informs employees about others’ perceptions of their organization. Consequently, perceived visibility may be related to how employees think about their organization and how they construe organizational identity. This study empirically tests this proposition. It therefore combines aspects of Hatch & Schultz’ model of organizational identity dynamics with mediatization to understand to what extent employees are sensitive toward their environment when forming an organizational identity. In two online surveys comparing employees’ (N = 109) and a representative sample of citizens’ (N = 1417) views on a highly visible Dutch public organization from the crime sector, we disentangle the identity-reputation process considering the role of perceived media impact. We further compare identity perceptions of two intraorganizational sub-groups. We find that citizens view the organization more positively than employees, which points to a misalignment between employees’ and citizens’ perceptions of the organization. In one of the two organizational sub-groups, the findings show that the larger the misalignment between construed reputation (how do employees think that citizens perceive their organization?) and actual reputation (how do citizens in fact perceive the organization?), the weaker employees’ perception of identity. Furthermore, employees appear to be sensitive toward the media coverage of their organization and citizens’ reputation perceptions. Yet, this environmental sensitivity does not impact on their organizational identity. We interpret this as a resilient identity, which represents the maneuvering of employees between their organizational identity perception (what they perceive as central, distinct, and enduring) and external stakeholders’ (i.e., the media, citizens) perceptions of the organization that over time positively distinguishes what the organization is and will remain.

有些组织在媒体上曝光率很高。这种媒体报道会让员工了解他人对其组织的看法。因此,感知到的知名度可能与员工如何看待其组织以及如何构建组织身份有关。本研究对这一命题进行了实证检验。因此,本研究将哈奇-舒尔茨的组织身份动态模型与媒介化相结合,以了解员工在形成组织身份时对环境的敏感程度。在两项在线调查中,我们比较了员工(N = 109)和具有代表性的公民样本(N = 1417)对荷兰犯罪部门一家知名度很高的公共组织的看法,考虑到感知到的媒体影响的作用,我们将身份-声誉过程分开。我们进一步比较了组织内部两个子群体的身份认知。我们发现,公民对组织的看法比员工更积极,这表明员工和公民对组织的看法不一致。在两个组织子群体中的一个群体中,研究结果表明,员工认为的声誉(员工认为公民是如何看待他们的组织的)与实际声誉(公民实际上是如何看待组织的)之间的偏差越大,员工的认同感就越弱。此外,员工似乎对媒体对其组织的报道和公民的声誉认知很敏感。然而,这种环境敏感性并不影响他们对组织的认同。我们将此解释为一种有弹性的身份认同,它代表了员工在其组织身份认知(他们认为是核心的、独特的和持久的)和外部利益相关者(即媒体、公民)对组织的认知之间的操控,随着时间的推移,这种操控积极地区分了组织的现状和未来。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring leisure and municipal government public relations for community: A case example of parks and recreation 探索休闲和市政府社区公共关系:公园与娱乐案例
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102410
Sarah A. Aghazadeh

The concept of community expresses a variety of responsibilities that public relations has in building connections, good will, and wellbeing amongst collectives of people. Community also parallels many U.S. expectations of government; however, public relations has few studies that investigate the collaboration between government and citizens or how different government services (e.g., public works, public health, building enforcement, etc.) influence community building. Specifically, parks and recreation has been overlooked in the public relations literature as citizens and government collectively support these lifelines of community wellbeing and social connectedness. Through qualitative analysis of focus groups with city residents and interviews with city parks and recreation personnel, I present thematic findings that explicate how citizens and city staff engage in community building and the specific role that leisure plays in community building processes. Lastly, I offer implications for public relations theory that argue to shift local community and governance theory to be citizen-centered and use the concept of family to explicate the function of community in small municipal contexts.

社区的概念表达了公共关系在建立人与人之间的联系,善意和福利方面的各种责任。社区也和许多美国人对政府的期望相似;然而,公共关系很少研究政府和公民之间的合作,或 者不同的政府服务(比如,公共工程,公共卫生,建筑执法等)是如何影响社区建设的。具体来说,公园和娱乐在公共关系文献中一直被忽视,因为市民和政府共同支持着这些社区福利和社会联系的生命线。通过对城市居民焦点小组的定性分析以及对城市公园和娱乐人员的访谈,我提出了一些主题性的发现,阐释了市民和城市工作人员是如何参与社区建设的,以及休闲在社区建设过程中扮演的具体角色。最后,我提出了对公共关系理论的启示,主张将地方社区和治理理论转变为以公民为中心,并使用家庭的概念来阐释社区在小城市环境中的功能。
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引用次数: 0
A case for the plausibility of public relations licensing: The carrot of privileged communication 公共关系许可的合理性案例:特权传播的胡萝卜
IF 4.2 3区 管理学 Q2 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102408
Tyler G. Page , Luke W. Capizzo , Timothy Penning

Public relations practitioners and academics have long debated the merits of licensing; however, licensing has not been adopted due to a lack of appetite among practitioners as well as concerns about the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Using an analogy with the professions that practice therapy, we argue that licensing of public relations can comply with the First Amendment by providing incentives to licensees, as opposed to restricting the practice of the unlicensed. We identify several potential incentives and provide a detailed analysis of a proposed right to legally privileged communication. We conclude with suggestions for next steps toward creation of licensing and resources that may help in this endeavor.

公共关系实践者和学术界长期以来一直在争论授权的好处,然而,由于实践者缺乏兴趣和对美国 宪法第一修正案的担忧,授权并没有被采纳。通过与治疗行业的类比,我们认为公共关系授权可以通过为被授权者提供激励来遵守宪法第一 修正案,而不是限制无授权者的实践。我们确定了几种潜在的激励措施,并对提议的法律特权交流权进行了详细分析。最后,我们就建立许可制度的下一步措施和可能有助于这一努力的资源提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
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Public Relations Review
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