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Identifying stories of ‘us’: A mixed-method analysis of the meaning, contents and associations of national narratives constructed by Americans 识别 "我们 "的故事:对美国人构建的国家叙事的意义、内容和关联的混合方法分析
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3025
Sarah Y. Choi, James H. Liu

How do lay individuals reconstruct, appropriate or resist culturally sanctioned narratives about their nation's past? The current study examined this question through an open-ended survey administered to a US sample, stratified by age and gender (N = 399). We identified three major historical narratives that were popular among Americans. Specifically, we identified positive narratives of the nation's progress over time and glorifying narratives of American exceptionalism, alongside a popular counter-narrative that was critical of the nation as reproducing ongoing cycles of injustice. Representations of national origins were significantly more salient for the narratives of Progress and Glorification, while more recent and lived events were salient for Critical narratives. Progress and Critical narratives were both associated with a constructive orientation to national identity, while Glorifying narratives were associated with blind patriotism. Critical and Glorifying narratives were consistently opposed in their associated political attitudes and in their patterns of endorsement across party affiliations. Overall, it appeared that narratives of progress were most popular and least polarised. We discuss the implications of these findings through the perspective that narratives provide dynamic content for identity construction as well as the means for articulating resistance to hegemony within specific historical and political contexts.

非专业人士如何重建、采用或抵制文化认可的有关其国家过去的叙述?本研究通过一项开放式调查对这一问题进行了研究,调查对象为美国样本,按年龄和性别进行了分层(N = 399)。我们确定了在美国人中流行的三大历史叙事。具体来说,我们发现了关于美国长期进步的正面叙事和美化美国例外论的叙事,同时还发现了一种流行的反面叙事,即批判美国不断复制不公正循环的叙事。进步叙事和美化叙事对国家起源的表述明显更为突出,而批判叙事则对近期发生的事件更为突出。进步叙事和批判叙事都与国家认同的建设性取向有关,而美化叙事则与盲目的爱国主义有关。批判性叙事和美化性叙事在其相关的政治态度和不同党派的支持模式上始终是对立的。总体看来,进步叙事最受欢迎,两极分化最小。我们从叙事为身份建构提供动态内容以及在特定历史和政治背景下表达对霸权的抵制这一角度来讨论这些发现的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Locational citizenship, exclusion and inclusion. The case of street children in Ethiopia 地点公民权、排斥与包容。埃塞俄比亚流浪儿童的案例
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3020
Dereje Adefris, Kuany Gatbel, Sigrun Marie Moss

Public space is a possible site for grounding a social psychology of citizenship. Locational citizenship speaks to the right to have a place in public space. Certain groups are however often excluded. Drawing on individual interviews and focus group discussions with street children in Gambella Town, Ethiopia, this study explores how street children talk about their lives on the street. The results demonstrate the children's lack of inclusion in locational citizenship, and how public space becomes contested space when different groups use these places in ways that clash. The children also speak to processes of inclusion, both among groups of street children, and kindness from individual adults in their environment. These children's their stories of both exclusion and inclusion are crucial to the developing social psychology of citizenship. The study emphasizes exclusion and inclusion as processes, and the children's active handling of their street life. We also problematizes the division between private and public space when the former is often no longer an available space for these children.

公共空间是公民社会心理学的一个可能基础。地点公民权指的是在公共空间拥有一席之地的权利。然而,某些群体往往被排除在外。本研究通过对埃塞俄比亚甘贝拉镇街头儿童的个人访谈和焦点小组讨论,探讨了街头儿童如何谈论他们的街头生活。研究结果表明,儿童在地点公民权方面缺乏包容性,当不同群体以冲突的方式使用这些地方时,公共空间如何成为有争议的空间。孩子们还谈到了包容的过程,既包括街头儿童群体之间的包容,也包括他们所处环境中个别成年人的善意包容。这些儿童讲述的被排斥和被包容的故事对于公民社会心理的发展至关重要。本研究强调排斥和包容的过程,以及儿童对街头生活的积极处理。我们还对私人空间和公共空间的划分提出了质疑,因为前者往往不再是这些儿童可以利用的空间。
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引用次数: 0
Hypocrisy judgements are affected by target attitude strength and attitude moralization 虚伪判断受目标态度强度和态度道德化的影响
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3018
Thomas Ian Vaughan-Johnston

Researchers and philosophers have debated what leads people to judge others as being hypocritical. Some research has shown that perceivers consider targets to be more hypocritical when those targets contradict attitudes that are strongly (e.g., moralized and/or certain) rather than weakly held by the target. In the present work, I attempt to advance this research in several respects. First, I integrate these findings with research on the dimensions of attitude strength (i.e., commitment, embeddedness) to provide a more structured analysis of these claims. I show that characterizing a target's views as embedded and committed has many of the same hypocrisy-related effects as labelling those views as moral, and affect (negative) evaluations of targets through similar mechanisms. However, in Experiment 3, I show that moral attitudes are, nonetheless, perceived as distinct from classic strength dimensions in one crucial respect: the presumption that the target would impose them on other people. Furthermore, whereas judgements of hypocrisy relating to embedded/committed attitudes can be mitigated when perceivers engage in situational attribution, perceivers rendering judgements of hypocrisy relating to moral attitudes resist situational counter-explanations.

研究人员和哲学家们一直在争论是什么导致人们判断他人虚伪。一些研究表明,当目标人物的态度与目标人物所持的强烈(如道德化和/或确定)而非微弱的态度相矛盾时,感知者会认为目标人物更加虚伪。在本研究中,我试图从几个方面推进这一研究。首先,我将这些发现与态度强度维度(即承诺、嵌入性)的研究结合起来,对这些主张进行更有条理的分析。我的研究表明,将目标人物的观点定性为嵌入性和承诺性与将这些观点定性为道德性具有许多相同的虚伪相关效应,并通过类似的机制影响对目标人物的(负面)评价。然而,在实验 3 中,我发现道德态度在一个关键方面被认为有别于传统的强度维度:即假定目标会将道德态度强加于他人。此外,当知觉者进行情境归因时,与内嵌/承诺态度相关的虚伪性判断可以减轻,而知觉者对道德态度的虚伪性判断则会抵制情境反解释。
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引用次数: 0
When secrets come to mind: Preoccupation, suppression and engagement 当秘密涌上心头先入为主、压制和参与
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3019
Christopher G. Davis, George P. Wright, Cassandra McMillan

When secrets come to mind, do people try to suppress them or do they engage with them? Whereas earlier research suggested that people try to suppress secrets, recent work suggests that people often engage with their secrets. Although thought suppression tends to be associated with greater distress, engagement may be ameliorative. In two longitudinal studies of 653 adults (55% women; Mage = 41.3, SD = 12.4) keeping a secret from their partner, we show that engagement with and suppression of secrets are highly positively related. Like suppression, the more people engage with secrets, the more negative affect and guilt they report feeling. Longitudinal analyses indicate that whereas changes over time in engagement and suppression both predicted reduced secret preoccupation, reductions in suppression (but not engagement) mediated reductions in guilt and negative affect. These results indicate that suppression and engagement are more intimately connected than previously thought. We found no evidence that engagement was ameliorative.

当秘密涌上心头时,人们是试图压制它们,还是与它们打交道?早期的研究表明,人们会试图压制秘密,而最近的研究表明,人们通常会与秘密打交道。虽然思想压抑往往会带来更大的痛苦,但参与可能会有所改善。我们对 653 名成年人(55% 为女性;平均年龄 = 41.3 岁,最小年龄 = 12.4 岁)进行了两项纵向研究,研究结果表明,对伴侣保守秘密的参与和对秘密的压制是高度正相关的。与压制秘密一样,人们越多地接触秘密,他们所报告的负面情绪和负罪感就越多。纵向分析表明,随着时间的推移,参与度和压抑度的变化都预示着对秘密的专注程度会降低,而压抑度的降低(而不是参与度的降低)则会促进内疚感和负面情绪的降低。这些结果表明,压抑和参与之间的联系比以前认为的更为密切。我们没有发现任何证据表明参与具有改善作用。
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引用次数: 0
Updating stereotypical attributions in light of new information: The attractiveness halo effect changes when attractiveness changes 根据新信息更新刻板印象:当吸引力发生变化时,吸引力光环效应也会发生变化
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3017
Marine Rougier, Jan De Houwer

In the attractiveness halo effect, a single known piece of information about a target stimulus (attractiveness of a person) influences assumptions about a host of other attributes about that target (e.g. this person is socially competent or vain). We examined for the first time whether this effect can be updated, that is, whether new information about physical attractiveness (e.g. that someone is not as attractive as initially thought) can undo the effects of earlier information. Across three preregistered experiments (n = 1131), we obtained evidence of a halo-update effect and showed that updating depended on the extent to which personality traits are stereotypically related to attractiveness (i.e. updating was larger for the traits that are typically influenced by attractiveness information). We also explored potential mediators of the halo-update effect. By shedding new light on the malleability of stereotypical attributions, our work has both theoretical and practical implications.

在吸引力晕轮效应中,关于目标刺激物的一条已知信息(一个人的吸引力)会影响人们对目标物其他属性的假设(例如,这个人是社交能手还是虚荣心强)。我们首次研究了这种效应是否可以被更新,也就是说,关于身体吸引力的新信息(例如,某人并不像最初想象的那样有吸引力)是否可以消除先前信息的影响。在三个预先登记的实验中(n = 1131),我们获得了光环更新效应的证据,并表明更新取决于人格特质与吸引力的刻板关联程度(即通常受吸引力信息影响的特质的更新程度更高)。我们还探讨了光环更新效应的潜在中介因素。通过揭示刻板归因的可塑性,我们的研究具有理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
Meta-identification: Perceptions of others’ group identification shape group life 元认同:对他人群体认同的看法影响着群体生活
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3014
Niklas K. Steffens, Katharine H. Greenaway, Sam Moore, Katie A. Munt, Felix Grundmann, S. Alexander Haslam, Jolanda Jetten, Tom Postmes, Daniel P. Skorich, Srinivasan Tatachari

In the present research, we introduce and develop the concept of meta-identification – perceptions of others’ identification with a group – and examine its capacity to shape group life. Across two cross-sectional studies and three experiments (Ntotal = 3992), we investigate the relationship between participants’ meta-identification in an intragroup context and their group meaningfulness, collective self-efficacy, organisational citizenship behaviour and (perceived and behavioural) performance. Results indicate that perceiving other group members to be highly identified with a group promotes perceptions of group meaningfulness and collective self-efficacy, promotes organisational citizenship behaviour and enhances perceived, and in some contexts actual, group performance. Furthermore, results show that individuals’ meta-identification makes a unique contribution to outcomes above and beyond their social identification. We discuss implications for social identity theorising and the role of meta-identification in supporting meaningful and functional group life.

在本研究中,我们引入并发展了 "元认同"(meta-identification)这一概念,即对他人认同某一群体的看法,并研究其塑造群体生活的能力。通过两项横断面研究和三项实验(总人数 = 3992 人),我们调查了参与者在群体内的元认同与他们的群体意义、集体自我效能感、组织公民行为和(感知和行为)绩效之间的关系。结果表明,如果认为其他小组成员高度认同某个小组,就会促进对小组意义和集体自我效能的认知,促进组织公民行为,提高感知到的小组绩效,在某些情况下还会提高实际绩效。此外,研究结果表明,个人的元认同对结果的独特贡献超过了他们的社会认同。我们讨论了社会认同理论的意义以及元认同在支持有意义和功能性的群体生活中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Too little money or time? Using justifications to maintain a positive image after self-control failure 是钱太少还是时间太少?自我控制失败后用理由维持正面形象
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3010
Janina Steinmetz

Research has shown that people frequently fail at exerting self-control. Yet, having good self-control is essential for being trusted and relied on. In this research, I test which common and frequent excuses for self-control failures (i.e., resulting from lack of time vs. money) allow people to maintain an image of good self-control despite failure. In six studies (five pre-registered), using different types of self-control domains, I show that participants perceived someone who failed at a resolution to nevertheless have good self-control if they failed because they lacked money (vs. time) to follow through (Study 1). This effect was due to the mediated (Study 2a) and manipulated (Study 2b) perceived controllability of the excuse. This effect had downstream consequences for participants’ hypothetical and real behaviour toward the individual when their outcomes were interdependent (Studies 3 and 4). Finally, participants lacked insight into these patterns when communicating their own self-control failures, which they attributed to a lack of time over money (Study 5).

研究表明,人们经常无法做到自我控制。然而,拥有良好的自控力是获得信任和依赖的必要条件。在这项研究中,我测试了哪些常见的、经常出现的自我控制失败的借口(例如,由于缺乏时间和金钱)可以让人们在失败后仍然保持良好的自我控制形象。在六项研究(其中五项是预先登记的)中,我使用了不同类型的自我控制领域,结果表明,如果一个人因为缺乏金钱(而不是时间)而无法完成某项决议,那么参与者会认为这个人具有良好的自我控制能力(研究 1)。这种效应是由借口的可控性所中介(研究 2a)和操纵(研究 2b)造成的。当结果相互依存时,这种效应会对参与者对个人的假设行为和真实行为产生下游影响(研究 3 和研究 4)。最后,参与者在交流自己的自我控制失败时缺乏对这些模式的洞察力,他们将失败归因于缺乏时间而不是金钱(研究 5)。
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引用次数: 0
Diplomacy online: A case of mistaking broadcasting for dialogue 外交在线:误把广播当作对话的案例
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3015
Carla Anne Roos, Sonja Utz, Namkje Koudenburg, Tom Postmes

Online discussions can fuel perceptions of misalignment, disagreement, conflict or even polarization. In this study, we look at everyday diplomatic expressions that could buffer this. We use automated and manual coding to analyze diplomatic behaviour in online discussions and its consequences for discussion sentiment. We analyze Reddit forums with differing norms: civil (N = 4594 comments), incivil (N = 2126) and social support subreddits (N = 1401). The automated content analysis shows that diplomatic behaviour occurs but does not affect the subsequent discussion. The manual analysis reveals why: discussions consist of disjointed statements rather than dialogue, making diplomacy inconsequential. These results have consequences for the field. First, what appears to be an escalating dialogue might actually be a string of personal attitudes broadcasted in a shared space. Second, the usefulness of automated content analysis in studying interaction dynamics is limited because of difficulties distinguishing broadcasting from dialogue.

在线讨论可能会加剧人们对不一致、分歧、冲突甚至两极分化的看法。在这项研究中,我们来看看可以缓和这种情况的日常外交表达。我们使用自动和手动编码来分析在线讨论中的外交行为及其对讨论情绪的影响。我们分析了不同规范的Reddit论坛:民事(N = 4594),非民事(N = 2126)和社会支持子Reddit (N = 1401)。自动内容分析显示,外交行为发生了,但不影响随后的讨论。手工分析揭示了原因:讨论是由不连贯的声明组成的,而不是对话,这使得外交变得无关紧要。这些结果对该领域产生了影响。首先,看似升级的对话实际上可能是在共享空间中传播的一系列个人态度。其次,由于难以区分广播和对话,自动内容分析在研究交互动态方面的有用性受到限制。
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引用次数: 0
The intra-individual power of contact: Investigating when, how and why intergroup contact and intergroup outcomes fluctuate together 接触的个人内部力量:调查群体间接触和群体间结果何时、如何以及为何同时波动
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3016
Jessica Boin, Giulia Fuochi, Alberto Voci, Miles Hewstone

Intergroup contact research has rarely considered the intra-individual (within-person) variability of contact. Using a three-wave longitudinal dataset (N = 565), this research aimed to (a) test the within-person simultaneous associations between positive and negative contacts and several intergroup outcomes (i.e. attitudes, prejudice, perceived variability, anxiety, empathy and deprovincialization), while controlling for between-person associations; (b) understand whether and how within-person simultaneous associations are mediated by empathy, anxiety and deprovincialization, and moderated by between-person contact and social dominance orientation (SDO). We found that within- and between-person variations in positive and negative contacts were associated with all intergroup outcomes, except intergroup anxiety for within-person contact. These associations were mainly mediated by the same processes (i.e., empathy and deprovincialization); the associations of within-person variations in contact with intergroup outcomes were largely independent of between-person contact and SDO. Intra-individual contact fluctuations matter for simultaneous prejudice reduction, suggesting the importance of frequent positive contact.

群体间接触研究很少考虑个体内(人内)接触的可变性。利用三波纵向数据集(N = 565),本研究旨在(a)在控制人际关系的同时,测试积极和消极接触与若干群体间结果(即态度、偏见、感知变异性、焦虑、共情和去省际化)之间的个人内部同时关联;(b)了解共情、焦虑和去地方化是否以及如何调节人际接触和社会优势取向(SDO)。我们发现,积极和消极接触的个人内部和个人之间的差异与所有组间结果相关,除了个人接触的组间焦虑。这些关联主要由相同的过程介导(即共情和去省际化);人与人之间的接触变化与组间结果的关联在很大程度上独立于人与人之间的接触和SDO。个体内部接触的波动对同时减少偏见很重要,这表明频繁的积极接触的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Negative contexts as catalyzers: Belief in a just world enhances political trust via perceived procedural justice, and contextual procedural injustice boosts it 消极情境作为催化剂:对公正世界的信念通过感知程序正义来增强政治信任,而情境程序不公正则促进政治信任
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.3011
Márton Hadarics

In our multinational study, we tested the hypothesis that belief in a just world (BJW) enhances political trust by strengthening perceptions of political procedural justice. Based on data from the ninth round of the European Social Survey and various country-ranking indices, we found a positive relationship between BJW and political trust, with perceived procedural justice serving as an important mediator in this relationship. More importantly, our multilevel analysis indicated that the actual quality of procedural justice moderates this relationship in a way that BJW enhances perceived procedural justice and political trust indirectly to a greater extent in countries with more severe problems with political procedural justice. The results show that a negative context serves as a catalyzer for motivated perceptions, as BJW pushes perceptions in the direction of justice even more strongly in an unjust context, which, in turn, contributes to gratuitous political trust.

在我们的跨国研究中,我们检验了对公正世界的信念(BJW)通过加强对政治程序正义的感知来增强政治信任的假设。基于第九轮欧洲社会调查和各种国家排名指数的数据,我们发现BJW与政治信任之间存在正相关关系,感知程序正义在这种关系中起着重要的中介作用。更重要的是,我们的多层次分析表明,程序正义的实际质量调节了这种关系,在政治程序正义问题更严重的国家,BJW在更大程度上间接增强了感知程序正义和政治信任。研究结果表明,负面环境是动机感知的催化剂,因为BJW在不公正的环境中更强烈地推动了正义方向的感知,这反过来又有助于无端的政治信任。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Social Psychology
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