Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

Hardiness has consistently expanded across various research disciplines, maintaining significant scholarly interest since its inception. Research has continuously evolved the theoretical framework, assessment methods, and training programs of hardiness. However, a comprehensive literature review is still lacking. This study offers a holistic retrospection of hardiness research, tracking its progress through bibliometric analysis. Analysing 690 publications from the Web of Science database (2002–2023), the study explores research trends using citation, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling techniques to uncover thematic and intellectual structures. Using VOSviewer for visualization and network analysis, the study identifies three foundational and ten thematic clusters. The findings highlight the extant landscape of hardiness research and helps outline future research directions, thereby expanding the horizons of the domain.

Risky decisions made by powerful individuals have significant financial implications for businesses and society. Understanding the factors influencing these decisions is crucial. Research indicates that people with a high sense of power are more prone to take investment and gambling risks, yet the role of individual differences remains underexplored. This study (N = 245) investigates cognitive flexibility as a potential mediator between power and financial risk-taking. Results reveal that a sense of power enhances cognitive flexibility and reduces risk perception in both investment and gambling contexts. Consequently, powerful individuals exhibit an increased propensity for risky financial behaviors. Furthermore, a serial mediation effect was identified, showing that cognitive flexibility and risk perception together mediate the relationship between power and risky financial choices. These findings offer novel insights into how cognitive flexibility can explain the link between power and financial risk-taking, highlighting its role in shaping risk perception and decision-making processes.

Both the belief in a just world (BJW) and conspiracy theory (CT) endorsement assist people to make sense of their world when they encounter ambiguous situations. When one endorses BJW as a generalised framework for understanding their world, however, they may be less motivated to endorse more contextualised CTs. The present study tests this theoretical assertion and explores the extent to which ambiguity tolerance—a preference for black-and-white thinking—and scientific reasoning skills might modify the association. Findings indicate that people with low ambiguity tolerance and higher BJW were less likely to endorse CTs. However, when ambiguity tolerance is high, there was no such association. Scientific reasoning did not moderate the association between BJW and CT endorsement. This research provides support for the buffering effect of BJW against the endorsement of conspiracy theories when ambiguity tolerance is low and regardless of people's scientific reasoning abilities. We discuss the benefits of endorsing adaptive worldviews as a protective factor against engaging in more detrimental beliefs.

Research on the links between “dark” personality traits and fertility is scarce, despite its conceptual significance – examining the links between behavioral traits and fertility is a pivotal step in analyzing the current evolution of the traits. We examined the associations between the Dark Tetrad traits (psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism) and fertility (measured by the number of children) in a sample of Serbian prisoners (N = 590). Additionally, we examined how the duration, magnitude, and versatility of criminal behavior (i.e., criminal career) is associated with fertility, including its mediating role in the link between the Dark Tetrad and fertility. Correlation analysis showed negative associations between sadism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, criminal career, and fertility. The two latter associations were confirmed in the regression analysis and extended by the positive contribution of narcissism to the prediction. Finally, path analysis showed that a criminal career fully mediates the negative association between psychopathy and fertility and partially mediates the association between Machiavellianism and fertility; narcissim had positive path to fertility in this analysis as well. Hence, the research results showed that criminal behavior, as one of the behavioral outcomes of the Dark Tetrad traits, may be involved in a decrease in reproductive fitness and thus produce fitness costs for the dark traits themselves, particularly psychopathy and Machiavellianism.

Observers' ratings of personality better predict work outcomes than self-ratings (Oh, Wang, & Mount, 2011). Emerging studies suggested that observers have greater accuracy than target persons themselves (“clearer lens”) by showing that acquaintance ratings of personality had predictive advantages beyond self-ratings. Here, we extend prior research by investigating the role of acquaintance-rated honesty-humility for predicting extra-role behaviors. We hypothesized that acquaintance-rated honesty-humility would incrementally predict counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) beyond self-ratings. In a multi-source field study with data from employees, acquaintances, and coworkers, we found that acquaintance-rated honesty-humility predicted OCB incrementally beyond self-ratings, but not CWB. Furthermore, acquaintance-rated honesty-humility was the most important predictor for OCB when compared to conscientiousness and agreeableness. Moreover, we found equal validity of self- and acquaintance-rated personality in relation to co-worker rated personality. We discuss implications for personality theory, measurement, and practice.

The present study examined for the first time the possibility that personal Belief in a Just World (BJW) is a personal resource for healthcare professionals, irrespective of the demands they face in their everyday work life, and/or a coping resource for facing demands due to the higher perceived suffering of their patients. A total of 497 healthcare professionals (physicians and nurses) voluntarily consented to answer an anonymous online survey. Self-reported measures of personal BJW, of the perception of patients' suffering, and of healthcare professionals' exhaustion were collected. We found a positive association between the perception of patients' suffering and healthcare workers' exhaustion, and a negative association between personal BJW and healthcare workers' exhaustion. Furthermore, a significant interaction between personal BJW and the perception of suffering on exhaustion showed that at lower levels of personal BJW, the higher the perception of patients' suffering the higher the exhaustion. In contrast, at higher levels of personal BJW the perception of patients' suffering was not associated with exhaustion. Our results supported the hypotheses of personal BJW operating both as a personal resource and a coping resource for healthcare professionals, underscoring the relevance of promoting workplace conditions that healthcare workers experience as just.

In recent years, Western countries have seen unprecedented fertility declines; increasing childlessness, lower fertility levels and a shift in the timing of fertility to increasingly older ages. The reasons behind these changes in reproductive patterns have been insufficiently understood. In an era emphasizing individual autonomy and personal choice in family planning, personality traits could play a significant role in shaping family formation and fertility patterns. To explore this we use personality measures from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) combined with birth records from the Norwegian Population Registry (N = 27,585). We investigated how extraversion and neuroticism related to three measures of fertility (age of a first child, number of children and childlessness) across four decades. Our study finds that extraversion was associated with an earlier age at first birth and a greater number of children ever born. Neuroticism was associated with an earlier age at first birth but fewer children ever born. Associations were generally stronger for men. Extraversion showed no clear time trends, whereas neuroticism has generally become more strongly associated with fertility in younger cohorts.

Accurate detection of counterpart cooperativeness is vital for human survival and development. However, whether people identify high Machiavellians, who intend to defect their counterparts in cooperative situations, as uncooperative is unknown. This study examined whether the general public could identify differences in cooperativeness between high and low Machiavellians based on their facial appearance, as well as the boundary conditions of this effect. Two experiments were conducted. Participants were asked to rate the cooperativeness of targets, including men and women with high and low Machiavellianism, shown on real facial photos created in a preliminary experiment (Experiments 1 and 2), and report their own Machiavellianism level (Experiment 2). Results consistently showed that the participants identified high Machiavellians as less cooperative than low Machiavellians. Moreover, we also identified two theoretical moderators: the effect only existed when the targets were male but not when they were female, and the effect was stronger when the raters were low Machiavellians as opposed to high Machiavellians. This study advances the current understanding of cooperation detection by demonstrating that people could reliably identify the low levels of cooperativeness of high Machiavellians based on facial appearance cues, and by comprehensively testing its moderators.

Relationships involving people with personality disorders are known to be distressing to partners. There is a relative dearth of research, however, into the personalities of their partners. The current study examines the personality profiles of women in relationships with men with ASPD, BPD, or NPD.

We found that the sample was significantly more agreeable than a normative sample of women. We also conducted a latent profile analysis found four personality profiles that are consistently high on agreeableness and conscientiousness but vary on neuroticism and extraversion.

Our results suggest that that there are several distinct personality profiles of women who find themselves in a relationship with men perceived to have PDs. This information can be used to inform interventions addressing personality pathology. In addition, future research is needed to determine if the womens' personality traits were changed by the relationship or were a vulnerability to entering or staying in maladaptive relationships.