Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第8页

Influence of inert-gas dilution on flame extinction and spread over solid fuel in low velocity oxidizer flows 惰性气体稀释对低速氧化剂流动中火焰熄灭和在固体燃料上蔓延的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104548

Feng Zhu , Sen Li , Shuangfeng Wang , Wenlong Wang , Yuhan Jiang

Physical or inert fire suppressants such as N₂, Ar, and CO₂ have been broadly used on earth, while CO₂ suppressant is now employed aboard human-crew spacecrafts where the atmospheric environment is characterized primarily by low-velocity oxidizer flow. Effects of inert diluent gases (N₂, Ar, He, CO₂) on flame spread and extinction behavior over thermally-thick solid fuel with low-velocity opposed oxidizer flow environment were studied by experiments and numerical simulation. With the same oxygen volume concentration and flow velocity, the flame propagates fastest when He is used as the diluted gas, while propagates slowest in O₂/CO₂ environment. Further study found that CO₂, which has a large heat capacity to decrease the flame temperature, reduces the flame spread through thermal effect, while He promotes flame spread rate through both thermal and transport effect. In O₂/He environment, the flame extinction behavior is dominated by the diffusion effect through the greatest thermal diffusion to increase the excessive radiative heat loss ratio. In O₂/CO₂, the oxygen concentration limit comes second, which is dominated by thermal effect. The flammability range is the largest in O₂/Ar. The simulation results show that in low-velocity flow environment, if the inert-gases can emit or absorb thermal radiation, the characteristic heat transfer length increases. However, the reabsorption of emitted radiation has small effects on flame spread. This study provides valuable data on flame dynamics in diluted gases and can help develop more effective and applicable fire extinguishing agent for manned spacecraft in microgravity.

物理或惰性灭火剂，如N2、Ar和CO2已在地球上广泛使用，而CO2灭火剂现在被用于载人航天器，其大气环境主要以低速氧化剂流为特征。采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了惰性稀释气体（N2、Ar、He、CO2）对低速对氧化剂流动环境下热厚固体燃料上火焰蔓延和熄灭行为的影响。在氧气体积浓度和流速相同的情况下，以He作为稀释气体时火焰传播速度最快，而在O2/CO2环境中传播速度最慢。进一步研究发现，CO2具有较大的降低火焰温度的热容，通过热效应减少火焰的传播，而He通过热效应和输运效应促进火焰的传播速度。在O2/He环境下，火焰的熄灭行为以扩散效应为主，通过最大的热扩散增加了过量的辐射热损失比。在O2/CO2中，氧浓度极限次之，主要受热效应影响。在O2/Ar中可燃性范围最大。仿真结果表明，在低速流动环境下，如果惰性气体能够发射或吸收热辐射，则特征换热长度增大。然而，发射辐射的重吸收对火焰蔓延的影响很小。该研究提供了稀释气体中火焰动力学的宝贵数据，有助于开发更有效和适用于微重力载人航天器的灭火剂。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting the fire performance of intumescent fire-retardant coating with inert and oxidative reaction schemes 用惰性和氧化反应方案预测膨胀型防火涂料的防火性能

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104541

Liang Yi , Saiya Feng , Zhengyang Wang , Yan Ding , Yuhao Li

Accurate evaluation of the performance of Intumescent fire-retardant coating (IFRC) is critical for predicting fire behavior in protected construction. In this work, the pyrolysis performance of IFRC is characterized in both N₂ and air. Comprehensive models based on ThermaKin are developed. A seven-step inert reaction and eight-step oxidative reaction schemes are proposed to describe the pyrolysis of IFRC in N₂ and air. The corresponding kinetic and thermodynamic model parameters are obtained by inversely analyzing the measurements. The obtained comprehensive models are used to simulate the experimental results of cone calorimeter. Both model simulations capture the trend of mass loss rate (MLR) curves. However, the simulation with oxidative reaction scheme presents a faster initial MLR increase rate, higher MLR peak (MLR_peak) and earlier time to MLR_peak with higher R² of 0.91, 0.95 and 0.85 (for the dry film thickness of 1.00 mm, 2.00 mm and 3.00 mm). This is due to the exothermic reactions in air accelerating the IFRC pyrolysis, while the endothermic reactions in N₂ decelerating the IFRC pyrolysis. The model with an oxidative reaction scheme can better predict the performance of IFRC in real-fire scenarios, which may contribute to the evaluation of IFRC in the construction fire design.

准确评价膨胀防火涂料的性能对于预测防护建筑的火灾行为至关重要。在这项工作中，表征了IFRC在N2和空气中的热解性能。开发了基于ThermaKin的综合模型。提出了7步惰性反应和8步氧化反应方案来描述IFRC在N2和空气中的热解。通过反分析得到相应的动力学和热力学模型参数。利用所得的综合模型对锥形量热计的实验结果进行了模拟。两种模式的模拟都捕捉到了质量损失率（MLR）曲线的趋势。而氧化反应方案的模拟结果显示，初始MLR增加速率更快，MLR峰（MLRpeak）更高，到达MLRpeak的时间更早，R2更高，分别为0.91、0.95和0.85（干膜厚度分别为1.00 mm、2.00 mm和3.00 mm）。这是由于空气中的放热反应加速了IFRC的热解，而N2中的吸热反应减慢了IFRC的热解。采用氧化反应方案的模型能较好地预测红新月会复合材料在真实火灾场景下的性能，为红新月会复合材料在建筑防火设计中的性能评价提供依据。

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引用次数: 0

Development of ghosting flames in an under-ventilated compartment 在不通风的隔间中产生鬼影火焰

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104533

Ryan Falkenstein-Smith , Katherine Hinnant , Aika Davis , Thomas Cleary

This work examines the transition of an enclosure fire to an under-ventilated scenario such that conditions are conducive to a ghosting flame within the enclosure. Ghosting flames were observed when flames generated from a burner using propane were lifted off the burner and sporadically occupied other regions of the compartment. All experiments were conducted within a reduced-scale enclosure with a varying width of either 2.0 cm, 4.0 cm, or 10.0 cm. Each opening configuration was subjected to a range of fire sizes within the enclosure to determine the conditions conducive to ghosting flame. The compartment was observed to transition to under-ventilated conditions, such that significant concentrations of hydrocarbons were generated within the enclosure when the global equivalence ratio in the upper region was equal to 1. Ghosting flames were observed when the measured global equivalence ratio in the upper compartment region reached 2.3

\pm

0.2 and were found to continuously occur as the ratio continued to exceed that value steadily. This suggests that a ghosting flame phenomenon occurs when the rate at which fuel is introduced is more than a factor of ten relative to the airflow into the compartment.

这项工作考察了围场火灾到通风不足情况的过渡，这样的条件有利于围场内的幽灵火焰。当使用丙烷的燃烧器产生的火焰从燃烧器中升起并零星地占据隔间的其他区域时，可以观察到幽灵火焰。所有实验均在缩小尺寸的围栏内进行，围栏宽度分别为2.0 cm、4.0 cm或10.0 cm。每一个开口的配置都受到了范围内的火大小的影响，以确定有利于重影火焰的条件。观察到隔室过渡到通风不足的条件，因此当上部区域的整体等效比等于1时，在封闭室内产生了显著的碳氢化合物浓度。当测量的上隔室区域整体等效比达到2.3±0.2时，可以观察到重影火焰，并且随着该比值的持续稳定超过该值，重影火焰不断发生。这表明，当引入燃料的速度相对于进入隔室的气流超过十倍时，就会发生重影火焰现象。

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引用次数: 0

EvacUnet: A deep learning-based crowd density prediction method for assisting evacuation analysis EvacUnet：一种基于深度学习的人群密度预测方法，用于辅助疏散分析

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104559

Mingyu Du, Ruolong Yi, Jun Zhang, Weiguo Song

Evacuation safety is an important research topic in the field of safety science. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based method, EvacUnet, which, after inputting architectural floor plans, enables rapid calculation of density maps for different time points of interest. This method enables the rapid acquisition of density distributions during pedestrian evacuation processes across various scenes, thereby assisting in personnel management and contributing to the safe evacuation of individuals. To facilitate deep learning training, we introduce a large-scale evacuation dataset containing different types of buildings. Our test results demonstrate that EvacUnet is effective in generating density maps for various building structures and occupancy scenes. Importantly, in various scenes with differing levels of complexity, a consistently stable running speed is maintained. In engineering applications, this method will greatly save the costs of risk analysis for complex buildings, especially when multiple building structures and occupancy distributions need to be considered.

疏散安全是安全科学领域的一个重要研究课题。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的方法，即EvacUnet，该方法在输入建筑平面图后，可以快速计算不同时间点的密度图。该方法能够在不同场景的行人疏散过程中快速获取密度分布，从而协助人员管理并有助于个人的安全疏散。为了便于深度学习训练，我们引入了一个包含不同类型建筑物的大规模疏散数据集。我们的测试结果表明，EvacUnet在为各种建筑结构和占用场景生成密度地图方面是有效的。重要的是，在各种复杂程度不同的场景中，始终保持稳定的运行速度。在工程应用中，该方法将大大节省复杂建筑的风险分析成本，特别是在需要考虑多个建筑结构和占用分布的情况下。

引用次数: 0

Beyond the worst-case scenario: Inconsistencies in dust flammability parameter determination for organic solid fuels 在最坏的情况之外：有机固体燃料的粉尘可燃性参数测定不一致

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104518

Nieves Fernandez-Anez , Isabel Amez , Bjarne C. Hagen , Alberto Tascon , Blanca Castells

The use of solid organic fuels is expected to continue increasing during the near future, requiring bigger facilities and storage units. It is known that one of the main risks associated to these materials is the risk of fire and explosion. While flammability parameters and testing standards have been adapted from fossil fuel research, these adaptations often fail to account for the unique properties and behaviour of organic dusts. This study aims to critically evaluate the applicability of current flammability testing standards to organic solid fuels, identify inconsistencies in parameter determination, and propose improvements to enhance safety assessments. Special attention is given to the influence of particle size, moisture content, and composition on ignition sensitivity. A comprehensive literature review was conducted alongside experimental thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of wood pellet dusts under varying conditions. The study examined how methodological variables (such as crucible size, heating rate, and gas atmosphere) affect thermal decomposition profiles and ignition-related parameters. The results reveal that current standards often overlook critical variables such as sample preparation, dispersion method, and equipment configuration, leading to inconsistent or non-representative results. TGA parameters like maximum weight loss temperature and induction temperature were found to be sensitive to test conditions. The study underscores the need for more detailed and standardized testing protocols tailored to organic dusts. It advocates for a shift beyond worst-case scenario assumptions toward more realistic, scenario-specific assessments. These improvements are essential for enhancing the reliability of flammability data and ensuring safer industrial practices involving combustible dusts.

预计在不久的将来，固体有机燃料的使用将继续增加，需要更大的设施和储存单元。众所周知，与这些材料相关的主要风险之一是火灾和爆炸的风险。虽然可燃性参数和测试标准已经从化石燃料研究中调整，但这些调整往往无法解释有机粉尘的独特性质和行为。本研究旨在批判性地评估当前可燃性测试标准对有机固体燃料的适用性，识别参数确定中的不一致之处，并提出改进措施以加强安全评估。特别注意的是颗粒大小，水分含量和组成对点火敏感性的影响。对不同条件下木屑粉尘进行了全面的文献综述和实验热重分析（TGA）。该研究考察了方法变量（如坩埚尺寸、加热速率和气体气氛）如何影响热分解剖面和点火相关参数。结果表明，目前的标准往往忽略了关键变量，如样品制备、分散方法和设备配置，导致结果不一致或不具有代表性。最大失重温度和感应温度等TGA参数对试验条件比较敏感。这项研究强调需要针对有机粉尘制定更详细和标准化的测试方案。它提倡从最坏情况的假设转向更现实的、具体情况的评估。这些改进对于提高可燃性数据的可靠性和确保涉及可燃性粉尘的更安全的工业实践至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Performance based classifcation of product fire hazard 基于性能的产品火灾危险分类

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104563

Richard E. Lyon, Tina Emami, Richard N. Walters, Timothy Salter

A dimensionless parameter Π measured in one or more cone calorimeter experiments successfully describes the level of fire safety of combustible products used in buildings, construction and passenger aircraft cabins as measured in regulatory tests. The product fire hazard Π is a compound reaction-to-fire property that correlates full-scale fire test results (ISO 9705, ASTM E84, 14 CFR 25) and product fire safety levels across international classifications.

在一个或多个锥形量热计实验中测量的无量纲参数Π成功地描述了在监管测试中测量的用于建筑物、建筑和客机客舱的可燃产品的消防安全水平。产品火灾危险Π是一种对火灾的复合反应特性，它与全尺寸火灾测试结果（ISO 9705, ASTM E84, 14 CFR 25）和国际分类的产品防火安全水平相关。

引用次数: 0

Predicting fabric flammability and skin burn injury risk in high oxygen concentration normoxic atmospheres 高氧常压环境下织物可燃性及皮肤烧伤风险预测

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104561

Lilly Etzenbach , Christina Liveretou , Jose Rivera , Madeleine Bardy , Carlos Fernandez-Pello , Michael Gollner , David Urban

As the number of manned space missions is set to rise significantly, it is critical to establish comprehensive safety standards adapted to Space Exploration Atmospheres, including for astronaut intravehicular clothing. Fabric flammability is typically tested under standard atmospheric conditions, and few studies consider the conditions characterizing future space facilities, such as reduced gravity, low flow velocities, low pressures, and elevated oxygen concentrations. This work evaluates the burn injury risk and time to second-degree burn induced by flame spread over textiles resting above an astronaut’s skin. Experiments were conducted under varying normoxic atmospheric conditions and sensor-to-fabric airgaps simulating the floating of garments under microgravity. Results demonstrate that while synthetic fabrics induce a low skin burn injury risk at standard atmospheric conditions, they pose a high risk at higher normoxic oxygen concentrations with hazardous burn patterns. At low oxygen concentrations, a large airgap reduces burn injury risk, but at higher oxygen concentrations, it has a minimal impact. Overall, wool and Nomex emerged with superior fire safety performance. Results were interpreted through thermochemistry to identify fabric properties associated with reduced burn injury risk. Together, the experimental results and the analysis presented provide novel insights to establish critical safety standards tailored to space environments.

随着载人航天任务数量的显著增加，建立适应太空探索大气的综合安全标准至关重要，包括宇航员舱内服装。织物可燃性通常在标准大气条件下进行测试，很少有研究考虑未来空间设施的特征条件，如重力降低、低流速、低压和高氧浓度。这项工作评估了火焰蔓延到宇航员皮肤上的纺织品上引起的烧伤风险和二度烧伤的时间。实验在不同的常压大气条件和传感器与织物的气隙下进行，模拟微重力下服装的漂浮。结果表明，虽然合成纤维在标准大气条件下诱导皮肤烧伤的风险较低，但在较高的常氧浓度下，它们会产生高风险的危险烧伤模式。在低氧浓度下，大的气隙可以降低烧伤风险，但在高氧浓度下，它的影响很小。总的来说，羊毛和Nomex具有优越的消防安全性能。结果通过热化学解释，以确定与降低烧伤风险相关的织物特性。总之，实验结果和所提出的分析为建立适合空间环境的关键安全标准提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

DSM-based prediction of lateral-torsional failure of cold-formed steel lipped channel beams at elevated Temperatures: Influence of the constitutive model 基于dsm的冷弯型钢唇形槽钢高温侧扭破坏预测：本构模型的影响

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104547

Natan Sian das Neves , Alexandre Landesmann , Dinar Camotim

Recently, the authors investigated the post-buckling behaviour, strength and Direct Strength Method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel (CFS) single-span simply supported lipped channel beams failing in lateral-torsional (LT) modes at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C), adopting the constitutive model prescribed in Part 1–2 of Eurocode 3. The main fruit of this investigation was the development of an efficient DSM-based design approach capable of predicting adequately the beam LT failure moments. Since the failure moments at elevated temperatures are obviously influenced by the temperature-dependent material model considered, it is important to assess how the failure moment prediction quality provided by the above DSM-based design approach is influenced by a change in the material model adopted − this paper aims precisely at reporting an investigation dealing with such a performance assessment for the particular case of the material model at elevated temperatures prescribed by the current Australian/New Zealand specification for cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS 4600). Like in the previous investigation, a large set of CFS beams at elevated temperatures (up to 800 °C) are analysed, exhibiting (i) various cross-section dimensions and yield stresses, selected to cover wider LT slenderness ranges, (ii) two end support conditions, differing only in the end cross-section wall displacement/rotation and warping restraints (either fully free or fully prevented), and (iii) temperature-dependent steel material properties according with the model prescribed in AS/NZS 4600. The results presented and discussed, obtained through ABAQUS shell finite element (SFE) geometrically and material non-linear analyses including (critical-mode − LT) initial geometrical imperfections (GMNIA), consist of beam LT (i) post-buckling equilibrium paths and deformed configurations, and (ii) fairly extensive numerical failure moment data. These numerical failure moments, together with those available in the literature, are then used to show that the quality of their predictions provided by the recently developed DSM-based strength curves becomes inadequate due to the change in the temperature-dependent steel constitutive model adopted. However, it is also shown that such inadequacy can be removed by merely inserting a new parameter that takes into account the specific features of the AS/NZS 4600 CFS constitutive model. This means that the format of the recently developed DSM-based strength curves can be retained and should constitute a good starting point to search for an efficient general DSM-based design approach for CFS beams failing in LT modes at room and elevated temperatures.

最近，作者采用欧洲规范3第1-2部分规定的本构模型，研究了高温（高达800°C）下，冷弯钢（CFS）单跨简支唇形槽钢在侧向扭转（LT）模式下的失稳后屈曲行为、强度和直接强度法（DSM）设计。这项研究的主要成果是开发了一种有效的基于dsm的设计方法，能够充分预测梁的LT失效时刻。由于高温下的破坏矩明显受到所考虑的温度相关材料模型的影响，评估上述基于dsm的设计方法所提供的失效矩预测质量如何受到所采用的材料模型变化的影响是很重要的——本文的目的正是报告一项调查，该调查针对当前澳大利亚/新西兰冷弯钢结构规范（AS/NZS 4600）规定的高温下材料模型的特殊情况进行了这种性能评估。与之前的调查一样，对高温（高达800°C）下的大量CFS梁进行了分析，显示出(i)不同的横截面尺寸和屈服应力，选择覆盖更宽的LT长细范围，（ii）两种末端支撑条件，仅在端横截面壁位移/旋转和翘曲限制（完全自由或完全防止）方面有所不同。（iii）根据AS/NZS 4600中规定的模型，与温度相关的钢材料性能。通过ABAQUS壳体有限元（SFE）几何和材料非线性分析（包括（临界模式- LT）初始几何缺陷（GMNIA））获得的结果包括梁LT (i)屈曲后平衡路径和变形构型，以及（ii）相当广泛的数值破坏力矩数据。这些数值失效矩，连同文献中可用的失效矩，然后被用来表明，由于采用的温度相关钢本构模型的变化，由最近开发的基于dsm的强度曲线提供的预测质量变得不足。然而，也表明，这种不足可以通过仅仅插入一个考虑到AS/NZS 4600 CFS本构模型的具体特征的新参数来消除。这意味着最近开发的基于dsm的强度曲线的格式可以保留，并且应该构成一个良好的起点，以寻找一种有效的基于dsm的CFS梁在室温和高温下在LT模式下失效的通用设计方法。

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引用次数: 0

Acute lung injury in mice induced by halogenated olefins fire extinguishing agents: Role of chemical structure and gender differences 卤代烯烃灭火剂致小鼠急性肺损伤：化学结构和性别差异的作用

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104562

Fuyao Yao , Kaitao Wang , Jingwen Bai , Xiaoyang Yu , Ruowen Zong

Halogenated olefin fire extinguishing agents, which are gaseous fire extinguishers, have been widely applied in fire protection due to their excellent fire suppression performance. However, current research has predominantly focused on their extinguishing efficiency, with limited attention given to their safety profiles or acute toxicity. This study conducted acute toxicity experiments in mice for four halogenated olefins fire extinguishing agents: 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (2-BTP), 2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (xf), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (yf), and cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butene (mzz(Z)). Histopathological analysis of lung tissue and behavioral assessments revealed that all three types of halogenated olefins induced lung injury and respiratory distress in mice, but the severity of damage varied. 2-BTP and xf demonstrated higher acute toxicity, whereas yf and mzz(Z) exhibited relatively lower toxicity. Furthermore, all three classes of compounds were found to suppress body weight gain in mice, with 2-BTP having the most pronounced impact and yf and mzz(Z) showing milder effects. Although fluoro-bromo olefins like 2-BTP show superior fire suppression performance, they also present greater safety risks among halogenated olefins. Conversely, hydrofluoro olefins, despite their lower extinguishing efficiency, demonstrated a more favorable safety profile. This study provides new insights and guidance for the future development of fire extinguishing agents with low toxicity.

卤代烯烃灭火剂是一种气态灭火剂，由于其优异的灭火性能，在消防中得到了广泛的应用。然而，目前的研究主要集中在它们的灭火效率上，对它们的安全性和急性毒性的关注有限。本研究对四种卤代烯烃灭火剂进行了小鼠急性毒性实验：2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯（2- btp）、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯（xf）、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯（yf）和顺式-1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟-2-丁烯（mzz(Z)）。肺组织病理学分析和行为评估显示，三种类型的卤代烯烃均可引起小鼠肺损伤和呼吸窘迫，但损伤的严重程度不同。2-BTP和xf具有较高的急性毒性，而yf和mzz(Z)具有相对较低的毒性。此外，这三种化合物都被发现能抑制小鼠的体重增加，其中2-BTP的影响最明显，yf和mzz(Z)的效果较温和。2-BTP等氟溴烯烃虽然灭火性能优越，但在卤代烯烃中存在较大的安全隐患。相反，氢氟烯烃尽管灭火效率较低，但表现出更有利的安全性。本研究为今后低毒灭火剂的开发提供了新的见解和指导。

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引用次数: 0

Temperature measurements in sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames under different oxygen concentrations 不同氧浓度下煤烟浮力湍流非预混火焰的温度测量

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Fire Safety Journal

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104555

Gang Xiong , Xingyu Ren , Dong Zeng , Robert Barlow , Yi Wang

Recently, significant efforts at FM have been devoted to creating a comprehensive dataset for 15 kW sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames under different oxygen concentrations (OCs) to support fire model development and validation. The dataset includes global measurements of combustion efficiency and radiant fraction, as well as local measurements of flow velocity, soot volume fraction, and radiation intensity. This study addresses challenges in measuring transient temperatures in these sooty flames using thermocouples. A new method using a single thermocouple with 25 μm wire diameter and a pre-calibrated effective bead size was developed and validated against the dual-thermocouple method. Temperature measurements were completed for the 15 kW sooty flames under 20.9 %, 16.8 %, and 15.2 % OCs. Temperature statistics, including mean, root-mean-square of fluctuations, and probability density functions, were obtained in a two-dimensional plane across the flame centerline. This temperature data complements and extends the existing dataset for the 15 kW sooty buoyant turbulent non-premixed flames, aiding in determining mass entrainment and the convective energy flow rates, and providing deeper insights into the fire dynamics and modeling. This enhanced dataset is a valuable resource for the development and validation of models on soot formation, thermal radiation, and flame extinction in fire simulations.

最近，FM致力于在不同氧浓度（OCs）下创建15 kW煤烟浮力湍流非预混火焰的综合数据集，以支持火灾模型的开发和验证。该数据集包括燃烧效率和辐射分数的全局测量，以及流速、烟尘体积分数和辐射强度的局部测量。本研究解决了使用热电偶测量这些煤烟火焰瞬态温度的挑战。提出了一种采用线径为25 μm的单个热电偶和预先校准的有效磁珠尺寸的新方法，并与双热电偶方法进行了验证。在20.9%、16.8%和15.2% oc下完成了15 kW烟炱火焰的温度测量。在火焰中心线的二维平面上获得了温度统计，包括平均值、波动均方根和概率密度函数。该温度数据补充并扩展了现有的15千瓦煤烟浮力湍流非预混火焰数据集，有助于确定质量卷带和对流能量流率，并为火灾动力学和建模提供更深入的见解。这个增强的数据集是开发和验证火灾模拟中烟尘形成、热辐射和火焰熄灭模型的宝贵资源。

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引用次数: 0