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Optimizing Customized Bus Lines Considering Users' Transfer Willingness under Cooperative and Competitive Relationship between Metro and Online Car-hailing 考虑地铁与网约车合作与竞争关系下用户的换乘意愿,优化定制公交线路
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100878
Beibei Wang , Xinyi Qi

In the context of ‘carbon peak’ and ‘carbon neutrality’, coordinating individual travel demand through multi-modal transportation and guiding travelers towards new shared public transportation (PT) modes is increasingly important. In this paper, we analyze the competitive and cooperative relationship between online car-hailing (OCH) services and metro systems in Nanning, China, and conduct a questionnaire survey among different types of OCH users. A mixed choice model that considers psychological latent variables is constructed to investigate OCH users’ attitudes and cognitions toward customized buses (CBs). An improved adaptive Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is proposed to identify potential carpooling station sets, and a hybrid genetic-ant colony algorithm (GACA) is designed to solve bi-level programming model for CB line optimization. Case study results indicate an 83.8% overall transfer rate from OCH users to CBs, with the optimized scheme achieving a 69.68% reduction in carbon emissions.

在 "碳峰值 "和 "碳中和 "的背景下,通过多式联运协调个人出行需求、引导旅客选择新型共享公共交通(PT)模式变得越来越重要。本文分析了中国南宁市网约车服务与地铁系统之间的竞争与合作关系,并对不同类型的网约车用户进行了问卷调查。本文构建了一个考虑心理潜变量的混合选择模型,以研究网约车用户对定制公交(CB)的态度和认知。提出了一种改进的自适应基于密度的有噪声应用空间聚类算法(DBSCAN)来识别潜在的拼车站点集,并设计了一种遗传-蚂蚁群落混合算法(GACA)来求解用于优化 CB 线路的双层编程模型。案例研究结果表明,从 OCH 用户到 CB 的总体换乘率为 83.8%,优化方案减少了 69.68% 的碳排放量。
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引用次数: 0
Acceptance of hyperloop: Developing a model for hyperloop acceptance based on an empirical study in the Netherlands 接受超级高铁:根据荷兰的一项实证研究建立超级高铁接受度模型
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100887
Patrick Planing, Jorina Hilser, Anesa Aljovic

Increasing urbanization is causing many challenges for mobility today, such as traffic jams and high carbon dioxide emissions. Hyperloop is a radical mobility innovation that could offer a potential solution for these issues. Since hyperloop is currently under development, overcoming technical and economic challenges and increasing its acceptance in society will decide the success of this innovative mode of transport. Currently, research on hyperloop user acceptance is limited. This study aims to identify users’ willingness to use the system and factors that determine support or rejection for hyperloop. Therefore, an acceptance model was proposed and then tested in an empirical study based on a sample consisting of N = 387 participants in the Netherlands. The results indicate that performance expectations (e.g., high speed, comfort, environmental advantages) support the acceptance of hyperloop. At the same time, safety concerns (e.g., technology failure, low-pressure environment) were identified as a rejection factor. Based on the results, interested stakeholders should consider the benefits, possible fears, and concerns regarding hyperloop in their communication. Future research should include experience opportunities with hyperloop to obtain more valid results.

城市化进程的加快给当今的交通带来了许多挑战,如交通拥堵和二氧化碳排放量高。超高速轨道是一种彻底的交通创新,可以为这些问题提供潜在的解决方案。由于超回路目前正在开发之中,克服技术和经济方面的挑战以及提高社会对其的接受度将决定这种创新交通模式的成败。目前,有关超级高铁用户接受度的研究还很有限。本研究旨在确定用户使用该系统的意愿以及决定支持或拒绝超级高铁的因素。因此,我们提出了一个接受模型,并在一项基于荷兰 387 名参与者样本的实证研究中进行了测试。结果表明,对性能的期望(如高速度、舒适度、环境优势)支持人们接受超级高铁。同时,安全问题(如技术故障、低压环境)被认为是一个拒绝因素。根据研究结果,相关利益方在沟通时应考虑到有关超级高铁的好处、可能的恐惧和担忧。未来的研究应包括体验超级高铁的机会,以获得更有效的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Can bike sharing achieve self-balancing distribution? Evidence from dockless and station-based cases 共享单车能否实现自我平衡分配?来自无桩式和站点式案例的证据
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100879
Mingzhuang Hua , Xinlian Yu , Xuewu Chen , Jingxu Chen , Long Cheng

In many cities, bike sharing systems, including station-based bike sharing (SBBS) and dockless bike sharing (DBS), are gaining popularity rapidly. Bike rebalancing is one of the most expensive aspects of bike sharing operations, and it takes several hours. In terms of reducing the inefficiencies of frequent short-term bike rebalancing, whether bike distribution achieves long-term self-balance for one day or even longer periods is a critical issue that has received insufficient attention. This paper aims to provide insights into long-term facility planning by investigating the self-balancing phenomenon of shared bikes. It is evaluated using daily stability analyses from the DBS case in Nanjing, China, and the SBBS case in New York, USA. DBS virtual stations were identified throughout the city, and (virtual) stations can be classified into four categories using various clustering methods. The findings demonstrate that 72% of DBS virtual stations and 81% of SBBS stations can achieve bike self-balancing, with only a few (virtual) stations failing to do so. In terms of non-self-balancing stations, bike-increasing stations are primarily located in the city center, whereas bike-fluctuating stations are primarily found near metro lines. This research can assist bike sharing companies with their daily operations and contribute to government management.

在许多城市,共享单车系统,包括站点式共享单车(SBBS)和无桩共享单车(DBS),正在迅速普及。单车调整是共享单车运营中最昂贵的环节之一,需要花费数小时。为了减少短期内频繁调整单车所带来的低效率,单车分布能否实现一天甚至更长时间的长期自我平衡,是一个尚未引起足够重视的关键问题。本文旨在通过研究共享单车的自平衡现象,为长期设施规划提供见解。本文通过对中国南京的 DBS 案例和美国纽约的 SBBS 案例进行日常稳定性分析,对其进行评估。在全市范围内确定了 DBS 虚拟站点,并利用各种聚类方法将(虚拟)站点分为四类。研究结果表明,72% 的 DBS 虚拟站点和 81% 的 SBBS 站点可以实现自行车自平衡,只有少数(虚拟)站点无法实现。就非自平衡站点而言,自行车增加站点主要位于市中心,而自行车波动站点主要位于地铁线附近。这项研究有助于共享单车公司的日常运营,也有助于政府管理。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond binary relationship: Multivariant analysis between ride-hailing and public transit based on multi-sourcing data 超越二元关系:基于多源数据的打车服务与公共交通之间的多变量分析
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100876
Liangbin Cui, Yajuan Deng, Yu Bai, Qinxin Peng

The impact of ride-hailing (RH) as an emerging mode of travel service on public transit (PT) systems has been confirmed. However, the current research only views the relationship between PT and RH as competition or complementation based on macro statistics and travel time differences. In fact, the relationship is beyond binary, and it is partial to take the travel time difference as the only classification factor. We constructed a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using RH data in Xi’an, and three indicators of travel time, cost, and service quality difference were used to classify the relationship between RH and PT. To clarify the factors influencing the relationship classifications, a Multinomial logistic model (MNL) was constructed with the built environment, economic factors, and travel purpose. The results show that the RH-PT relationship can be generally classified into four classifications: Competition (26.5%), RH superiority (47.7%), PT superiority (13.6%), and Irrelevance (12.2%). Competition occurs mainly around metro stations, RH superiority mainly during working hours in outer urban areas, and PT superiority is most widely distributed in the morning peak. POI density and the number of bus lines are positively correlated with Competition, RH superiority, and PT superiority. In addition, there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the RH-PT relationship, for which we constructed a Geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to analyze it. We find that the spatial heterogeneity may stem from the spatial autocorrelation and the spatial disparities in the distribution of regression coefficients. Therefore, policymakers should formulate policies to transform competition from multiple perspectives.

打车(RH)作为一种新兴的出行服务模式,对公共交通(PT)系统的影响已得到证实。然而,目前的研究仅从宏观统计数据和出行时间差出发,将公共交通与打车服务之间的关系视为竞争或互补。事实上,两者之间的关系并非二元对立,将出行时差作为唯一的分类因素是片面的。我们利用西安市的 RH 数据构建了高斯混合模型(GMM),利用旅行时间、成本和服务质量差异三个指标对 RH 和 PT 的关系进行分类。为了明确影响关系分类的因素,我们构建了一个包含建筑环境、经济因素和出行目的的多项式逻辑模型(MNL)。结果显示,RH-PT 关系一般可分为四类:竞争(26.5%)、RH 优势(47.7%)、PT 优势(13.6%)和不相关(12.2%)。竞争主要发生在地铁站周围,RH 优势主要发生在城市外围地区的工作时间,而 PT 优势则在早高峰分布最广。POI 密度和公交线路数量与 "竞争"、"RH 优势 "和 "PT 优势 "呈正相关。此外,RH-PT 关系还存在明显的空间异质性,为此我们构建了一个地理加权回归(GWR)模型对其进行分析。我们发现,空间异质性可能源于空间自相关和回归系数分布的空间差异。因此,政策制定者应从多角度制定竞争转型政策。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing urban car-sharing systems based on geospatial big data and machine learning: A spatio-temporal rebalancing perspective 基于地理空间大数据和机器学习的城市汽车共享系统优化:时空再平衡视角
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100875
He Li , Qiaoling Luo , Rui Li

Car-sharing mobility is an emerging sustainable transportation mode, but it poses great challenges to operators and urban traffic management due to the imbalance between supply and demand across time and space. To address the problem, this research proposes a spatio-temporal rebalancing optimization framework for the urban car-sharing system (CSS) based on geospatial big data and machine learning. In the spatial dimension, we construct the urban car-sharing network data set using geospatial big data. The graph deep learning is used to mine the car-sharing space demand patterns for location planning. This data-driven graph neural network approach breaks through the limitations of complex mathematical models in the previous location planning and can cope with large-scale CSS in real time when data is available. In the temporal dimension, we construct a combined optimization model of dynamic relocation and pricing based on the optimized car-sharing station layout. A multi-threaded reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal relocation and pricing scheme. Dynamic relocation and pricing strategies are obtained by reinforcement learning algorithms based on accumulated historical operational data and real-time market demand, aiming at maximizing profits and optimizing resource utilization. The simulation results show that the combined optimization model of dynamic relocation and pricing provides a more effective solution than the non-combined model. The proposed optimization framework provides systematic decision support for solving urban CSS supply–demand imbalance and yields extensive theoretical and practical implications, especially in urban traffic management.

共享汽车是一种新兴的可持续交通模式,但由于其在时间和空间上的供需不平衡,给运营商和城市交通管理带来了巨大挑战。针对这一问题,本研究提出了基于地理空间大数据和机器学习的城市汽车共享系统(CSS)时空再平衡优化框架。在空间维度上,我们利用地理空间大数据构建了城市汽车共享网络数据集。利用图深度学习挖掘共享汽车的空间需求模式,从而进行选址规划。这种数据驱动的图神经网络方法突破了以往选址规划中复杂数学模型的限制,可以在数据可用的情况下实时处理大规模 CSS。在时间维度上,我们基于优化后的共享汽车站布局,构建了动态迁移和定价的组合优化模型。提出了一种多线程强化学习算法来求解最优迁移和定价方案。基于积累的历史运营数据和实时市场需求,以利润最大化和资源利用最优化为目标,通过强化学习算法获得动态迁移和定价策略。仿真结果表明,动态搬迁和定价的组合优化模型比非组合模型提供了更有效的解决方案。所提出的优化框架为解决城市 CSS 供需失衡问题提供了系统的决策支持,尤其在城市交通管理方面具有广泛的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived discrimination, transit use, and walking behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the Understanding America Study COVID-19 大流行期间的歧视感、公交使用和步行行为:来自 "了解美国研究 "的证据
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100871
Abigail L. Cochran , Jueyu Wang , Evan Iacobucci

A rise in reporting and media coverage of negative social interactions and experiences of racism in transit and other public environments suggests that perceived discrimination may have affected the travel behavior and health of people of color during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, to examine relationships between race, perceived discrimination, transit use, and walking behavior, we draw on data collected in 20 waves of the Understanding America Study (UAS) COVID-19 tracking survey, fielded July 2020–July 2021. Importantly, we find that transit use among minorities continued during the pandemic at higher rates, especially among Black and Hispanic respondents, despite non-White respondents reporting more frequent perceptions of discrimination. Our linear mixed-effect model results further indicate that non-White respondents were notably more likely to use transit. Examining walking behavior, we find that White and Asian respondents consistently reported more walking than Black and Hispanic respondents, even when controlling for income. Crucially, we found that in the presence of controls, while large disparities were observed in both walking and transit behavior based on race, perceived discrimination had little to no effect. While disparities in travel behavior based on race are evidently better explained by structural factors as opposed to overt, individual-level discrimination, planners, policymakers, and designers should nevertheless give greater consideration to micro- and macro-scale interventions that facilitate safe transit use and walking for racial and ethnic minorities.

有关公交和其他公共环境中负面社会互动和种族主义经历的报道和媒体报道增多,这表明在 COVID-19 大流行期间,有色人种的出行行为和健康可能受到了感知到的歧视的影响。在本研究中,我们利用 2020 年 7 月至 2021 年 7 月进行的 "了解美国研究"(Understanding America Study,UAS)COVID-19 跟踪调查的 20 波数据,研究了种族、感知到的歧视、公交使用和步行行为之间的关系。重要的是,我们发现,尽管非白人受访者报告了更频繁的歧视感,但在大流行病期间,少数族裔的公交使用率仍然较高,尤其是黑人和西班牙裔受访者。我们的线性混合效应模型结果进一步表明,非白人受访者使用公共交通的可能性明显更高。在考察步行行为时,我们发现白人和亚裔受访者的步行次数一直高于黑人和西班牙裔受访者,即使在控制收入的情况下也是如此。最重要的是,我们发现在有控制措施的情况下,虽然基于种族的步行和公交行为差异很大,但感知到的歧视几乎没有影响。虽然基于种族的出行行为差异显然更能由结构性因素而非公开的、个人层面的歧视来解释,但规划者、决策者和设计者仍应更多地考虑微观和宏观层面的干预措施,以促进少数种族和少数民族安全使用公交和步行。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of passenger perception heterogeneity and differentiated service strategy for air-rail intermodal travel 空铁联运旅客感知异质性和差异化服务策略分析
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100872
Ziyi Zhou , Long Cheng , Min Yang , Lichao Wang , WeiJie Chen , Jian Gong , Jie Zou

Air-rail intermodal services (ARISs) represent a highly promising multimodal solution within the transportation sector. Nonetheless, various uncertainties and challenges persist across multiple dimensions of air-rail interline travel, with discrepancies in passenger perceptions being a notable aspect. In an effort to pinpoint the pivotal factors contributing to these disparities among distinct passenger profiles, this study employs the Structural Equation Modeling-Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause-Artificial Neural Network (SEM-MIMIC-ANN) methodology. This approach explores the impact of numerous attributes on passenger perceptions in the context of air-rail intermodal travel, leveraging questionnaire data gathered from Shijiazhuang multimodal passengers. Furthermore, the study utilizes the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) decision tree algorithm to categorize actual passengers into distinct characteristic groups. Subsequently, the perception levels of these diverse passenger groups are quantified through the calculation of comprehensive evaluation function values. In conclusion, taking into account the real-world conditions of air-rail interline travel, this research formulates a tailored service strategy aimed at enhancing the overall passenger experience.

空铁联运服务(ARIS)是运输业中极具前景的多式联运解决方案。然而,在空铁联运旅行的多个方面仍存在各种不确定性和挑战,其中一个显著的方面是乘客的认知差异。为了找出造成不同乘客差异的关键因素,本研究采用了结构方程建模-多指标多原因-人工神经网络(SEM-MIMIC-ANN)方法。该方法利用从石家庄多式联运乘客处收集的问卷数据,探讨了空铁联运背景下众多属性对乘客感知的影响。此外,研究还利用分类和回归树(CART)决策树算法将实际乘客分为不同的特征组。随后,通过计算综合评价函数值来量化这些不同乘客群体的感知水平。总之,考虑到空铁联运的实际情况,本研究制定了一套量身定制的服务策略,旨在提升乘客的整体体验。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated travel path guidance for metro-bikeshare users considering system operational budget costs using smart card data 利用智能卡数据考虑系统运营预算成本,为地铁共享单车用户提供综合出行路径指导
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100874
Yang Liu , Tao Feng , Zhuangbin Shi , Xinwei Ma , Mingwei He

Metro-bikeshare integration has emerged as a major sustainable mode of transportation for medium and long-distance travelers in various cities. To enhance the satisfaction of integrated metro-bikeshare users and improve the efficiency of urban multimodal transportation systems, this paper proposes integrated path guidance strategies for metro-bikeshare users, tailored to the diverse preferences of individuals. Using the actual smart card data collected from Nanjing, China, a path optimization model is developed to maximize integrated benefits within the metro-bikeshare multimodal network. These benefits include enhancing the overall travel utility of users, reducing the dispatching cost of shared bikes and realizing the load balance of passenger flow. The results show that an 8.89 % increase in total travel utility for all users though the optimization of travel path for 12.51 % of metro-bikeshare users, coupled with an average dispatching frequency of 1.18 times for each transfer node. Furthermore, tailored combined travel path optimization strategies are suggested for “first kilometer”, “last kilometer”, female, male, regular and non-regular users. These findings are helpful for governments and enterprises to formulate personalized path schemes and corresponding path guidance services for metro-bikeshare users.

地铁-共享单车一体化已成为各城市中长途出行的主要可持续交通方式。为了提高地铁-共享单车一体化用户的满意度,提高城市多式联运系统的效率,本文针对个人的不同偏好,提出了地铁-共享单车用户一体化路径引导策略。利用从中国南京收集到的实际智能卡数据,开发了一个路径优化模型,以最大限度地提高地铁-共享单车多式联运网络的综合效益。这些效益包括提高用户的整体出行效用、降低共享单车的调度成本以及实现客流的负载平衡。研究结果表明,通过优化 12.51% 的地铁-共享单车用户的出行路径,所有用户的总出行效用提高了 8.89%,同时每个换乘节点的平均调度频率为 1.18 次。此外,还针对 "最初一公里"、"最后一公里"、女性、男性、固定用户和非固定用户提出了量身定制的综合出行路径优化策略。这些研究结果有助于政府和企业为地铁共享单车用户制定个性化的路径方案和相应的路径引导服务。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of the social-built environment on the inequity of bike-sharing use: A case study of Divvy system in Chicago 社会建筑环境对共享单车使用不平等的影响:芝加哥 Divvy 系统案例研究
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100873
Bo Wang , Yuanyuan Guo , Fang Chen , Fengliang Tang

Bikeshare is increasingly recognized as a healthy travel behaviour worldwide. However, issues of inequity in bike-sharing usage exist and hinder the social benefits of bike-sharing system. This paper aims to unveil the spatiotemporal evolution of inequalities in bike-sharing usage and their social-built environment correlates, using Chicago’s Divvy system as a case study. Specifically, Gini coefficients and panel data regression models are applied to analyse equity concerns in bike-sharing uses and its social-built environmental factors. Thirty-two disadvantaged communities and forty-five non-disadvantaged communities are identified based on ethnicity, income, and education levels. The Gini index indicates a greater level of inequity and inconsistency in bike-sharing usage within disadvantaged communities compared to non-disadvantaged communities over time. Model results further reveal that built environment factors such as park space positively impact equitable bike-sharing uses in disadvantaged communities. In contrast, the social factor of educational levels in non-disadvantaged communities shows a negative relationship. These findings aim to promote essential, efficient, and equitable bike-sharing usage for Chicago, stakeholders and users.

共享单车作为一种健康的出行方式,在世界范围内得到越来越多的认可。然而,共享单车使用中存在的不平等问题阻碍了共享单车系统的社会效益。本文旨在以芝加哥的 Divvy 系统为案例,揭示共享单车使用中不平等现象的时空演变及其与社会建设环境的相关性。具体而言,基尼系数和面板数据回归模型被用于分析共享单车使用中的公平问题及其社会环境因素。根据种族、收入和教育水平,确定了 32 个弱势社区和 45 个非弱势社区。基尼指数表明,随着时间的推移,弱势社区与非弱势社区相比,在共享单车使用方面存在更大的不公平和不一致性。模型结果进一步显示,公园空间等建筑环境因素对弱势社区共享单车的公平使用产生了积极影响。相比之下,非弱势社区教育水平这一社会因素则显示出负相关关系。这些发现旨在促进芝加哥、利益相关者和用户对共享单车的必要、高效和公平使用。
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引用次数: 0
An evaluation of on-demand transit user and interested-non-user characteristics and the factors that attract the transit-curious to using on-demand transit 评估按需公交用户和感兴趣的非用户特征,以及吸引公交狂热者使用按需公交的因素
IF 5.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 TRANSPORTATION Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2024.100868
Juwon Drake , Kari Watkins

With the advent of new mobility modes and technologies, we have seen meaningful changes in travel behavior. One such new mobility mode is on-demand transit. The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority deployed its own on-demand transit system, dubbed MARTA Reach, in March of 2022. This paper provides an evaluation of the characteristics of two groups of people related to MARTA Reach: those who were interested in it and used it and those who were interested in it but did not use it. In addition, this paper explores the factors that influence membership in each of those two groups using a binary logit model, revealing the underlying characteristics that are linked with the decision to use or not use the service given prior interest. The findings show that simply providing more service has the strongest effect on adoption. Among 561 survey respondents, 426 expressed that the service area for MARTA Reach was too limited for their needs. Modeling results support this finding, in addition to the following strong predictors of on-demand transit adoption: 1) being a frequent transit user, 2) being satisfied with the current state of fixed-route transit service, 3) being part of a low-income household, 4) living within an on-demand transit service area, and 5) being younger. Understanding these group characteristics and underlying factors can help guide future efforts to provide on-demand transit service, such as by targeting the market segments that share features with the underlying factors that are shown herein to be linked with on-demand transit adoption.

随着新型交通模式和技术的出现,我们看到出行行为发生了显著变化。其中一种新的交通模式就是按需公交。亚特兰大大都会捷运局于 2022 年 3 月部署了自己的按需公交系统,命名为 MARTA Reach。本文评估了与 MARTA Reach 相关的两类人群的特征:对其感兴趣并使用的人群和感兴趣但未使用的人群。此外,本文还使用二元对数模型探讨了影响这两类人群中每一类成员的因素,揭示了与事先对该服务感兴趣而决定使用或不使用该服务有关的基本特征。研究结果表明,单纯提供更多服务对采用服务的影响最大。在 561 名调查对象中,有 426 人表示 MARTA Reach 的服务区域过于有限,无法满足他们的需求。建模结果支持这一结论,此外,按需公交的采用还有以下强有力的预测因素:1)经常乘坐公交车;2)对固定路线公交服务的现状感到满意;3)属于低收入家庭;4)居住在按需公交服务区域内;5)年龄较轻。了解这些群体特征和潜在因素有助于指导未来提供按需公交服务的工作,例如针对与本文显示的与采用按需公交服务相关的潜在因素具有相同特征的细分市场。
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