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Assessment of bone strength and fracture behavior of degenerative vertebrae through quantifying morphology and density distribution 通过量化形态和密度分布评估退行性脊椎骨的骨强度和骨折行为
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24016-x
Meng Zhang  (, ), He Gong  (, ), Ming Zhang  (, )

Lumbar degeneration leads to changes in geometry and density distribution of vertebrae, which could further influence the mechanical property and behavior. This study aimed to quantitatively describe the variations in shape and density distribution for degenerated vertebrae by statistical models, and utilized the specific statistical shape model (SSM)/statistical appearance model (SAM) modes to assess compressive strength and fracture behavior. Highly detailed SSM and SAM were developed based on the 75 L1 vertebrae of elderly men, and their variations in shape and density distribution were quantified with principal component (PC) modes. All vertebrae were classified into mild (n = 22), moderate (n = 29), and severe (n = 24) groups according to the overall degree of degeneration. Quantitative computed tomography-based finite element analysis was used to calculate compressive strength for each L1 vertebra, and the associations between compressive strength and PC modes were evaluated by multivariable linear regression (MLR). Moreover, the distributions of equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) for the vertebrae assigned with the first modes of SSM and SAM at mean ± 3SD were investigated. The Leave-One-Out analysis showed that our SSM and SAM had good performance, with mean absolute errors of 0.335±0.084 mm and 64.610±26.620 mg/cm3, respectively. A reasonable accuracy of bone strength prediction was achieved by using four PC modes (SSM 1, SAM 1, SAM 4, and SAM 5) to construct the MLR model. Furthermore, the PEEQ values were more sensitive to degeneration-related variations of density distribution than those of morphology. The density variations may change the deformity type (compression deformity or wedge deformity), which further affects the fracture pattern. Statistical models can identify the morphology and density variations in degenerative vertebrae, and the SSM/SAM modes could be used to assess compressive strength and fracture behavior. The above findings have implications for assisting clinicians in pathological diagnosis, fracture risk assessment, implant design, and preoperative planning.

腰椎退变导致椎体的几何形状和密度分布发生变化,从而进一步影响其力学性能和行为。本研究旨在通过统计模型定量描述退化椎体的形状和密度分布变化,并利用特定的统计形状模型(SSM)/统计外观模型(SAM)模式评估抗压强度和断裂行为。以 75 个老年男性 L1 椎骨为基础,建立了高度详细的 SSM 和 SAM,并利用主成分(PC)模式量化了其形状和密度分布的变化。根据总体退化程度,将所有椎骨分为轻度组(22 个)、中度组(29 个)和重度组(24 个)。采用基于计算机断层扫描的有限元定量分析计算每个 L1 椎体的抗压强度,并通过多变量线性回归(MLR)评估抗压强度与 PC 模式之间的关联。此外,还研究了SSM和SAM第一模式椎体的等效塑性应变(PEEQ)分布(平均值±3SD)。留空分析表明,我们的 SSM 和 SAM 性能良好,平均绝对误差分别为 0.335±0.084 mm 和 64.610±26.620 mg/cm3。通过使用四种 PC 模式(SSM 1、SAM 1、SAM 4 和 SAM 5)构建 MLR 模型,骨强度预测达到了合理的准确度。此外,与形态相比,PEEQ 值对与退化相关的密度分布变化更为敏感。密度变化可能会改变畸形类型(压缩畸形或楔形畸形),从而进一步影响骨折模式。统计模型可识别退行性脊椎的形态和密度变化,SSM/SAM 模式可用于评估抗压强度和骨折行为。上述发现对帮助临床医生进行病理诊断、骨折风险评估、植入物设计和术前规划具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic equivalence conditions for an air-bearing simulator emulating scaled drag-free control dynamics 气浮模拟器模拟按比例无阻力控制动力学的动态等效条件
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24026-x
Mingwei Chen  (, ), Chu Zhang  (, ), Jianwu He  (, ), Chao Yang  (, ), Li Duan  (, ), Qi Kang  (, )

The ground-based experimental tests are crucial to verify the related technologies of the drag-free satellite. This work presents a design method of the ground simulator testbed for emulating the planar dynamics of the space drag-free systems. In this paper, the planar dynamic characteristics of the drag-free satellite with double test masses are analyzed and non-dimensionalized. A simulator vehicle composed of an air bearing testbed and two inverted pendulums is devised on the basic of equivalent mass and equivalent stiffness proposed firstly in this paper. And the dynamic model of the simulator equivalent to the sensitive axis motion of the test mass and the planar motion of the satellite is derived from the Euler-Lagrange method. Then, the dynamic equivalence conditions between the space prototype system and the ground model system are derived from Pi theorem. To satisfy these conditions, the scaling laws of two systems and requirements for the inverted pendulum are put forward. Besides, the corresponding control scaling laws and a closed-loop control strategy are deduced and applied to establishing the numerical simulation experiments of underactuated system. Subsequently, the comparative simulation results demonstrate the similarity of dynamical behavior between the scaled-down ground model and the space prototype. As a result, the rationality and effectiveness of the design method are proved, facilitating the ground simulation of future gravitational wave detection satellites.

地面实验测试对于验证无阻力卫星的相关技术至关重要。这项工作提出了一种用于模拟空间无阻力系统平面动力学的地面模拟器试验台的设计方法。本文分析了双试验质量无阻力卫星的平面动力学特性,并对其进行了非尺寸化处理。在本文首次提出的等效质量和等效刚度的基础上,设计了由空气轴承试验台和两个倒立摆组成的模拟飞行器。并通过欧拉-拉格朗日法推导出了模拟器等效于试验质量敏感轴运动和卫星平面运动的动态模型。然后,根据π定理推导出空间原型系统与地面模型系统之间的动态等效条件。为满足这些条件,提出了两个系统的缩放规律和对倒立摆的要求。此外,还推导出相应的控制缩放规律和闭环控制策略,并将其应用于建立欠激励系统的数值模拟实验。随后,对比仿真结果表明,缩小后的地面模型与空间原型的动力学行为具有相似性。结果证明了设计方法的合理性和有效性,为未来引力波探测卫星的地面仿真提供了便利。
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引用次数: 0
Biomechanics of knee joint during forward-walking and drop-landing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: finite element and gait analysis 前交叉韧带重建术后膝关节前行和落地时的生物力学:有限元和步态分析
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24100-x
Midiya Khademi, Mohammad Haghpanahi, Mohammad Razi, Ali Sharifnezhad, Mohammad Nikkhoo

The anterior cruciate ligament plays a crucial role in maintaining stability within the knee joint, particularly for athletes who frequently experience its rupture. This study presents a novel approach using personalized three-dimensional (3D) parametric finite element modeling of the knee joint to simulate the treatment following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in both forward walking (FW) and drop landing (DL) tasks. The study encompasses two distinct cohorts: five healthy athletes and five ACLR patients. Biomechanical motion analysis was conducted on both cohorts, with the ACLR patient group evaluated at 6 and 9 months post-surgery. A comprehensive 3D parametric model of the knee joint was meticulously crafted. The findings reveal a notable reduction in stress on crucial knee structures such as the autograft, meniscus, and cartilages over time for both FW and DL tasks following ACLR, with a reduction in tissue tension of approximately 9.5% and 37% for FW and DL, respectively. This personalized model not only facilitates the investigation of knee joint tissue biomechanics post-ACLR but also aids in estimating the return-to-sports timeline for patients. By accommodating individual tissue geometries and incorporating patient-specific kinetic data, this model enhances our comprehension of post-ACLR biomechanics across various functional tasks, thereby optimizing rehabilitation strategies.

前十字韧带在维持膝关节稳定性方面起着至关重要的作用,尤其是对于经常发生断裂的运动员而言。本研究提出了一种新方法,利用膝关节的个性化三维(3D)参数化有限元建模来模拟前交叉韧带重建(ACLR)后在前行(FW)和落地(DL)任务中的治疗情况。研究包括两个不同的组群:五名健康运动员和五名前交叉韧带重建患者。对这两个组别进行了生物力学运动分析,其中前交叉韧带损伤患者组别在手术后 6 个月和 9 个月进行了评估。我们精心制作了一个全面的膝关节三维参数模型。研究结果表明,随着时间的推移,前交叉韧带重建术后FW和DL任务中膝关节关键结构(如自体移植物、半月板和软骨)所受的压力明显减少,FW和DL的组织张力分别减少了约9.5%和37%。这种个性化模型不仅有助于研究 ACLR 术后膝关节组织的生物力学,还有助于估算患者恢复运动的时间表。通过考虑个体组织的几何形状并结合患者特定的运动学数据,该模型增强了我们对各种功能任务中 ACLR 后生物力学的理解,从而优化了康复策略。
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引用次数: 0
A study on the impact of liquid metal droplets onto metal and elastomer substrates 液态金属液滴对金属和弹性体基底的影响研究
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24165-x
Zilu He  (, ), Rui Xiao  (, ), Shaoxing Qu  (, )

The diffusion and dynamic behaviors of liquid metal droplet during impact significantly affect its application in 3D printing and painting processes. To obtain a better understanding of the impact process of liquid metal droplets, we analyze the influence of different initial conditions and substrate materials on droplet spreading, impact force, and elastic wave propagation on the substrate. It is found that an agglomeration phenomenon can be observed when the liquid metal droplets impact onto a soft elastomer substrate, which is not observed as a metal substrate is employed. Regardless of the substrate material, when surface tension dominates the diffusion, the diffusion factor of droplets is proportional to (sqrt{We}) (Weber number). It is also observed that the self-similarity of liquid metal droplet impact force on copper substrates, which is not the case for soft elastomer substrates. Using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations, the time-domain curve and peak point of the droplet can be well predicted for a metal substrate. Furthermore, by recording the acceleration signal on the substrates, we further obtain the energy radiated by elastic waves, providing an explanation for energy conversion during the impact process with varying parameters. The results provide an additional understanding on the complex impact behaviors of liquid metal droplets.

液态金属液滴在冲击过程中的扩散和动态行为极大地影响了其在三维打印和喷涂工艺中的应用。为了更好地理解液态金属液滴的冲击过程,我们分析了不同初始条件和基底材料对液滴在基底上的扩散、冲击力和弹性波传播的影响。研究发现,当液态金属液滴撞击到软弹性体基底上时,会出现团聚现象,而采用金属基底时则不会出现这种现象。无论基底材料如何,当表面张力主导扩散时,液滴的扩散系数与 (sqrt{We})(韦伯数)成正比。此外,还观察到液态金属液滴对铜基底的冲击力具有自相似性,而对软弹性体基底则没有。利用平滑粒子流体力学(SPH)模拟,可以很好地预测金属基底上液滴的时域曲线和峰值点。此外,通过记录基底上的加速度信号,我们进一步获得了弹性波辐射的能量,从而解释了不同参数下冲击过程中的能量转换。这些结果让我们对液态金属液滴的复杂撞击行为有了更多的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Direct FE2 multiscale simulation of hydrogen diffusion in Zircaloy cladding 锆合金包层中氢扩散的直接 FE2 多尺度模拟
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24270-x
Han Zhao  (, ), Xianghua Zheng  (, ), Shiting Yang  (, ), Xin Yang  (, ), Wei Li  (, )

This study utilizes Direct FE2 multiscale simulation techniques to propose an innovative approach for analyzing hydrogen diffusion in Zircaloy cladding. This method combines finite element simulations at two scales into a monolithic framework by utilizing downscaling rules and scaling factors. Through the investigation, it was found that voids induce non-uniform diffusion of lattice hydrogen, demonstrating a strong correlation between trapped concentration and microstructure. Additionally, the accumulation of trapped hydrogen leads to localized plastic deformation and a reduction in effective diffusivity. Furthermore, two representative volume elements were established to depict the void distribution at various stages of its evolution. It is evident that in the initial phases of void evolution, the hydrogen-induced softening effect facilitates crack propagation deep within the zirconium alloy cladding. Moreover, as void evolution progresses into the second stage, this effect intensifies the incidence of localized damage at the narrow inter-void ligaments.

本研究利用直接 FE2 多尺度模拟技术,提出了一种分析锆合金包层中氢扩散的创新方法。该方法利用降尺度规则和缩放因子,将两个尺度的有限元模拟结合到一个整体框架中。通过研究发现,空隙会引起晶格氢的非均匀扩散,这表明捕获浓度与微观结构之间存在很强的相关性。此外,滞留氢的积累会导致局部塑性变形和有效扩散率的降低。此外,还建立了两个具有代表性的体积元素,以描述不同演变阶段的空隙分布。很明显,在空隙演化的初始阶段,氢引起的软化效应会促进裂纹在锆合金包层深处扩展。此外,随着空隙演化进入第二阶段,这种效应会加剧狭窄空隙间韧带的局部损伤。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical manipulation of the transient negative capacitance effect in resistor-ferroelectric capacitor circuit 对电阻器-铁电电容器电路中瞬态负电容效应的机械操纵
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-23221-x
Qian He  (, ), Weijin Chen  (, ), Xin Luo  (, ), Yue Zheng  (, )

Transient negative capacitance (NC), as an available dynamic charge effect achieved in resistor-ferroelectric capacitor (R-FEC) circuits, has triggered a series of theoretical and experimental works focusing on its physical mechanism and device application. Here, we analytically derived the effects of different mechanical conditions on the transient NC behaviors in the R-FEC circuit based on the phenomenological model. It shows that the ferroelectric capacitor can exhibit either NC (i.e., “single NC” and “double NC”) or positive capacitance, depending on the mechanical condition and temperature. Further numerical calculations show that the voltage drop caused by NC can be effectively controlled by temperature, applied stress, or strain. The relationship between NC voltage drop and system configurations including external resistance, dynamical coefficient of polarization, and input voltage are presented, showing diverse strategies to manipulate the NC effect. These results provide theoretical guidelines for rational design and efficient control of NC-related electronic devices.

瞬态负电容(NC)作为电阻-铁电电容器(R-FEC)电路中实现的一种可用动态电荷效应,引发了一系列关注其物理机制和器件应用的理论和实验研究。在此,我们基于现象学模型分析推导了不同机械条件对 R-FEC 电路中瞬态 NC 行为的影响。结果表明,根据机械条件和温度的不同,铁电电容器可以表现出 NC(即 "单 NC "和 "双 NC")或正电容。进一步的数值计算表明,NC 造成的电压降可以通过温度、外加应力或应变得到有效控制。此外,还介绍了 NC 电压降与系统配置(包括外部电阻、极化动态系数和输入电压)之间的关系,展示了操纵 NC 效应的多种策略。这些结果为合理设计和有效控制 NC 相关电子器件提供了理论指导。
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引用次数: 0
VW-PINNs: A volume weighting method for PDE residuals in physics-informed neural networks VW-PINNs:物理信息神经网络中 PDE 残差的体积加权法
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24140-x
Jiahao Song  (, ), Wenbo Cao  (, ), Fei Liao  (, ), Weiwei Zhang  (, )

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have shown remarkable prospects in solving the forward and inverse problems involving partial differential equations (PDEs). The method embeds PDEs into the neural network by calculating the PDE loss at a set of collocation points, providing advantages such as meshfree and more convenient adaptive sampling. However, when solving PDEs using nonuniform collocation points, PINNs still face challenge regarding inefficient convergence of PDE residuals or even failure. In this work, we first analyze the ill-conditioning of the PDE loss in PINNs under nonuniform collocation points. To address the issue, we define volume weighting residual and propose volume weighting physics-informed neural networks (VW-PINNs). Through weighting the PDE residuals by the volume that the collocation points occupy within the computational domain, we embed explicitly the distribution characteristics of collocation points in the loss evaluation. The fast and sufficient convergence of the PDE residuals for the problems involving nonuniform collocation points is guaranteed. Considering the meshfree characteristics of VW-PINNs, we also develop a volume approximation algorithm based on kernel density estimation to calculate the volume of the collocation points. We validate the universality of VW-PINNs by solving the forward problems involving flow over a circular cylinder and flow over the NACA0012 airfoil under different inflow conditions, where conventional PINNs fail. By solving the Burgers’ equation, we verify that VW-PINNs can enhance the efficiency of existing the adaptive sampling method in solving the forward problem by three times, and can reduce the relative L2 error of conventional PINNs in solving the inverse problem by more than one order of magnitude.

物理信息神经网络(PINNs)在解决涉及偏微分方程(PDEs)的正向和反向问题方面展现出了广阔的前景。该方法通过计算一组配位点的 PDE 损失,将 PDE 嵌入神经网络,具有无网格和自适应采样更方便等优点。然而,在使用非均匀配位点求解 PDE 时,PINN 仍然面临 PDE 残差收敛效率低下甚至失效的挑战。在这项工作中,我们首先分析了在非均匀配置点下 PINN 中 PDE 损失的非条件性。为了解决这个问题,我们定义了体积加权残差,并提出了体积加权物理信息神经网络(VW-PINNs)。通过对 PDE 残差进行计算域内搭配点所占体积的加权,我们在损失评估中明确嵌入了搭配点的分布特征。对于涉及非均匀配点的问题,保证了 PDE 残差的快速充分收敛。考虑到 VW-PINNs 的无网格特性,我们还开发了一种基于核密度估计的体积近似算法,用于计算拼合点的体积。我们通过求解圆柱体和 NACA0012 机翼在不同流入条件下的正向流动问题验证了 VW-PINNs 的通用性,而传统的 PINNs 在这些条件下是失效的。通过求解布尔格斯方程,我们验证了 VW-PINN 在求解正向问题时可将现有自适应采样方法的效率提高三倍,并可将传统 PINN 在求解反向问题时的相对 L2 误差降低一个数量级以上。
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引用次数: 0
Hierarchical F-actin microstructures and multi-passage viscoelasticity evolution in living cancer cells under varying glucose environment 不同葡萄糖环境下活癌细胞中的分层 F-肌动蛋白微结构和多通道粘弹性演变
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24243-x
Zhongyu Li  (, ), Zhichao Li  (, ), Songyou Yao  (, ), He Jiang  (, ), Xiaoyue Zhang  (, ), Yue Zheng  (, ), Wenpeng Zhu  (, )

F-actin microstructures dominate cellular viscoelasticity and have been used to identify the migration and malignance of living cancer cells. Diabetic cancer patients suffer from increased metastasis and tumor recurrence. However, the long-term evolution and correlation of F-actin microstructures and viscoelasticity distribution are still poorly understood in living cancer cells under varying glucose environment. Herein, by using atomic force microscopy with amplitude modulation-frequency modulation and nanoindentation mode, we characterized the hierarchical F-actin microstructures and the multi-passage viscoelasticity evolution in living Huh-7 cancer cells transferred from high to low glucose level. The highly oriented stress fibers connected by thinner fiber networks were observed in high glucose environment. The circumferential actin networks composed by straight segment-like fibers and the randomly distributed actin fragments connected by ultrathin crosslinking fibers were observed in low glucose environment. The viscoelasticity within the nucleus and the cytoplasm of living Huh-7 cancer cells showed long-term fluctuations over tens of passages after switching glucose environments. The viscoelasticity of cytoplasm was more responsive to the change of glucose environments than nucleus, which was due to the reorganization of F-actin microstructures. Our work provides the microstructural and nanomechanical understanding on the migration and proliferation of living cancer cells under varying glucose environment.

F 肌动蛋白微结构主导着细胞的粘弹性,已被用于识别活体癌细胞的迁移和恶性程度。糖尿病癌症患者的转移和肿瘤复发率都在增加。然而,人们对不同葡萄糖环境下活癌细胞的 F-肌动蛋白微结构和粘弹性分布的长期演变和相关性仍知之甚少。在此,我们利用原子力显微镜的振幅调制-频率调制和纳米压痕模式,表征了从高葡萄糖水平转移到低葡萄糖水平的活体Huh-7癌细胞中分层的F-肌动蛋白微结构和多通道粘弹性演变。在高糖环境中观察到了由较细纤维网络连接的高取向应力纤维。在低糖环境中,观察到由直线段状纤维组成的周向肌动蛋白网络和由超细交联纤维连接的随机分布的肌动蛋白片段。活的 Huh-7 癌细胞在转换葡萄糖环境后,细胞核和细胞质内的粘弹性在数十个传代中呈现长期波动。与细胞核相比,细胞质的粘弹性对葡萄糖环境变化的反应更灵敏,这是由于F-肌动蛋白微结构重组所致。我们的研究从微观结构和纳米力学角度揭示了活体癌细胞在不同葡萄糖环境下的迁移和增殖过程。
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid approach for simulating flow-induced sound around moving bodies based on ghost-cell immersed boundary method 基于鬼细胞沉浸边界法的运动体周围流诱导声模拟混合方法
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-23621-x
Cheng Zhao  (, ), Hong-Gang Li  (, ), Xue-Gang Li  (, ), Yan Yang  (, ), Kai Cui  (, )

A hybrid approach based on the immersed boundary method (IBM) is developed for computation of flow-induced sound around moving bodies. In this method, a high-fidelity direct numerical simulation (DNS) solver is used to simulate the incompressible flow field. The sound field is predicted by discretizing acoustic perturbation equations (APEs) with dispersion-relation-preserving space scheme and low-dispersion and low-dissipation Runge-Kutta time integration. A sharp-interface IBM based on ghost-cell is implemented for present two-step DNS-APE approach to deal with complex moving bodies with Cartesian grids. The present method is validated through simulations of sound generation caused by flow past a rotating cylinder, an oscillating cylinder, and tandem oscillating and stationary cylinders. The sound generated by typical kinds of complicated bio-inspired locomotions, i.e., flapping flight by wings of varied shapes and collective undulatory swimming in tandem, are investigated using present method. The results demonstrate potential of the hybrid approach in addressing flow-induced sound generation and propagation with complex moving boundaries in a fluid medium, especially for the sound characteristics of bio-mimetic flows, which might shed lights on investigations on bio-acoustics, ethology of complex animal system, and related bio-mimetic design for quietness.

本文开发了一种基于沉浸边界法(IBM)的混合方法,用于计算运动体周围的流动诱导声。在这种方法中,高保真直接数值模拟(DNS)求解器用于模拟不可压缩流场。声场是通过声学扰动方程(APEs)的离散化、弥散相关空间方案和低弥散、低耗散 Runge-Kutta 时间积分来预测的。本两步 DNS-APE 方法采用了基于幽灵单元的尖锐界面 IBM,以处理笛卡尔网格的复杂运动体。通过模拟流经旋转圆柱体、摆动圆柱体、串联摆动圆柱体和静止圆柱体时产生的声音,对本方法进行了验证。本方法还研究了典型的复杂生物启发运动所产生的声音,即不同形状的翅膀拍打飞行和集体串联起伏游泳。研究结果表明,混合方法在解决流体介质中复杂运动边界的流动诱导声音产生和传播方面具有潜力,特别是在模拟生物流动的声音特性方面,这可能会对生物声学、复杂动物系统的伦理学以及相关的静音生物模拟设计的研究有所启发。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanics and physics under supergravity conditions 超引力条件下的力学和物理学
IF 3.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-024-24902-x
Chaofeng Lü, Chao Sun, Shengqiang Cai
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引用次数: 0
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