Animal Feed Science and Technology最新文献

Many strategies for mitigating enteric methane (CH₄) emissions in ruminants have focused on suppressing the activity of rumen methanogens, but this often leads to excess dihydrogen (H₂) accumulation in the rumen, which is subsequently expelled and represents a potential energy loss. We hypothesized that phloroglucinol could act as a H₂ acceptor when rumen methanogenesis is inhibited and be potentially transformed into beneficial compounds for the animal. Eight adult goats were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: two levels of Asparagopsis taxiformis as CH₄ inhibitor [0 vs. 5 g/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis; AT- and AT+, respectively] and two levels of phloroglucinol as alternative H₂ acceptor (0 vs. 20 g/kg DM, PG- and PG+, respectively). Therefore, four dietary treatments were considered: i) basal diet (AT-PG-); ii) A. taxiformis alone (AT+PG-); iii) phloroglucinol alone (AT-PG+); and iv) the combination of A. taxiformis and phloroglucinol (AT+PG+). Animals were fed a maintenance diet with a 70:30 forage-to-concentrate ratio. After 10 d of adaptation to the diet, enteric gas emissions were measured in respiration chambers during 3 d prior to rumen content sampling on d 14. Dietary supplementation with A. taxiformis decreased CH₄ production (-33.9 %) and increased H₂ emissions (+3465 %), along with greater rumen propionate concentration. In contrast, phloroglucinol supplementation alone did not impact CH₄ emissions or the rumen concentration of the main microbial groups but substantially increased acetate molar proportion (+10.2 %) which could act as an alternative H₂ acceptor. Moreover, when A. taxiformis was combined with phloroglucinol, it resulted in a decrease in H₂ emissions (-68.1 %). However, this decrease in H₂ emissions was not fully explained by the increase in the acetate as phloroglucinol led to an increase in acetate both when methanogenesis was inhibited and when it was not. These findings suggest that the rumen fermentation of phloroglucinol may capture some of the additional H₂ arising from the inhibition of methanogenesis by A. taxiformis through pathways other than acetate formation. Moreover, H₂ emissions were not eliminated and most of the decrease occurred during the post-prandial stage, suggesting that the efficiency of H₂ redirection could be further improved.

Cholesterol is vital for the optimal growth and physiological function of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Due to limited availability of fish meal, plant-based ingredients are increasingly added in the shrimp diet which limit the availability and utilization of cholesterol. This study investigated the synergistic effects of dietary taurine and cholesterol supplementation on growth and physio-metabolic responses of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei fed with high plant-based protein diets reared in a biofloc system for 60 days. A basal diet (control) comprised 82.55 % plant-based ingredients and 36 % crude protein. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared (T1-T5) with cholesterol and taurine supplements at inclusion levels of 0.15 % and 0.16 % in T1 and T2, respectively. In the rest of the treatments, T3, T4, and T5, the combinations of cholesterol and taurine were 0.15 % and 0.16 %; 0.05 % and 0.24 %; 0.25 % and 0.08 %, respectively. The experimental diets were allocated to triplicate groups of 100 shrimp per tank following a completely randomized design. The results showed that shrimp fed T3 diet have a significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), percentage of survival, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) with efficient feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.14±0.06) compared to other treatments. The hematological, antioxidant, and digestive enzyme activities, except amylase activity, were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed T1 and T3. Total bile acid content in T3 fed shrimp was higher than in other dietary treatments (P < 0.05). The results indicated that supplementing a combination of 0.15 % cholesterol and 0.16 % taurine in a high plant-based diet significantly improved growth performance, nutrient utilization, and physio-metabolic responses of P. vannamei.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance the nutritional value of oilseed cakes (OC) for poultry. To this end, firstly, we characterized the main nutrients and antinutritional factors in non-fermented OC and fermented OC, as well as in fermented and extracted OC, from where enzymatic extracts were recovered. The fermented and extracted OC represented the fermented residue obtained after SSF and extracted with distilled water. Secondly, we assessed the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) from these products using a poultry in vitro digestion model. The in vitro procedure used a two-stage sequential protocol simulating gastric digestion (proventriculus and gizzard - using pepsin in hydrochloric acid) and small intestinal digestion with pancreatin solution. Additionally, raw OC were supplemented with enzymatic concentrated extracts generated during SSF and their effect on nutrient digestibility was also evaluated. Solid-state fermentation exhibited a potential to reduce fiber fractions (except for lignin), decrease certain antinutritional factors, and enhance CP and mineral content in OC mixtures. However, this process concurrently diminished protein availability, through lower amino acid content, lower soluble protein, higher protein dispersibility and lower available lysine in the fermented product. The aqueous extractions led to the obtainment of a concentrated protein fraction with highly undigestible fibre. The likely effect of SSF on tannins and erucic acid content in OC should be further investigated, as SSF may not effectively reduce these antinutritional factors in the substrate, negatively affecting the overall nutritional quality of the final product. Solid-state fermented mixtures significantly increased the DM (by 12 %), OM (by 8 %), and CP (by 11 %) in vitro digestibility coefficients compared with non-fermented. Enzymatic supplementation did not statistically modify digestibility parameters. This study demonstrated that SSF is an effective approach to obtain value-added products. However, it is crucial to ensure its effect on protein quality and amino acid availability is given special attention if applied to animal feed.

Global warming is disastrous to aquatic animals and supplementation of probiotics might mitigate its adverse effects. Therefore, to mitigate the effects of high temperature on growth retardation, stress and immunity, multi-species probiotics consisting of Bacillus subtilis (5×10⁹ cfu/ml), B. thuringiencis (4×10⁹ cfu/ml), Lactobacillus plantarum (5.8×10⁹ cfu/ml), and L. buchneri (6.5×10⁹ cfu/ml) were added in rearing water (1.0 ml/L) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fingerlings (1.08 ± 0.13 g) were reared at normal (31ºC) and elevated (34ºC and 37ºC) temperatures with or without probiotics for 6 weeks in triplicates. At the end of the experimental period, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) decreased significantly at 37ºC in fish supplemented with or without probiotics relative to normal temperature (31ºC). Importantly, at the high temperature (37ºC), WG and SGR were improved in fish supplemented with probiotics in contrast to fish reared without probiotics. The physiological status was improved by increasing the hemoglobin level and number of red blood cells and lowering white blood cells and glucose levels in the probiotics-treated high-temperature group. Frequencies of cellular and nuclear abnormalities of erythrocytes were significantly lowered in probiotics-supplemented fish. Histological observation demonstrated that multi-probiotics mitigated the high-temperature stress through increasing mucosal fold fattening, goblet cells, and the size of lamina propria and enterocytes in the intestine. Fish under higher temperatures (34 and 37ºC) showed up-regulated expression of the stress-related heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene, while its expression was decreased after probiotics addition. In contrast, two antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase; SOD) and catalase; CAT) showed opposite expression patterns. The expression of three immune response-related genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-α, interleukin 1 beta; IL-1β, and interferon gamma; IFN-γ) down-regulated with increase of temperature, while their expressions were increased after probiotics addition. Therefore, addition of probiotics in aquatic environment improved hemato-biochemical properties, blood cell structure, and immunity which ultimately relieve the growth retardation and stress in extreme temperatures in Nile tilapia.

Transforming raw materials (biomass feedstock) into biochar finds diverse applications across various industries owing to the distinctive characteristics of biochar. This study used biochar as a feed additive for shrimp feeding. A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the impacts of different biochars on growth parameters, haematological parameters, and digestive enzymes of Penaeus vannamei reared in inland saline groundwater of 10 ppt salinity. The finely ground biochar (0.5 mm) prepared from different sources was mixed with the commercially available shrimp feed (35 % crude protein, 5 % crude fat, and 4 % crude fibre), viz., T1, paddy straw biochar (PSB); T2, sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB); T3, banana peduncle biochar (BPB); and the control group (C) without any biochar. Twenty shrimp (10.24 ± 0.01 g) were stocked in each triplicate. Banana peduncle biochar incorporated diet (T3) demonstrated superior performance as it significantly (p<0.05) improved the weight gain (24.51±0.12 g), specific growth rate (1.39±0.00 % day⁻¹), protein efficiency ratio (1.73±0.02 %), and reduced feed conversion ratio (1.60±0.01). The total serum protein in the haemolymph of the shrimps for all the dietary biochar treatments differed significantly (p<0.05) from the control. The T1, T2, and T3 groups showed the highest whole-body crude protein content; contrary to this, the lowest amount of whole-body crude protein was observed in the control. In addition, the dietary biochar significantly influenced the digestive enzymatic activity of shrimp. The hepatopancreatic AST and ALT activities of different biochar-fed groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the C group. On the other hand, dietary biochar treatments did not significantly (p > 0.05) influence the SOD of the gill, muscle, and catalase activity of the hepatopancreas, gill, and muscle in shrimp. Overall, the three different dietary biochar supplementations in the diet of Penaeus vannamei seem to be an effective way to culture it intensively, in addition to significantly reducing various stress responses.

This study aimed to assess the impact of stepwise dietary inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) on the productive traits of dairy goats and the quality of their milk and cheese. Sixteen Saanen goats, averaging 55 ± 6 kg live weight and 45 days in milk, were allocated into four simultaneous Latin squares (4×4) and fed on diets containing 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 g/kg of CG in the dry matter (DM). A linear decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates intake with increasing CG levels in the diet, with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) noted at 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Additionally, CP digestibility, nitrogen balance, and plasma urea nitrogen decreased (P < 0.05) with CG inclusion. Milk yield corrected for 3.5 % fat, total solids content, and total fatty acid (FA) amounts in goat milk decreased (P < 0.05) with 100 and 150 g/kg of CG. Furthermore, inclusion of 150 g/kg of CG decreased (P < 0.05) fat content in "coalho" cheese, although cheeses from goats fed up to 50 g/kg of CG showed superior (P < 0.05) appearance, global impression, and purchase intention. The CG inclusion increased (P < 0.05) short and odd-chain FA contents while decreasing (P < 0.05) long-chain and polyunsaturated FA levels in goat milk. Overall, we recommend incorporating up to 50 g/kg of CG in dairy goat diets as it does not affect milk and "coalho" cheese performance and quality.

Although waste generated from the production of citrus fruit juice is a suitable raw material for ensiling, excessive proteolysis greatly reduces the quality of silages and economic benefits. The driving force and factors influencing proteolysis during ensiling remain poorly understood. In this study, the degree of silage proteolysis was systematically evaluated through the analysis of silage composition, proteolysis promotion and inhibition under various ensiling factors were quantified, and the causes of proteolysis were explored through changes of microbiome. A reduction in soluble protein (SP) and in-solution protein (ISP) contents coupled with an increase in NH₃-N were found after ensiling. A decrease in free amino acid content was evident in upper and middle sections, whereas there was an increase in the bottom section. The strongest proteolysis of silages was observed in the middle section. The main factor accelerating hydrolysis of protein into amino acid (the first stage of proteolysis) was acid protease activity (APA). The hydrolysis of amino acid into NH₃-N (the second stage of proteolysis) was principally inhibited by lactic acids, acetic acids, pH, and soluble carbon, and accelerated by APA, moisture and total carbon. Acid protease was probably constituted mainly microbial protease, able to tolerate a pH range of 3.44–3.77. Bacterial coupled colony (B-CC), Trichocomaoute, and Trichocomaceae-1 presumably promoted the production and activity of acid protease. As inferred, the first stage of proteolysis was promoted by B-CC and fungal coupled colony (F-CC), and inhibited by Trichocomaoute. While the second stage of proteolysis was likely promoted by P. kudriavzevii and F-CC, and inhibited by B-CC and Trichocomaoute. Thus, the use of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria in raw materials is recommended to reduce the degree of proteolysis, particularly in the middle section of the silo.

The aquaculture sector actively seeks innovative methods to enhance growth and nutrition in aquatic organisms. Microbound diets (MBDs), known for their finely ground pellets often combined with binders to encapsulate nutrients are gaining prominence. This study aimed to develop an MBD and assess its impact on the growth and body composition of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae and postlarvae (PL) through two feeding trials. Various binders (agar, zein, alginate, carrageenan, and carboxymethyl cellulose) were tested during the development of MBD and were compared with live feed (rotifer). The first feeding trial demonstrated improved larval growth with MBD with agar, reaching an average of Stage XII, compared to those fed the control diet, which only reached Stage IX. The second feeding trial investigated the effect of feeding regimes on giant freshwater prawn PL, consisting of (i) one-time feeding in the morning, (ii) one-time feeding at night, (iii) two-time feeding, (iv) three-time feeding, and (v) four-time feeding. Results showed that two-time feeding had comparable survival rates and growth performance to three-time feeding (survival rate= 43–45 % and weight gain= 0.09–0.11 g), with the best feed conversion ratio in two-time feeding (1.70) and the highest level of highly unsaturated fatty acids (25–26 %) in PL fed one-time and three-time. Overall results suggest that MBD with agar holds promise as a binder with two-time and three-time feeding, enhancing the quality of giant freshwater prawn PL. Further research on extending the duration of the experiment is recommended to assess PL moulting patterns and performance, as varied feeding regimes may significantly impact growth and moulting.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of replacing barley grain with heated potato slice wastes (HPSW) or French fries’ wastes (FFW) on dry matter intake and production performance of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows (body weight: 639 ± 20.3 kg, parity: 3.0 ± 0.21, days in milk: 123 ± 11.7, raw milk yield: 41.5 ± 2.86 kg/d) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: 1) Control: diet containing 204 g/kg of dry matter (DM) barley grain as the main source of non-forage carbohydrates, 2) HPSW: diet containing 104 g/kg DM barley grain and 100 g/kg DM HPSW, 3) FFW: diet containing 104 g/kg DM barley grain and 100 g/kg DM FFW. The results showed that the frying process of potato increased the fatty acid content from 4.9 to 198 g/kg DM. The replacement of barley grain with HPSW or FFW decreased dry matter intake significantly (P=0.02) and values were 24.6, 23.3, and 23.8 kg/d for control, HPSW and FFW respectively. Also, results revealed higher energy corrected milk yield for HPSW and FFW (42.9 and 43.9 kg/d respectively) than control (40.6 kg/d). When compared to control, feeding HPSW and FFW enhanced feed efficiencies (P<0.01) and the values were 1.61, 1.75, and 1.77 for control, HPSW and FFW respectively. As barley grain was replaced with potato co-products, the proportion of nitrogen intake excreted in the urine decreased (P<0.01), with values of 312, 327, and 380 g/kg for HPSW, FFW and control respectively. Also, milk urea nitrogen and the ratio of urine nitrogen to intake nitrogen were lower for HPSW and FFW than in the control, indicating a more efficient utilization of dietary crude protein by dairy cows in treatments containing potato co-products. The inclusion of fried and cooked potato co-products increased (P<0.01) the physically effective neutral detergent fiber of diets measured at zero time from 122 for control to 181 and 172 g/kg DM for HPSW and FFW respectively. Consequently, rumination time (min/day) increased from 417 for control to 527 and 555 for HPSW and FFW respectively, which confirmed the positive effects of heated potato processing co-products on dietary physical properties. In conclusion, the results of the current study showed that replacement of barley grain with fried and cooked potato co-products improved diet physical properties and production performance of Holstein lactating dairy cows.

Industrial agar production from red seaweeds such as Gelidium sp. generates large quantities of by-products (GBP), often discarded as waste. GBP and sunflower cake (SC) are under-valorized as feedstuff due to their high non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) may disrupt NSP and improve their nutritional value. This study evaluated the utilization of Aspergillus ibericus and Aspergillus niger for SSF of a GBP and SC mixture (1:1 ratio; Gmix). SSF with A. ibericus decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (P < 0.05) along with high β-glucosidase activity (P < 0.05). SSF with A. niger increased crude protein, reduced NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and produced higher xylanase, cellulase, and protease activities (P < 0.05). A 63-day growth trial with European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles tested four isoproteic and isolipidic diets (44 % protein; 16 % lipids): a control diet without Gmix and three diets incorporating 10 % Gmix unfermented (diet Gmix), fermented by A. ibericus (diet Gmix-ibericus), or by A. niger (diet Gmix-niger). The Gmix and Gmix-ibericus diets promoted similar growth to the control, but the Gmix-ibericus diet supported higher feed efficiency, nitrogen, and energy utilization than the control diet (P < 0.05). The Gmix-niger diet negatively affected overall growth, feed intake, and utilization. Plasma metabolite levels, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation were similar among diets. However, the Gmix-ibericus diet reduced total and oxidized glutathione levels (P < 0.05). Overall, G-mix or Gmix-ibericus diets did not compromise European seabass performance or oxidative status, with the Gmix-ibericus diet enhancing feed utilization efficiency by 25 %. Further studies are needed to understand the negative impact of the Gmix-niger diet on the European seabass.