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Grant-Free Sparse Code Multiple Access for Uplink Massive Machine-Type Communications and Its Real-Time Receiver Design 上行海量机型通信的免授权稀疏码多址及其实时接收机设计
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2023.3299052
Ti-Yu Chen;Zhi-Jing Lin;Tzi-Dar Chiueh
Massive Machine-type Communications (mMTCs) is a major use case for the 5G standard. The grant-free (GF) sparse-coded multiple access (SCMA) transmission is particularly spectrum efficient in the sporadic uplink traffic, which is characteristic of the mMTC networks. In this paper, an uplink GF-SCMA receiver with a user activity detection (UAD) function was designed and implemented. In particular, several new techniques were proposed to enhance the SCMA decoder performance; they include delayed serial update, early stopping, message passing algorithm equation reformulation, distance approximation, and sum circuit sharing. To meet the real-time operation requirements, we implemented key inner receiver function circuits, such as carrier frequency synchronization, user signature detection, channel estimation and compensation, soft SCMA detection, etc. on a Xilinx KCU1500 FPGA chip. Finally, an over-the-air (OTA) prototype has been constructed, demonstrating the efficient and reliable multi-user GF-SCMA uplink transmission of the proposed system.
大规模机器类型通信(mMTC)是5G标准的一个主要用例。无授权(GF)稀疏编码多址(SCMA)传输在偶发上行链路业务中特别具有频谱效率,这是mMTC网络的特征。本文设计并实现了一种具有用户活动检测(UAD)功能的上行链路GF-SCMA接收机。特别地,提出了几种新的技术来提高SCMA解码器的性能;它们包括延迟串行更新、提前停止、消息传递算法方程重构、距离近似和和和电路共享。为了满足实时操作要求,我们在Xilinx KCU1500 FPGA芯片上实现了接收机内部的关键功能电路,如载波频率同步、用户特征检测、信道估计和补偿、软SCMA检测等。最后,构建了一个空中传送(OTA)原型,证明了该系统高效可靠的多用户GF-SCMA上行链路传输。
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引用次数: 1
Introduction to the Special Section on Smart Imaging 智能影像专题介绍
Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3219531
Ping-Hsuan Hsieh;Vanessa Chen
This Special Section of the IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems is dedicated to a collection of articles on Smart Imaging, to promote techniques in both system and circuit levels to tackle various challenges as the requirements for image quality, efficiency, and levels of integration keep increasing and to provide insightful guidelines for intelligent vision in the years to come. This Special Section covers articles for applications including vision system, time-of-flight system, and terahertz imaging system.
IEEE电路与系统开放期刊的这一专刊专门收录了一系列关于智能成像的文章,以促进系统和电路层面的技术,以应对图像质量、效率和集成水平不断提高的各种挑战,并为未来几年的智能视觉提供有见地的指导方针。本特别部分涵盖视觉系统、飞行时间系统和太赫兹成像系统等应用的文章。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems: Special Section on Advanced Power Electronics Techniques for Smart Grid Applications IEEE电路与系统开放杂志:智能电网应用的先进电力电子技术专题
Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3218914
Mengqi Wang;Xiu Yao
The Advent of modern power electronics has brought tremendous impact on emerging power systems. In an emerging smart grid, as the number of inverter- and converter-based devices increases to more than hundreds of thousands, it is rather intuitive that the state-of-the-art technical solutions and industry practices will no longer be sustainable. The combination of power electronics and advanced control technologies serve as the key enabler of a wide range of smart grid applications. While tremendous progress has been made in advancing the standalone power electronics technologies, much less attention has been paid to bridging the gap between traditionally disjoint research areas – power electronics, power systems, and intelligent control – ultimately facilitating the vision of 100% carbonneutral energy systems come to fruition. There is a growing interest in the concepts of power electronics-enabled power systems around the world. This special section includes two high-quality papers, which cover the trending topic on the control strategy for inverters that are essential for Smart Grid applications.
现代电力电子技术的出现给新兴的电力系统带来了巨大的影响。在新兴的智能电网中,随着基于逆变器和转换器的设备数量增加到数十万台以上,人们很直观地看到,最先进的技术解决方案和行业实践将不再可持续。电力电子技术和先进控制技术的结合是广泛智能电网应用的关键推动者。尽管在推进独立的电力电子技术方面取得了巨大进展,但人们对弥合传统上脱节的研究领域——电力电子、电力系统和智能控制——之间的差距却关注得更少,最终推动了100%碳中和能源系统的愿景实现。世界各地对电力电子系统的概念越来越感兴趣。本专题部分包括两篇高质量的论文,涵盖了智能电网应用中必不可少的逆变器控制策略的趋势主题。
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引用次数: 0
Wang Algebra: From Theory to Practice 王代数:从理论到实践
Pub Date : 2022-10-26 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3217065
Bob Ross;Cong Ling
Wang algebra was initiated by Ki-Tung Wang as a short-cut method for the analysis of electrical networks. It was later popularized by Duffin and has since found numerous applications in electrical engineering and graph theory. This is a semi-tutorial paper on Wang algebra, its history, and modern applications. We expand Duffin’s historic notes on Wang algebra to give a full account of Ki-Tung Wang’s life. A short proof of Wang algebra using group theory is presented. We exemplify the usefulness of Wang algebra in the design of T-coils. Bridged T-coils give a significant advantage in bandwidth, and were widely adopted in Tektronix oscilloscopes, but design details were guarded as a trade secret. The derivation presented in this paper, based on Wang algebra, is more general and simpler than those reported in literature. This novel derivation has not been shared with the public before.
王代数是由王开创的一种分析电网的捷径方法。它后来被Duffin推广,并在电气工程和图论中得到了许多应用。这是一篇关于王代数及其历史和现代应用的半教程论文。我们扩展了达夫关于王代数的历史笔记,以全面描述王的生平。利用群论给出了王代数的一个简短证明。我们举例说明王代数在T-线圈设计中的有用性。桥接T型线圈在带宽方面具有显著优势,并被广泛用于Tektronix示波器,但设计细节被视为商业秘密。本文在王代数的基础上提出的推导比文献中报道的推导更一般、更简单。这种新颖的派生方法以前从未与公众分享过。
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引用次数: 0
Loop Dynamics Analysis of PAM-4 Mueller–Muller Clock and Data Recovery System PAM-4 Mueller-Muller时钟及数据恢复系统的环动力学分析
Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3211844
Kunal Yadav;Ping-Hsuan Hsieh;Anthony Chan Carusone
This paper provides a framework for analyzing the loop dynamics of the clock and data recovery (CDR) system of ADC-based PAM-4 receivers, which will assist in extending the timing recovery loop bandwidth. This paper formulates an accurate linear model of linear and signed Mueller–Muller phase detector for baud-rate clock recovery. Different equalization configurations of continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) and feed-forward equalizer (FFE) are evaluated from a phase detector performance perspective to enable high CDR loop bandwidth. The impact of loop latency on the timing recovery of ADC-based PAM-4 receivers is also analyzed and demonstrated using accurate behavioral simulations. The analysis and behavioral results show that, to achieve high CDR loop bandwidth with a good jitter tolerance, the phase detector gain to noise ratio should be maximized, and CDR loop latency should be minimized.
本文提供了一个分析基于adc的PAM-4接收机时钟和数据恢复(CDR)系统的环路动力学的框架,这将有助于扩展时序恢复环路带宽。本文建立了用于波特率时钟恢复的线性和签名穆勒-穆勒鉴相器的精确线性模型。从鉴相性能的角度对连续时间线性均衡器(CTLE)和前馈均衡器(FFE)的不同均衡配置进行了评估,以实现高CDR环路带宽。环路延迟对基于adc的PAM-4接收机时序恢复的影响也进行了分析,并通过精确的行为模拟进行了验证。分析和行为结果表明,为了获得高的CDR环路带宽和良好的抗抖动能力,应该最大化鉴相器的增益噪声比,最小化CDR环路延迟。
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引用次数: 2
UP-GDBF: A 19.3 Gbps Error Floor Free 4KB LDPC Decoder for NAND Flash Applications UP-GDBF:用于NAND闪存应用的19.3 Gbps无错误层4KB LDPC解码器
Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3209152
Li-Wei Liu;Yen-Chin Liao;Hsie-Chia Chang
An error floor phenomenon, decoding performance, and throughput are three major concerns for LDPC decoders in NAND Flash applications. With a penalty method and an active iteration mechanism, we present a Unified Penalty Gradient Descent Bit Flipping (UP-GDBF) decoding algorithm, which not only possesses error-floor free property but also improves convergence speed in decoding performance. To fulfill the high-throughput requirement while maintaining reliable error correction capability, we propose an energy-based backtracking scheme to reduce 40% latency with a negligible 0.8% area overhead. Implemented in TSMC 16nm process, the proposed 4KB LDPC decoder can achieve a throughput of 19.3 Gbps with 0.120 mm2 area to satisfy ONFI 5.0 throughput requirement. Compared to existing approaches, our decoder architecture provides superior data rate and decoding performance in both 1KB and 4KB LDPC codes.
错误层现象、解码性能和吞吐量是NAND闪存应用中LDPC解码器的三个主要关注点。采用惩罚方法和主动迭代机制,提出了一种统一惩罚梯度下降位翻转(UP-GDBF)译码算法,该算法不仅具有无错层的特性,而且提高了译码性能的收敛速度。为了满足高吞吐量需求,同时保持可靠的纠错能力,我们提出了一种基于能量的回溯方案,以微不足道的0.8%的面积开销减少40%的延迟。采用台积电16nm制程实现的4KB LDPC解码器,在0.120 mm2的面积上实现19.3 Gbps的吞吐量,满足ONFI 5.0吞吐量要求。与现有方法相比,我们的解码器架构在1KB和4KB LDPC码中都提供了更高的数据速率和解码性能。
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引用次数: 1
Demonstrating Analog Inference on the BrainScaleS-2 Mobile System 在brainscale -2移动系统上演示模拟推理
Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3208413
Yannik Stradmann;Sebastian Billaudelle;Oliver Breitwieser;Falk Leonard Ebert;Arne Emmel;Dan Husmann;Joscha Ilmberger;Eric Müller;Philipp Spilger;Johannes Weis;Johannes Schemmel
We present the BrainScaleS-2 mobile system as a compact analog inference engine based on the BrainScaleS-2 ASIC and demonstrate its capabilities at classifying a medical electrocardiogram dataset. The analog network core of the ASIC is utilized to perform the multiply-accumulate operations of a convolutional deep neural network. At a system power consumption of 5.6W, we measure a total energy consumption of $mathrm {192 ~mu text {J} }$ for the ASIC and achieve a classification time of 276 $mu$ s per electrocardiographic patient sample. Patients with atrial fibrillation are correctly identified with a detection rate of (93.7 ± 0.7)% at (14.0 ± 1.0)% false positives. The system is directly applicable to edge inference applications due to its small size, power envelope, and flexible I/O capabilities. It has enabled the BrainScaleS-2 ASIC to be operated reliably outside a specialized lab setting. In future applications, the system allows for a combination of conventional machine learning layers with online learning in spiking neural networks on a single neuromorphic platform.
我们介绍了BrainScaleS-2移动系统作为一个基于BrainScaleS-2 ASIC的紧凑型模拟推理引擎,并展示了其对医学心电图数据集进行分类的能力。ASIC的模拟网络核心用于执行卷积深度神经网络的乘法累加运算。在5.6W的系统功耗下,我们测量了ASIC的总能耗$mathrm{192~mutext{J}}$,并实现了每个心电图患者样本276$mu$s的分类时间。心房颤动患者被正确识别,假阳性率为(14.0±1.0)%,检测率为(93.7±0.7)%。由于其体积小、功率包络和灵活的I/O功能,该系统可直接应用于边缘推理应用。它使BrainScaleS-2 ASIC能够在专业实验室环境之外可靠运行。在未来的应用中,该系统允许将传统的机器学习层与单个神经形态平台上的尖峰神经网络中的在线学习相结合。
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引用次数: 7
SEKV-E: Parameter Extractor of Simplified EKV I-V Model for Low-Power Analog Circuits SEKV-E:用于低功耗模拟电路的简化EKV I-V模型的参数提取器
Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3179046
Hung-Chi Han;Antonio D’Amico;Christian Enz
This paper presents the open-source Python-based parameter extractor (SEKV-E) for the simplified EKV (sEKV) model, which enables the modern low-power circuit designs with the inversion coefficient design methodology. The tool extracts the essential sEKV parameters automatically from the given $I$ - $V$ curves using the direct extraction and the multi-stage optimization process. It also handles the overfitting issue because of non-linear least squares. Moreover, this work demonstrates the SEKV-E as a universal tool by widely applying it to different silicon technologies, temperatures, dimensions, and back-gate voltages.
本文针对简化的EKV (sEKV)模型提出了基于python的开源参数提取器(sEKV - e),使现代低功耗电路设计能够采用反转系数设计方法。该工具通过直接提取和多阶段优化过程,自动从给定的$I$ - $V$曲线中提取基本的sEKV参数。它还处理过拟合问题,因为非线性最小二乘。此外,这项工作通过广泛应用于不同的硅技术、温度、尺寸和后门电压,证明了SEKV-E是一种通用工具。
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引用次数: 2
Peak-Power Aware Life-Time Reliability Improvement in Fault-Tolerant Mixed-Criticality Systems 容错混合临界系统的峰值功率感知全寿命可靠性改进
Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3207598
Mozhgan Navardi;Behnaz Ranjbar;Nezam Rohbani;Alireza Ejlali;Akash Kumar
Mixed-Criticality Systems (MCSs) include tasks with multiple levels of criticality and different modes of operation. These systems bring benefits such as energy and resource saving while ensuring safe operation. However, management of available resources in order to achieve high utilization, low power consumption, and required reliability level is challenging in MCSs. In many cases, there is a trade-off between these goals. For instance, although using fault-tolerance techniques, such as replication, leads to improving the timing reliability, it increases power consumption and can threaten life-time reliability. In this work, we introduce an approach named ${mathbf {L}}ife-time ,,{mathbf {P}}eak ,,{mathbf {P}}{ower~management~in},,{mathbf {M}}{ixed}-{mathbf {C}}{riticality,, systems}$ (LPP-MC) to guarantee reliability, along with peak power reduction. This approach maps the tasks using a novel metric called Reliability-Power Metric (RPM). The LPP-MC approach uses this metric to balance the power consumption of different processor cores and to improve the life-time of a chip. Moreover, to guarantee the timing reliability of MCSs, a fault-tolerance technique, called task re-execution, is utilized in this approach. We evaluate the proposed approach by a real avionics task set, and various synthetic task sets. The experimental results show that the proposed approach mitigates the aging rate and reduces peak power by up to 20.6% and 17.6%, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art.
混合临界系统(mcs)包括具有多个临界级别和不同运行模式的任务。这些系统在保证安全运行的同时,带来了节能、节约资源等效益。然而,管理可用资源以实现高利用率、低功耗和所需的可靠性水平对mcs来说是一个挑战。在许多情况下,这两个目标之间存在权衡。例如,尽管使用容错技术(如复制)可以提高定时可靠性,但它会增加功耗,并可能威胁到生命周期的可靠性。在这项工作中,我们引入了一种名为${mathbf {L}} life -time ,,{mathbf {P}}eak ,,{mathbf {P}}{power ~management~ In},,{mathbf {M}}{ixed}-{mathbf {C}}{criticality ,, systems}$ (LPP-MC)的方法来保证可靠性,同时降低峰值功率。这种方法使用一种称为可靠性-功率度量(RPM)的新度量来映射任务。LPP-MC方法使用这个指标来平衡不同处理器内核的功耗,并提高芯片的使用寿命。此外,为了保证mcs的定时可靠性,该方法还采用了任务重执行的容错技术。我们通过一个真实的航电任务集和各种合成任务集来评估所提出的方法。实验结果表明,与现有方法相比,该方法可降低老化率20.6%,峰值功率降低17.6%。
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引用次数: 2
IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems: Special Section on ISICAS 2022 IEEE电路与系统开放杂志:ISICAS 2022特别部分
Pub Date : 2022-09-20 DOI: 10.1109/OJCAS.2022.3202588
Alison Burdett
The International Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems (ISICAS) is a forum for dissemination of original work with experimental results from integrated circuits and systems in the areas of analog, digital, power, energy, biomedical, sensor interfaces and communications. Papers accepted to be presented at the symposium are automatically published in special issues of leading IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS) journals, namely Transactions on Circuits and Systems (TCAS) Parts I and II, Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (TBioCAS), and Open Journal of Circuits and Systems (OJCAS).
集成电路与系统国际研讨会(ISICAS)是一个传播模拟、数字、电力、能源、生物医学、传感器接口和通信领域集成电路和系统实验结果的原创作品的论坛。在研讨会上发表的论文将自动发表在IEEE电路与系统学会(CASS)主要期刊的特刊上,即《电路与系统学报》(TCAS)第一部分和第二部分、《生物医学电路与系统学报》(TBioCAS)和《电路与系统开放杂志》(OJCAS)。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
IEEE open journal of circuits and systems
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