Pub Date : 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01253-5
Meng Wu, Emanuele Lugato, Pengfa Li, Jia Liu, Cunpu Qiu, Shuang Wang, Xingzhu Ma, Xiaoyu Hao, Ming Liu, Jun Shan, Xiaoyuan Yan, Zhongpei Li
The persistence of soil organic matter (SOM) is shaped by its molecular features and stability, but the temporal dynamics of these features remain unclear. Here we investigate the molecular diversity (the number of molecules) and molecular thermodynamic stability (the theoretical Gibbs free energy for the half reaction of carbon oxidation) of SOM in soils from long-term (>30 years) paddy and upland experimental fields. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that enhanced SOM thermostability aligns with the temporal variation of molecular thermodynamic stability in these soils. Increased SOM molecular thermodynamic stability occurs alongside decreased molecular diversity over decades, and this temporal trade-off (negative relationship) is modulated by increased bacterial richness. These findings highlight the role of microbial diversity in enhancing SOM thermostability and support strategies that promote bacterial richness for improved SOM persistence in agriculture. Soil organic matter stability is critical for long-term soil health and carbon sequestration. This study reveals that increased bacterial richness enhances soil organic matter thermostability by driving a trade-off between molecular diversity and thermodynamic stability.
{"title":"Bacterial richness enhances the thermostability of soil organic matter via a long-term trade-off between molecular diversity and thermodynamic stability","authors":"Meng Wu, Emanuele Lugato, Pengfa Li, Jia Liu, Cunpu Qiu, Shuang Wang, Xingzhu Ma, Xiaoyu Hao, Ming Liu, Jun Shan, Xiaoyuan Yan, Zhongpei Li","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01253-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01253-5","url":null,"abstract":"The persistence of soil organic matter (SOM) is shaped by its molecular features and stability, but the temporal dynamics of these features remain unclear. Here we investigate the molecular diversity (the number of molecules) and molecular thermodynamic stability (the theoretical Gibbs free energy for the half reaction of carbon oxidation) of SOM in soils from long-term (>30 years) paddy and upland experimental fields. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that enhanced SOM thermostability aligns with the temporal variation of molecular thermodynamic stability in these soils. Increased SOM molecular thermodynamic stability occurs alongside decreased molecular diversity over decades, and this temporal trade-off (negative relationship) is modulated by increased bacterial richness. These findings highlight the role of microbial diversity in enhancing SOM thermostability and support strategies that promote bacterial richness for improved SOM persistence in agriculture. Soil organic matter stability is critical for long-term soil health and carbon sequestration. This study reveals that increased bacterial richness enhances soil organic matter thermostability by driving a trade-off between molecular diversity and thermodynamic stability.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"1032-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01256-2
We demonstrate that bovine fibroblasts can undergo spontaneous immortalization after 500 days in culture, without genetic modification or p53 inactivation. These rare events provide a safe, stable and economically viable cell source that overcomes key barriers to cultivated beef production.
{"title":"Time unlocks bovine fibroblast immortality to pave the way for cultivated beef","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01256-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01256-2","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate that bovine fibroblasts can undergo spontaneous immortalization after 500 days in culture, without genetic modification or p53 inactivation. These rare events provide a safe, stable and economically viable cell source that overcomes key barriers to cultivated beef production.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"1006-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01265-1
Food fortified with iron has the potential to correct iron deficiency and associated anaemia, yet it remains challenging to ensure acceptable iron absorption without compromising the sensory properties of the modified food. Stable oat protein nanofibrils carrying ultrasmall iron nanoparticles deliver highly bioavailable iron with minimal changes in colour and taste, offering a promising strategy for global iron fortification.
{"title":"Oat protein nanofibrils as a plant-based solution for iron fortification","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01265-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01265-1","url":null,"abstract":"Food fortified with iron has the potential to correct iron deficiency and associated anaemia, yet it remains challenging to ensure acceptable iron absorption without compromising the sensory properties of the modified food. Stable oat protein nanofibrils carrying ultrasmall iron nanoparticles deliver highly bioavailable iron with minimal changes in colour and taste, offering a promising strategy for global iron fortification.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1113-1114"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145532068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01258-0
Vincenzina Caputo, David R. Just
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) plays a key role in the US food system. As Congress considers major changes to it under the 2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act and states propose restrictions on what benefits may be used to purchase food, SNAP sits at the intersection of food security, labour market policy and public health. Drawing on historical experience and empirical economic evidence, we assess the impact of the proposed changes on SNAP, showing that specific policy solutions could improve outcomes without increasing programme costs, while simplified enrolment procedures could increase programme participation and reduce food insecurity. Recent policy changes in the USA have reignited long-standing debates surrounding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). This Review assesses the potential impact of these changes and identifies priorities for further improving SNAP’s effectiveness and reach.
补充营养援助计划（SNAP）在美国食品系统中起着关键作用。随着国会考虑根据《2025年一个大美丽法案》（2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act）对该计划进行重大修改，以及各州提出限制可用于购买食品的福利，SNAP处于食品安全、劳动力市场政策和公共卫生的交叉点。根据历史经验和经验性经济证据，我们评估了拟议的变化对SNAP的影响，表明具体的政策解决方案可以在不增加计划成本的情况下改善结果，而简化的登记程序可以增加计划参与并减少粮食不安全。美国最近的政策变化重新点燃了长期以来围绕补充营养援助计划（SNAP）的争论。本审查评估了这些变化的潜在影响，并确定了进一步提高SNAP有效性和覆盖面的优先事项。
{"title":"Adjustments, evidence and political tensions in the US Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program","authors":"Vincenzina Caputo, David R. Just","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01258-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01258-0","url":null,"abstract":"The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) plays a key role in the US food system. As Congress considers major changes to it under the 2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act and states propose restrictions on what benefits may be used to purchase food, SNAP sits at the intersection of food security, labour market policy and public health. Drawing on historical experience and empirical economic evidence, we assess the impact of the proposed changes on SNAP, showing that specific policy solutions could improve outcomes without increasing programme costs, while simplified enrolment procedures could increase programme participation and reduce food insecurity. Recent policy changes in the USA have reignited long-standing debates surrounding the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). This Review assesses the potential impact of these changes and identifies priorities for further improving SNAP’s effectiveness and reach.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1115-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spontaneously immortalized cell lines provide an essential, non-transformed resource for cultivated meat production. Although chicken fibroblasts readily immortalize in culture, bovine fibroblasts have not been shown to immortalize without genetic manipulation of TP53 or TERT. Here we demonstrate the spontaneous immortalization of fibroblast lines from Simmental and Holstein cows. We track the molecular basis of the immortalization process over 500 days of culture, corresponding to 240 population doublings. Cells entered senescence at population doubling 60, showing γH2AX foci, telomere shortening and an active senescence-associated secretory phenotype profile. Breakthroughs occurred following 400 days in culture, resulting in stable fibroblast lines. Telomerase and PGC1A activation during senescence resolve telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction without activating P53, driving spontaneous immortalization. We explored the economic potential of cultivated beef production using spontaneously immortalized bovine fibroblasts, showing that price parity could be theoretically reached using continuous manufacturing. Bovine fibroblast cell line generation without genetic modification is characterized. A technoeconomic analysis demonstrates the potential for price-competitive, scaled-up cultivated beef production.
{"title":"Spontaneous immortalization of bovine fibroblasts following long-term expansion offers a non-transformed cell source for cultivated beef","authors":"Laura Pasitka, Merav Cohen, Shaun Regenbaum, Avner Ehrlich, Boaz Gildor, Ariel Gold, Yaakov Nahmias","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01255-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01255-3","url":null,"abstract":"Spontaneously immortalized cell lines provide an essential, non-transformed resource for cultivated meat production. Although chicken fibroblasts readily immortalize in culture, bovine fibroblasts have not been shown to immortalize without genetic manipulation of TP53 or TERT. Here we demonstrate the spontaneous immortalization of fibroblast lines from Simmental and Holstein cows. We track the molecular basis of the immortalization process over 500 days of culture, corresponding to 240 population doublings. Cells entered senescence at population doubling 60, showing γH2AX foci, telomere shortening and an active senescence-associated secretory phenotype profile. Breakthroughs occurred following 400 days in culture, resulting in stable fibroblast lines. Telomerase and PGC1A activation during senescence resolve telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction without activating P53, driving spontaneous immortalization. We explored the economic potential of cultivated beef production using spontaneously immortalized bovine fibroblasts, showing that price parity could be theoretically reached using continuous manufacturing. Bovine fibroblast cell line generation without genetic modification is characterized. A technoeconomic analysis demonstrates the potential for price-competitive, scaled-up cultivated beef production.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"1079-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01257-1
Enayat A. Moallemi, Adam C. Castonguay, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Rohan Nelson, Wolfgang Britz, Cameron Allen, Michalis Hadjikakou, Michael Battaglia, Brett A. Bryan, Costanza Conti, Raymundo Marcos-Martinez, Stefan Frank, Duy Nong, Sibel Eker, Saman Razavi, Javier Navarro-Garcia, Lei Gao
Food systems face multi-dimensional pressures and require integrated assessments of environmental, social, health and economic dimensions to inform their transformation. Although economic equilibrium models and integrated assessment models have been instrumental in this context, future decision-making requires more diverse and inclusive participatory processes. Here we evaluate the ability of current models to represent food systems and identify challenges and opportunities regarding key aspects of their transformative change, including socio-political dynamics and human–nature feedbacks, links between global and local scales, robustness under uncertainty, as well as evolving stakeholder demands. Our analysis underscores the need to rethink how models are designed and used for a more effective integration into decision-making processes. Food system transformations need nuanced approaches to modelling future outcomes. This Review explores current challenges and outlines paths forward for food system transformation modelling, with an emphasis on diversification of the approaches used and integration into decision-making processes.
{"title":"Complexity and uncertainty in future food system transformation modelling","authors":"Enayat A. Moallemi, Adam C. Castonguay, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Rohan Nelson, Wolfgang Britz, Cameron Allen, Michalis Hadjikakou, Michael Battaglia, Brett A. Bryan, Costanza Conti, Raymundo Marcos-Martinez, Stefan Frank, Duy Nong, Sibel Eker, Saman Razavi, Javier Navarro-Garcia, Lei Gao","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01257-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01257-1","url":null,"abstract":"Food systems face multi-dimensional pressures and require integrated assessments of environmental, social, health and economic dimensions to inform their transformation. Although economic equilibrium models and integrated assessment models have been instrumental in this context, future decision-making requires more diverse and inclusive participatory processes. Here we evaluate the ability of current models to represent food systems and identify challenges and opportunities regarding key aspects of their transformative change, including socio-political dynamics and human–nature feedbacks, links between global and local scales, robustness under uncertainty, as well as evolving stakeholder demands. Our analysis underscores the need to rethink how models are designed and used for a more effective integration into decision-making processes. Food system transformations need nuanced approaches to modelling future outcomes. This Review explores current challenges and outlines paths forward for food system transformation modelling, with an emphasis on diversification of the approaches used and integration into decision-making processes.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"1008-1019"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145478102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01260-6
Jiangtao Zhou, Sueppong Gowachirapant, Christophe Zeder, Alexander Wieczorek, Jeannette Nuessli Guth, Ines Kutzli, Sebastian Siol, Ferdinand von Meyenn, Michael B. Zimmermann, Raffaele Mezzenga
Iron deficiency and anaemia affect two billion people globally. Iron fortification can help to treat anaemia, but most current fortificants are limited by low absorption and/or poor sensory properties. Here we introduce oat protein nanofibrils (OatNF) carrying ultrasmall iron nanoparticles that are engineered to carry iron in ferrous or ferric form. In a prospective cross-over stable-isotope absorption trial in young iron-deficient women (n = 52), OatNF reduced with sodium ascorbate carried mainly ferrous iron and showed high fractional absorption with water and with polyphenol-rich food, showing 1.76- and 1.65-fold higher absorption, respectively, compared with ferrous sulfate. When sodium hydroxide was used as the reducing agent, OatNF carried mainly ferric iron, which was also well absorbed and featured good sensory properties in reactive food matrices. OatNF hybrids offer a plant-based strategy for delivering highly bioavailable iron for food fortification. Nanofibrils constructed from oat protein and carrying iron nanoparticles can increase absorption compared with ferrous sulfate in human studies, offering a promising fortification strategy for treating iron deficiency and improving human nutrition.
{"title":"Oat protein nanofibril–iron hybrids offer a stable, high-absorption iron delivery platform for iron fortification","authors":"Jiangtao Zhou, Sueppong Gowachirapant, Christophe Zeder, Alexander Wieczorek, Jeannette Nuessli Guth, Ines Kutzli, Sebastian Siol, Ferdinand von Meyenn, Michael B. Zimmermann, Raffaele Mezzenga","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01260-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01260-6","url":null,"abstract":"Iron deficiency and anaemia affect two billion people globally. Iron fortification can help to treat anaemia, but most current fortificants are limited by low absorption and/or poor sensory properties. Here we introduce oat protein nanofibrils (OatNF) carrying ultrasmall iron nanoparticles that are engineered to carry iron in ferrous or ferric form. In a prospective cross-over stable-isotope absorption trial in young iron-deficient women (n = 52), OatNF reduced with sodium ascorbate carried mainly ferrous iron and showed high fractional absorption with water and with polyphenol-rich food, showing 1.76- and 1.65-fold higher absorption, respectively, compared with ferrous sulfate. When sodium hydroxide was used as the reducing agent, OatNF carried mainly ferric iron, which was also well absorbed and featured good sensory properties in reactive food matrices. OatNF hybrids offer a plant-based strategy for delivering highly bioavailable iron for food fortification. Nanofibrils constructed from oat protein and carrying iron nanoparticles can increase absorption compared with ferrous sulfate in human studies, offering a promising fortification strategy for treating iron deficiency and improving human nutrition.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1164-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01260-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145477789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01262-4
Juliana Gil
While the need to transform food and agriculture through a systemic approach may seem obvious, how to do it given siloed policies and structures is unclear. Corinna Hawkes, Director of the Division of Agrifood Systems and Food Safety for the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, builds on real-world examples to show that overcoming these barriers is possible where there is focus and intention.
{"title":"Changing paradigms through practice","authors":"Juliana Gil","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01262-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01262-4","url":null,"abstract":"While the need to transform food and agriculture through a systemic approach may seem obvious, how to do it given siloed policies and structures is unclear. Corinna Hawkes, Director of the Division of Agrifood Systems and Food Safety for the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, builds on real-world examples to show that overcoming these barriers is possible where there is focus and intention.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"998-999"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01263-3
Paul Behrens, Joseph Poore
{"title":"Food systems boundaries are currently poorly defined","authors":"Paul Behrens, Joseph Poore","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01263-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01263-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1098-1099"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145447802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01254-4
Yue Liu, Ziyu Jiang, Richard S. Cottrell, Michael F. Tlusty, Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ling Cao
Aquaculture sector growth is challenged by feed constraints, particularly the erratic availability and cost of fishmeal and oil from wild forage fish. Limited attention is given to the risks that forage fish shortfalls pose to aquaculture feed supplies. Here we develop a shortfall impact model to investigate the effects of varying forage fish supply scenarios on global fed aquaculture. Results suggest fisheries management interventions and persistent climate impact could reduce forage fish catches by 4.5% to 19.4%, resulting in an 8% to 35.2% decline in fed aquaculture production. Countries cultivating carnivorous species and leading aquaculture-producing nations are most affected. To sustain production, 1.8 million tonnes of alternative ingredients annually will be required, highlighting the urgent need for cost-effective alternatives to ensure resilience. Fishmeal and oil derived from forage fish are critical vulnerabilities for stable aquaculture feed supply. A shortfall impact model and scenario analysis explores options for bridging forage fish deficits with alternative aquaculture feeds.
{"title":"Unstable supply and future shortages of wild forage fish heighten risks to global fed aquaculture production","authors":"Yue Liu, Ziyu Jiang, Richard S. Cottrell, Michael F. Tlusty, Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ling Cao","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01254-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01254-4","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture sector growth is challenged by feed constraints, particularly the erratic availability and cost of fishmeal and oil from wild forage fish. Limited attention is given to the risks that forage fish shortfalls pose to aquaculture feed supplies. Here we develop a shortfall impact model to investigate the effects of varying forage fish supply scenarios on global fed aquaculture. Results suggest fisheries management interventions and persistent climate impact could reduce forage fish catches by 4.5% to 19.4%, resulting in an 8% to 35.2% decline in fed aquaculture production. Countries cultivating carnivorous species and leading aquaculture-producing nations are most affected. To sustain production, 1.8 million tonnes of alternative ingredients annually will be required, highlighting the urgent need for cost-effective alternatives to ensure resilience. Fishmeal and oil derived from forage fish are critical vulnerabilities for stable aquaculture feed supply. A shortfall impact model and scenario analysis explores options for bridging forage fish deficits with alternative aquaculture feeds.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 11","pages":"1068-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145434463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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