Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01287-9
This year’s conflicts have further exposed the political nature of the global food crisis, inviting reflection on how this shapes the practice and the outcomes of scientific research.
今年的冲突进一步暴露了全球粮食危机的政治本质，引发了人们对这如何影响科学研究实践和成果的思考。
{"title":"A political crisis, after all","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01287-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01287-9","url":null,"abstract":"This year’s conflicts have further exposed the political nature of the global food crisis, inviting reflection on how this shapes the practice and the outcomes of scientific research.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1097-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01287-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145779616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01268-y
Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Felicitas Beier, Florian Humpenöder, Debbora Leip, Michael S. Crawford, David Meng-Chuen Chen, Patrick von Jeetze, Marco Springmann, Bjoern Soergel, Zebedee Nicholls, Jessica Strefler, Jared Lewis, Jens Heinke, Christoph Müller, Kristine Karstens, Isabelle Weindl, Miodrag Stevanović, Patrick Rein, Pascal Sauer, Abhijeet Mishra, Edna Johanna Molina Bacca, Alexandre C. Köberle, Xiaoxi Wang, Vartika Singh, Claudia Hunecke, Quitterie Collignon, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Simon Dietz, Ravi Kanbur, Jan Philipp Dietrich, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Alexander Popp
The improvement of the global food system requires a thorough understanding of how specific measures may contribute to the system’s transformation. Here we apply a global food and land system modelling framework to quantify the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators related to public health, the environment, social inclusion and the economy, up to 2050. While all individual measures come with trade-offs, their combination can reduce trade-offs and enhance co-benefits. We estimate that combining all food system measures may reduce yearly mortality by 182 million life years and almost halves nitrogen surplus while offsetting negative effects of environmental protection measures on absolute poverty. Through joint efforts, including measures outside the food system, the 1.5 °C climate target can be achieved. This study applies a global food and land system modelling framework to quantify the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators related to public health, the environment, social inclusion and the economy—from today until 2050.
{"title":"A food system transformation pathway reconciles 1.5 °C global warming with improved health, environment and social inclusion","authors":"Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Felicitas Beier, Florian Humpenöder, Debbora Leip, Michael S. Crawford, David Meng-Chuen Chen, Patrick von Jeetze, Marco Springmann, Bjoern Soergel, Zebedee Nicholls, Jessica Strefler, Jared Lewis, Jens Heinke, Christoph Müller, Kristine Karstens, Isabelle Weindl, Miodrag Stevanović, Patrick Rein, Pascal Sauer, Abhijeet Mishra, Edna Johanna Molina Bacca, Alexandre C. Köberle, Xiaoxi Wang, Vartika Singh, Claudia Hunecke, Quitterie Collignon, Pepijn Schreinemachers, Simon Dietz, Ravi Kanbur, Jan Philipp Dietrich, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Alexander Popp","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01268-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01268-y","url":null,"abstract":"The improvement of the global food system requires a thorough understanding of how specific measures may contribute to the system’s transformation. Here we apply a global food and land system modelling framework to quantify the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators related to public health, the environment, social inclusion and the economy, up to 2050. While all individual measures come with trade-offs, their combination can reduce trade-offs and enhance co-benefits. We estimate that combining all food system measures may reduce yearly mortality by 182 million life years and almost halves nitrogen surplus while offsetting negative effects of environmental protection measures on absolute poverty. Through joint efforts, including measures outside the food system, the 1.5 °C climate target can be achieved. This study applies a global food and land system modelling framework to quantify the impact of 23 food system measures on 15 outcome indicators related to public health, the environment, social inclusion and the economy—from today until 2050.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1133-1152"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01268-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145779643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01274-0
Christopher B. Barrett
The global community’s most authoritative estimates of how many people go hungry in places that are suffering food emergencies exhibit substantial and widespread undercounting. Given other shortcomings in humanitarian response systems, underestimates are understandable.
{"title":"Second best underestimates of malnutrition in an era of multiplying food crises","authors":"Christopher B. Barrett","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01274-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01274-0","url":null,"abstract":"The global community’s most authoritative estimates of how many people go hungry in places that are suffering food emergencies exhibit substantial and widespread undercounting. Given other shortcomings in humanitarian response systems, underestimates are understandable.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1109-1110"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01267-z
Erin Lentz, Kathy Baylis, Hope Michelson, Chungmann Kim
The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) system is the official global method for classifying food insecurity. As of 2023, international agencies and governments use IPC analyses to allocate more than US$6 billion of humanitarian assistance annually. Here we evaluate data from approximately 1 billion people in more than 10,000 IPC subnational analyses conducted between 2017 and 2023. We find that IPC estimates understate the extent and severity of crises. Our primary estimates indicate that IPC subnational analyses underestimate the number of acutely hungry people in the world, missing approximately one in five. We find evidence of under-classification around the IPC threshold that determines whether an area is classified as ‘stressed’ or ‘in crisis’—a threshold meant to trigger deployment of humanitarian resources. Contrary to widely held assumptions, our findings suggest that IPC analyses are conservative; the prevalence and severity of acute hunger is probably considerably higher than global estimates indicate. The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification system is the global method for classifying food insecurity severity and allocating humanitarian aid. An evaluation of 10,000 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification subnational analyses from 2017 to 2023 indicates that food severity might have been undercounted.
{"title":"Official estimates of global food insecurity undercount acute hunger","authors":"Erin Lentz, Kathy Baylis, Hope Michelson, Chungmann Kim","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01267-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01267-z","url":null,"abstract":"The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) system is the official global method for classifying food insecurity. As of 2023, international agencies and governments use IPC analyses to allocate more than US$6 billion of humanitarian assistance annually. Here we evaluate data from approximately 1 billion people in more than 10,000 IPC subnational analyses conducted between 2017 and 2023. We find that IPC estimates understate the extent and severity of crises. Our primary estimates indicate that IPC subnational analyses underestimate the number of acutely hungry people in the world, missing approximately one in five. We find evidence of under-classification around the IPC threshold that determines whether an area is classified as ‘stressed’ or ‘in crisis’—a threshold meant to trigger deployment of humanitarian resources. Contrary to widely held assumptions, our findings suggest that IPC analyses are conservative; the prevalence and severity of acute hunger is probably considerably higher than global estimates indicate. The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification system is the global method for classifying food insecurity severity and allocating humanitarian aid. An evaluation of 10,000 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification subnational analyses from 2017 to 2023 indicates that food severity might have been undercounted.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1196-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-025-01267-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01273-1
Emiliano Lopez Barrera, Rui Liu
Identifying diets that are nutritious, affordable and low impact is key for food systems transformation. A recent study shows how changes in food policy and choice can most cost-effectively support healthier and more sustainable diets worldwide.
{"title":"Cost and climate impact of healthy diets worldwide","authors":"Emiliano Lopez Barrera, Rui Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01273-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01273-1","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying diets that are nutritious, affordable and low impact is key for food systems transformation. A recent study shows how changes in food policy and choice can most cost-effectively support healthier and more sustainable diets worldwide.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1111-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145710855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01270-4
Yan Bai, Elena M. Martinez, Mizuki Yamanaka, Marko Rissanen, Anna W. Herforth, William A. Masters
Using real-world food price and greenhouse gas emissions data for locally available food items in 171 countries, we measure how healthy diets could be obtained with the lowest possible emissions, compared with costs and emissions of the least expensive options and foods most commonly consumed. We find that foods with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions for a healthy diet would emit 0.67 kgCO2e. A healthy diet using the least expensive items in each country would emit 1.65 kgCO2e and cost US$3.68 in 2021, while using foods most commonly consumed would emit 2.44 kgCO2e and cost US$9.96. Animal-source foods and starchy staples account for 91% of the difference in emissions between the lowest-cost and lowest-emission diets. Other food groups, especially fruits and vegetables, vary widely in cost but not in emissions. Results show how changes in food policy and choice can most cost-effectively support healthier and more sustainable diets worldwide. Identifying low-cost options for a healthy diet is an essential step towards allowing all people to meet their nutritional needs. This study measures the frontiers of the lowest available cost and greenhouse gas emissions for a healthy diet in 171 countries, as well as healthy diets reflecting consumption patterns in each country.
{"title":"Environmental impacts and monetary costs of healthy diets worldwide","authors":"Yan Bai, Elena M. Martinez, Mizuki Yamanaka, Marko Rissanen, Anna W. Herforth, William A. Masters","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01270-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01270-4","url":null,"abstract":"Using real-world food price and greenhouse gas emissions data for locally available food items in 171 countries, we measure how healthy diets could be obtained with the lowest possible emissions, compared with costs and emissions of the least expensive options and foods most commonly consumed. We find that foods with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions for a healthy diet would emit 0.67 kgCO2e. A healthy diet using the least expensive items in each country would emit 1.65 kgCO2e and cost US$3.68 in 2021, while using foods most commonly consumed would emit 2.44 kgCO2e and cost US$9.96. Animal-source foods and starchy staples account for 91% of the difference in emissions between the lowest-cost and lowest-emission diets. Other food groups, especially fruits and vegetables, vary widely in cost but not in emissions. Results show how changes in food policy and choice can most cost-effectively support healthier and more sustainable diets worldwide. Identifying low-cost options for a healthy diet is an essential step towards allowing all people to meet their nutritional needs. This study measures the frontiers of the lowest available cost and greenhouse gas emissions for a healthy diet in 171 countries, as well as healthy diets reflecting consumption patterns in each country.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1176-1185"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01261-5
Roberto Maria-Hormigos, Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez, Martin Pumera
The global food supply chain is highly susceptible to spoilage and contamination risks, posing severe health hazards to consumers. This creates the need for preservation and safety-monitoring methods to reduce the exposure of both industries and consumers to these risks. Recent innovations using functional materials to construct nano- and microrobots of different shapes and sizes show substantial improvements in optimizing various food processes. Here we review the benefits of applying autonomous functional microrobotics to food science and technology, focusing on applications in food safety control, preservation and processing. We identify current limitations specific to each application and general constraints that must be overcome to transition from proof of concept to real-world implementation in the food industry. Microrobotics is an emerging innovation with promising applications in food safety, quality control and processing. This Review highlights recent advances in microrobotic design, materials and actuation strategies, and discusses their potential applications, limitations and integration in the food industry.
{"title":"Microrobots in food science and technology","authors":"Roberto Maria-Hormigos, Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez, Martin Pumera","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01261-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01261-5","url":null,"abstract":"The global food supply chain is highly susceptible to spoilage and contamination risks, posing severe health hazards to consumers. This creates the need for preservation and safety-monitoring methods to reduce the exposure of both industries and consumers to these risks. Recent innovations using functional materials to construct nano- and microrobots of different shapes and sizes show substantial improvements in optimizing various food processes. Here we review the benefits of applying autonomous functional microrobotics to food science and technology, focusing on applications in food safety control, preservation and processing. We identify current limitations specific to each application and general constraints that must be overcome to transition from proof of concept to real-world implementation in the food industry. Microrobotics is an emerging innovation with promising applications in food safety, quality control and processing. This Review highlights recent advances in microrobotic design, materials and actuation strategies, and discusses their potential applications, limitations and integration in the food industry.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1124-1132"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s43016-025-01266-0
Longgang Zhao, Xinyuan Zhang, Jiali Zheng, Yun Chen, Danielle E. Haslam, Hongmei Zeng, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Frank B. Hu, Deirdre K. Tobias, Katherine A. McGlynn, Xuehong Zhang
Evidence is limited on the associations between the consumption of sweetened beverages, their proteomic signatures and liver health. We used data from the UK Biobank with 173,840 participants aged 40–69 years and applied Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages, along with their proteomic signatures (derived from elastic net regressions), with adverse liver outcomes. After a median follow-up of 8.9 years, 1 serving increment of both sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages per day was positively associated with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, severe liver disease and chronic liver disease mortality. The proteomic signatures of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages showed positive associations with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and severe liver disease. Our results suggest the potential importance of reducing sweetened beverage intake to improve liver health. This study examines associations between sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages or proteomic signatures and adverse liver outcomes using UK Biobank data. The findings highlight the potential benefits of reducing sweetened beverage intake for liver health.
{"title":"Proteomic signatures of sweetened beverages are associated with higher risk of adverse liver outcomes","authors":"Longgang Zhao, Xinyuan Zhang, Jiali Zheng, Yun Chen, Danielle E. Haslam, Hongmei Zeng, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Frank B. Hu, Deirdre K. Tobias, Katherine A. McGlynn, Xuehong Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43016-025-01266-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43016-025-01266-0","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence is limited on the associations between the consumption of sweetened beverages, their proteomic signatures and liver health. We used data from the UK Biobank with 173,840 participants aged 40–69 years and applied Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages, along with their proteomic signatures (derived from elastic net regressions), with adverse liver outcomes. After a median follow-up of 8.9 years, 1 serving increment of both sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages per day was positively associated with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, severe liver disease and chronic liver disease mortality. The proteomic signatures of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages showed positive associations with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and severe liver disease. Our results suggest the potential importance of reducing sweetened beverage intake to improve liver health. This study examines associations between sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages or proteomic signatures and adverse liver outcomes using UK Biobank data. The findings highlight the potential benefits of reducing sweetened beverage intake for liver health.","PeriodicalId":94151,"journal":{"name":"Nature food","volume":"6 12","pages":"1186-1195"},"PeriodicalIF":21.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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